有關(guān)自考英語(yǔ)的考試詞匯
自考英語(yǔ)
詞匯
organizational a. 組織上的
goal n. 目的，目標(biāo)
objective n./a. 目標(biāo)，目的/客觀的，真實(shí)的
accomplish vt. 完成（任務(wù)等）
predict vt./vi. 預(yù)言；預(yù)示
accompany vt. 伴隨，陪同
implement vt. 實(shí)現(xiàn)；完成
constraint n. 強(qiáng)制；強(qiáng)制因素
precedent n. 先例，前例
simplify vt. 簡(jiǎn)化
tendency n. 趨勢(shì)，傾向
managerial a. 經(jīng)理的，管理人的
maker n. 制造者；制造商
achievement n. 完成，達(dá)到
attain vt. 達(dá)到；完成
optimal a. 最適宜的，最理想的
suboptimization n. 局部最優(yōu)化
trade-off n. 權(quán)衡；物物交換
argue vt./vi. 爭(zhēng)辯，爭(zhēng)論
budget n./vt. 預(yù)算
scheme n./vt.把… 編入預(yù)算
define vt. 解釋，給…下定義
multiple a./n.多樣的，復(fù)合的/倍數(shù)
profitability n. 賺錢，獲利
correctness n. 正確，正確性
unintended a. 非計(jì)劃中的，非故意的
ongoing a. 進(jìn)行中的，非故意的
entity n. 存在，實(shí)體
skilled a. 熟練的；有技能的
in the way 擋路、礙事
to make a guess at 猜測(cè)
and the like 等等，諸如此類
to seek to 追求，爭(zhēng)取
in part 部分地，在某種程度上
point of view 觀點(diǎn)
詞匯精講
1.goal n. 目標(biāo)，進(jìn)球，球門 （ 同義詞：aim ,end , purpose，objective）
Her goal is a place at university . 她的目標(biāo)是在大學(xué)任教。
2.objective : n./a. 目的；目標(biāo)（尤指較長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的目標(biāo)）；宗旨/客觀的，如實(shí)的
派生詞：object n. 物體
反義詞：subjective n./a. 主語(yǔ)；主觀事物；/ 主觀的，
用法： Her objective is to get a college education. 她的目標(biāo)是接受大學(xué)教育。
If you don't work hard, you'll never achieve your objectives.
假如你不努力工作，你將永遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到目的。Achieve表示較難達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。
It is an objective report. 這是一篇如實(shí)的報(bào)道。
3.accomplish v. 完成（任務(wù)）等
The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes .
學(xué)生們?cè)诓坏?0分鐘內(nèi)完成了任務(wù)。
4.predict : v 預(yù)言，預(yù)示, 預(yù)告
同義詞：forecast v. 預(yù)測(cè)，預(yù)報(bào)
It's hard to predict when it will happen . 很難預(yù)見這件事何時(shí)發(fā)生。
5.accompany : v. 伴隨，陪同
The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog. 這位孤獨(dú)的老人讓他的狗做伴。
All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有的訂貨單必須隨付現(xiàn)金。
派生詞： company n. 公司; v. 陪伴
6.implement v. 實(shí)現(xiàn)，實(shí)施，履行（諾言）等
The committee's suggestions will be implemented immediately.
委員會(huì)的意見將立即貫徹執(zhí)行。
The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year。
對(duì)全國(guó)醫(yī)療體系的改革將在明年進(jìn)行。
7.constraint n. 限制, 約束
They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on the rules of grammer
他們說(shuō)了實(shí)話但是有所保留(是被迫的)。 語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的限制（約束）
8.tendency : n. 趨勢(shì)，傾向
There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.
人們?cè)诩依锒皇窃谵k公室里工作的趨勢(shì)日益增長(zhǎng)。
派生詞：tend v. 趨向，傾向 用法：tend to do sth.
He tends to get angry when people disagree with him .
當(dāng)人們不同意他的意見時(shí)，他很容易生氣。
9.achievement n. 完成，成就，
An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young .
對(duì)一個(gè)如此年輕的人來(lái)說(shuō)，獲得奧運(yùn)會(huì)銀牌是個(gè)了不起的成就。
派生詞：achieve v. 完成，做到，達(dá)到（目的），實(shí)現(xiàn)，獲得
He will never achieve his objectives if he doesn't work hard .
如果他不努力，將會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到目的。
10.attain : v. 達(dá)到；獲得 （長(zhǎng)期努力后而獲得）同義詞：obtain, get
用法： She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定決心要達(dá)到生活中的目標(biāo)。
The apple tree has attained to a great height. 蘋果樹已長(zhǎng)得很高了。
11.optimal adj 最佳的
The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .船員們正在等待出航的最佳天氣條件。
12.argue : vt./vi. 爭(zhēng)辯，爭(zhēng)論，辯論
用法：
作不及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，后邊可以接with, about 或over(就…爭(zhēng)論)，for (贊成)或against (反對(duì))
She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她總喜歡為極小的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)論。
He often argues philosophy with James. 他常和詹姆斯討論哲學(xué)。
He argued for immediate action . 他主張立即行動(dòng)。
They argued against such a policy. 他們反對(duì)這種政策。
作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，表示”說(shuō)服、用辯論證明“的意思
I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我說(shuō)服他不做這樣危險(xiǎn)的旅行。
He argued that man was descended from apes. 他論證人類的祖先是猿。
13.scheme n 計(jì)劃 方案
He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 .
他制定了一個(gè)在20歲之前發(fā)財(cái)?shù)寞偪裼?jì)劃。
14.multiple adj 多樣的 復(fù)合的
What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed .
一個(gè)人下一步會(huì)做什么是他受到的多種影響的結(jié)果。
15.ongoing adj 進(jìn)行中的，前進(jìn)的
No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing .
目前還沒(méi)有達(dá)成任何協(xié)議，談判仍在進(jìn)行。
16.entity n 存在 實(shí)體
He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity .
他把這個(gè)國(guó)家的北方看成一個(gè)單獨(dú)的文化實(shí)體。
17.skilled adj 熟練的,有技能的
My mother is very skilled at /in dress-making .
我母親非常擅長(zhǎng)做衣服。
Phrases and Expressions
1.(stand, get, be ) in the way 礙事 ,擋道的；妨礙人的
If you are not going to help, at least don't get in the way! 如果你不愿幫忙，至少別妨礙人家。
The chair is in the way, please move it away. 這把椅子擋著路，請(qǐng)把它移開。
相關(guān)短語(yǔ)
in a way 在某種程度上；在某些方面； 從某一點(diǎn)上看
in no way 決不；一點(diǎn)也不；
in the way of 按照； 就…. 而言
by way of 取道，經(jīng)由
by the way 順便問(wèn)一下
2.to make a guess at 猜測(cè)
You might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你本來(lái)能夠猜到她是誰(shuí)。
Can you make a guess at the price ? 你猜得出價(jià)錢嗎？
3.to seek to（inf） 尋求,爭(zhēng)取
Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil .
發(fā)電站正在設(shè)法減少石油的使用
4.in part : 部分地；有些部分；在某種程度上
This was in part due to financial difficulties. 部分是由于財(cái)政困難。
The responsibility was in part because of me. 部分責(zé)任在我。
5.point of view 視點(diǎn)，視角
The book looks at college life from a student's point of view.
這本書從一個(gè)學(xué)生的視角來(lái)看大學(xué)生活。
6.to vary from …to … 從…到…不同，因… 而異
Salary scales vary from state to state.
工資級(jí)別因州而異。
7.contribute … to 把… 貢獻(xiàn)給….
We'll contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate . 我們畢業(yè)后將為此事業(yè)作貢獻(xiàn)。
contribute to 導(dǎo)致
Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer. 吸煙是導(dǎo)致肺癌的主要因素。
8.be beneficial to 對(duì)… 有利
Jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利于我們的健康。
Reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral English.
朗讀（背誦）短文段落對(duì)提高英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)有利。
第一部分
Para.1
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
1.made from among alternative courses of action 是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)
courses of action 行動(dòng)方針
that are available 是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾概念短語(yǔ)”行動(dòng)方針“
2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
此句是由that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句由a problem exist; goals of objectives are wrong;
及something is standing in the way of accomplishing them三個(gè)并列句構(gòu)成。
The reason for … is that 是一個(gè)常用的句子。例： The reason for canceling the travel is that
they lack of money. 取消旅行的原因是他們手頭缺錢。
The reason why … 是另外一個(gè)常用的句子。例：There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance .他們不愿意談?wù)摫ｋU(xiǎn)的原因有三個(gè)。
Para.2
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.
3.a manager does是省略that的'定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞everything
當(dāng)先行詞為everything, something, anything, nothing等不定代詞時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞不可用which, 此句的后半部分 some suggest that ... 是賓語(yǔ)從句suggest v. 認(rèn)為，提出，建議（其后的賓語(yǔ)從句多用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣）
4.although conj.”雖然，盡管“引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
例如：Although my car is very old,it still runs very well .
雖然我的汽車很舊，但是仍然跑得很好。
require vt. 要求，需要 后邊由that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句
5.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.
make a best guess at 作出最佳猜測(cè)，at 表示動(dòng)作或行為的方向和目標(biāo)，如：look at (看) ，aim at (瞄準(zhǔn)，目的是)，throw (a stone) at (向…擲石頭)，shoot at (射擊)，laugh at （嘲笑）
本句中what the future will be 是一個(gè)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句，（作介詞at 的賓語(yǔ)）；
to leave sth. to chance ”憑運(yùn)氣，聽任命運(yùn)的安排，聽其自然發(fā)展“
”as + 形容詞（或副詞）+ as possible“意思是”盡可能地…; 盡量“。
as little as possible 盡可能少
I tried to be as friendly as possible. 我盡量地表示友好。
Come as quickly as possible. 盡快來(lái)。
since uncertainty is always there 是一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
risk accompanies decisions .風(fēng)險(xiǎn)伴隨著決策
6.sometimes … at other times 有時(shí)… ，而有時(shí)則 …
a poor decision 一個(gè)不良決策
第二部分
Para.3
Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.
7.”選擇“三個(gè)詞的區(qū)別：
alternative adj.兩者或多于兩者選一個(gè)，供選擇的,n.替代物
choice 選自己喜歡的，挑出，選出
select 選出最好的，篩選、精選
8.由 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句， 主句中的不定式被動(dòng)態(tài) to be made作定語(yǔ), 修飾decision
9.range n. 范圍 a broad range of choice 一個(gè)很廣的選擇范圍
10.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.
本句中based on 是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾constraints.
be based on 表示"建立在…基礎(chǔ)上
例：The book is based on a true story. 這本書是以一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事為依據(jù)的。
He was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge, rather than guess or imagination. 他第一個(gè)畫出以當(dāng)時(shí)所有的知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的地圖，而不是基于猜測(cè)和想象。
and the like 意思是“等等 （之類的東西）”。
例：He studied painting, music, English and the like. 他學(xué)習(xí)了繪畫、音樂(lè)、英語(yǔ)等等。
11.at all levels “在各個(gè)層次”
Para.4
Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.
12.from which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾 courses of action 行動(dòng)方針
13.a thorough job of examining 一個(gè)徹底的考察工作
a thorough job是主語(yǔ)，of examining the problems 修飾job，has not been done是句子的謂語(yǔ)。
thorough a. 徹底的
through prep. 通過(guò)，穿過(guò)
though conj. 雖然，盡管 （ 同although ）
thought n. 思想
14.For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion :
either /or 意思是“非此即彼；二者擇一”。
例:We fight, or we don't -- it's an either/or decision.
我們戰(zhàn)斗或不戰(zhàn)斗-這是二者擇一的決定。
第三部分
Para.5
At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.
15.At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.
在as well as 結(jié)構(gòu)中，強(qiáng)調(diào)前者 limiting alternatives ，不強(qiáng)調(diào)后者
譯為：作決策包括限定選擇和識(shí)別選擇，或者譯成：不僅包括識(shí)別選擇還要包括限定選擇（除了包括識(shí)別選擇外還有限定選擇）
practically ad. 實(shí)際上，事實(shí)上（在口語(yǔ)中譯為，幾乎，簡(jiǎn)直）在本文中是幾乎的意思。例如：幾乎是不可能practically impossible
Para.6
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example, the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
一個(gè)省略that或which的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾a state of affairs "事物的狀態(tài)，事態(tài)"
to seek to do sth. 追求，爭(zhēng)取，尋求，設(shè)法(去做某事)
17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
本句中，because 引導(dǎo)了原因狀語(yǔ)從句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句。
18.Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.
兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的都是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾decisions
less than 在此做狀語(yǔ)，表示否定的含義, less than optimal "不太理想"
例如：This job is less than perfect. 這份工作不十分理想（完美）。
19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾trade-off "權(quán)衡"
increases 和 decreases 是定語(yǔ)從句的并列謂語(yǔ)
Para.7
These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.
20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.
Because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中,有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾many objectives
21.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department.
vary from … to … 表示各不相同的意思。
例:The percentage varies from person to person. (稅收的) 比例因人而異。
22.When presented with a common case
presented with 面對(duì)
過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)前面加上when作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
為了表示明確的時(shí)間或條件，有時(shí)常在分詞前面加上when, while, even if , even though , unless 等連詞作時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語(yǔ)。 (詳見語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn))
Para.8
The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker.
be based on 基于，取決于
in part 部分地，在某種程度上
對(duì)于多項(xiàng)目標(biāo)的排序和重要性，部分地基于決策者的價(jià)值觀。
24.different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
兩個(gè)about都是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),修飾前邊的名詞
不同人關(guān)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和收益可接受程度的價(jià)值觀，導(dǎo)致了對(duì)于決策正確性的不同意見。
Para.9
People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon
assume vt. 認(rèn)為，假定，設(shè)想 that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句
26.An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.
an ongoing entity "一個(gè)發(fā)展中的實(shí)體，一個(gè)運(yùn)作中的單位"
made today 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，"今天作出的決策"
far into the future 形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，"對(duì)將來(lái)有深遠(yuǎn)的影響"
27.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
the skilled manager "一個(gè)干練的管理者，一個(gè)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的管理者"
current a. 當(dāng)前的，現(xiàn)時(shí)的 n. 流，水流，電流，氣流
一個(gè)干練的管理者可以從當(dāng)今決策看到未來(lái)的結(jié)果。
附：重點(diǎn)句
1.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 三個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句并列 （第一段）
2.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. 主從復(fù)合句（第二段）
3.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. （第三段）
4.For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; （第四段）
5.Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 主從復(fù)合句（第六段）
6.Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger orgnization. （第六段）
7.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. （第七段）
8.When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on. （第七段）
考試大綱
《2016年高考英語(yǔ)考試大綱的說(shuō)明》明確指出考生應(yīng)在45分鐘左右的時(shí)間里完成5篇體裁、題材不同的閱讀材料。
平時(shí)教師在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生做閱讀理解時(shí)總是強(qiáng)調(diào)讓學(xué)生“回歸原文”找答案，不要自己主觀判斷。在學(xué)生平時(shí)練習(xí)的
錯(cuò)誤中，我們看到學(xué)生并非全篇都讀不懂，在很多情況下，學(xué)生也知道問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是什么，也判斷對(duì)了答案的范圍
在哪幾行，甚至哪一句，但就是看不明白相關(guān)的那句話，最終，關(guān)鍵句子的理解錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致做題失誤，究其原因，
主要是在知識(shí)上存在兩種障礙。
-不會(huì)分析長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)，看不懂句意
近幾年的閱讀理解篇章中出現(xiàn)了很多長(zhǎng)句，包括各種復(fù)合句、省略句、插入語(yǔ)等等，如果學(xué)生僅僅按單詞的順序讀，
那么在駕馭長(zhǎng)句、難句的理解上一定會(huì)有困難。建議大家采取“去除修飾成分，留下句子主干”的辦法。如：
1.(2005遼寧，C篇)Free Video Magazine sent every four weeks(up to 13 times a year)，with our Director's
Selection--plus many lower-priced cassettes，down to $14.95. And you may receive Special Selection mailings
up to four times a year(a total of up to 17 buying opportunities per year).
每四周免費(fèi)的影像雜志派送一次(每年有13次之多)，附帶《編者精選》，連同許多14.95美元的低價(jià)卡帶。而且您還可
以收到每年四次寄送的《特別精選》。(每年有多達(dá)17次的購(gòu)買機(jī)會(huì))。這句話雖然長(zhǎng)，但是主要結(jié)構(gòu)是：Free Video Magazine
sent with sth，plus sth，其他多是狀語(yǔ)成分。
2.(2001北京春，B篇)Scientists have also found marks on hominids'teeth with patterns very similar to those
on the teeth of modern day fruit eaters.科學(xué)家也發(fā)現(xiàn)了Hominids原始人類牙齒上的斑痕和現(xiàn)代吃水果人的(斑痕)相似。
3.(2006全國(guó)I，C篇)To use the same method would be self-defeating because it might reduce motivation，especially
if it has failed in the past.使用一成不變的學(xué)習(xí)方法可能會(huì)弄巧成拙，減少學(xué)生的動(dòng)力，尤其是這些方法過(guò)去失敗過(guò)。
此句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)是To do sth is self-defeating.后面的because引導(dǎo)的從句和especially短語(yǔ)都是狀語(yǔ)。
4.(2006北京，D篇)While parents，particularly mothers，have always been attached to their infants(嬰兒)，
societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain(保持).雖然父母，尤其是母親總是對(duì)嬰
兒懷有依戀，然而社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)條件卻使這種依戀越來(lái)越難以保持。主句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)：conditions made this attachment difficult
to maintain。從句中的while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“盡管，雖然”。
5.(2006天津，E篇)But the internal state which remains unchanged over a period of time，and which makes the
individual behave regularly in a variety of situations，is what is meant by an attitude.
態(tài)度的意義就在于：這種內(nèi)在的狀態(tài)在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)保持不變，而且能夠使個(gè)人在各種情景中都行為正常。這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句含定語(yǔ)從句，去除定語(yǔ)從句剩下的就是主要結(jié)構(gòu)了，即The internal state is what is meant by an attitude.
詞匯方面的障礙
生詞或是“熟詞偏意”導(dǎo)致理解有誤。建議考生在目前最后的總復(fù)習(xí)沖刺階段，務(wù)必把《2007年高考英語(yǔ)考試大綱的說(shuō)明》的
詞匯一直有計(jì)劃地背到高考。閱讀篇章中生詞的比例在高考文章中有嚴(yán)格控制，而且在上下文中都有暗示或依據(jù)，所以考生還要加
強(qiáng)通過(guò)上下文猜詞義的能力
1.(2007年石家莊市質(zhì)檢二，A篇)Capital punishment is another form of punishment which systems use in extreme
criminal cases，sometimes involving such crimes as a murder，rape，and violent theft.In these cases，the person is
put to death.Today，capital punishment is used in relatively few countries.Many countries have done away with it.
In other words，capital punishment remains only in officially law books but is rarely used.However，capital punishment
remains in use in some countries including the United States.從下文看，無(wú)論如何也不能把capital理解成“首都”。
2.(2006北京，D篇)One of these premodern attachment-dis-couraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they
had survived into the second year.現(xiàn)代文明之前，一種減少對(duì)嬰兒依戀的做法就是在嬰兒存活到第二年才給其取名字。從構(gòu)詞法猜
at-tachment-discouraging的意思。dis-courage是“不鼓勵(lì)”的意思，at-tachment是“附屬，依戀”。
3.(2006全國(guó)II，E篇)In the colorful used-clothing markets of Tanzania，she realizes that “it is only in this final
stage of life that the T-shirt will meet a real market，”where the price of a shirt changes by the hour and is different
by its size and even color.在坦桑尼亞豐富的舊衣市場(chǎng)里面，她意識(shí)到，T-shirt只有在其生命周期的最終階段才能碰到真正的市場(chǎng)
。那里，價(jià)格每小時(shí)都會(huì)變化，尺寸甚至顏色都導(dǎo)致了價(jià)格的不同。這句話是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，It is…that…此句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)是：T-shirt
will meet are a real market in this final stage of life.in the final stage of life里沒(méi)生詞，但是學(xué)生不易理解，誰(shuí)的
finalstageoflife？從上下文看，絕不是“人”而是“舊衣服”依然在坦桑尼亞有消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)。
4.(2002北京春，B篇)Second，there is the problem of waste.All nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most
cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years.It is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive，and so
they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented.For example，they may be buried
under the ground…第二點(diǎn)，就是浪費(fèi)的問(wèn)題。多數(shù)情況下所有核電站廢棄物都會(huì)存在核輻射數(shù)千年，要使這些廢棄物不帶有輻射
又是不可能的，所以核廢物必須用科學(xué)家們發(fā)明的一種方法來(lái)儲(chǔ)存處理。例如，可以把它們埋在地下……
5.(2006福建，E篇)The service is being constantly improved and a combination of better technology and increased
investment following the Easter Floods of 1998 has led to the creation of Floodline and an automatic(自動(dòng))messaging system that can warn thousands of people in very little time.服務(wù)質(zhì)量不斷提高。優(yōu)良的技術(shù)與1998年復(fù)活節(jié)洪水后投資增長(zhǎng)的結(jié)合促成了管道感應(yīng)器和自動(dòng)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)，這兩種設(shè)備可以在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)向成千上萬(wàn)的人發(fā)出警告�？忌毩�(xí)快速理解句中的意群，如automatic messaging system自動(dòng)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)，a combination of…的結(jié)合。
基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)是否牢固是決定單句理解和做題速度的關(guān)鍵。最后建議大家多做近3年高考閱讀理解中的長(zhǎng)、難句的英譯漢翻譯練習(xí)，確保關(guān)鍵句的理解無(wú)誤，這對(duì)提高全文的理解大有益處
旅游英語(yǔ)詞匯
果汁
甘蔗汁Sugar cane juice
酸梅汁Plum juice
楊桃汁Star fruit juice
青草茶Herb juice
牡蠣煎Oyster omelet
臭豆腐Stinky tofu (Smelly tofu)
油豆腐Oily bean curd
麻辣豆腐Spicy hot bean curd
蝦片Prawn cracker
蝦球Shrimp balls
春卷Spring rolls
蛋卷Chicken rolls
碗糕Salty rice pudding
筒仔米糕Rice tube pudding
紅豆糕Red bean cake
綠豆糕Bean paste cake
糯米糕Glutinous rice cakes
蘿卜糕Fried white radish patty
芋頭糕Taro cake
肉圓Taiwanese Meatballs
水晶餃Pyramid dumplings
肉丸Rice-meat dumplings
豆干Dried tofu
其 他
當(dāng)歸鴨Angelica duck
檳榔Betel nut
火鍋Hot pot
更多文章請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊：www.yjbys.com
最全的點(diǎn)餐必備英語(yǔ)單詞
中餐：
meat diet 葷菜 vegetables 素菜 meat broth 肉羹 local dish 地方菜 Cantonese cuisine 廣東菜 set meal 客飯
bear's paw 熊掌 * of deer 鹿脯 beche-de-mer; sea cucumber 海參
sea sturgeon 海鱔 salted jelly fish 海蜇皮kelp,seaweed 海帶
abalone鮑魚shark fin魚翅scallops干貝lobster龍蝦 bird's nest 燕窩
roast suckling pig 考乳豬 ig's knuckle 豬腳 boiled salted duck 鹽水鴨
preserved meat 臘肉 barbecued pork 叉燒 sausage 香腸 fried pork flakes 肉松
BAR-B-Q 烤肉 curry rice 咖喱飯 fried rice 炒飯 plain rice 白飯 crispy rice 鍋巴
gruel, soft rice , porridge 粥 —noodles with gravy 打鹵面
plain noodle 陽(yáng)春面 casserole 砂鍋 chafing dish,fire pot火鍋 meat bun肉包子
shao-mai燒麥preserved bean curd 腐乳bean curd豆腐
fermented blank bean 豆豉 pickled cucumbers 醬瓜
preserved egg 皮蛋 salted duck egg 咸鴨蛋 dried turnip 蘿卜干
西餐與日本料理：
menu 菜單French cuisine法國(guó)菜 today's special 今日特餐 chef's special 主廚特餐 buffet 自助餐 fast food 快餐 specialty 招牌菜 continental cuisine 歐式西餐 aperitif 飯前酒 dim sum 點(diǎn)心
French fires炸薯?xiàng)lbaked potato烘馬鈴薯 mashed potatoes馬鈴薯泥
omelette 簡(jiǎn)蛋卷 pudding 布丁 pastries 甜點(diǎn) pickled vegetables 泡菜
kimchi 韓國(guó)泡菜 crab meat 蟹肉 prawn 明蝦 conch 海螺 escargots 田螺
braised beef 燉牛肉 bacon 熏肉 poached egg 荷包蛋 sunny side up 煎一面荷包蛋 over 煎兩面荷包蛋 fried egg 煎蛋
over easy 煎半熟蛋 over hard 煎全熟蛋 scramble eggs 炒蛋
boiled egg 煮蛋 stone fire pot 石頭火鍋 sashi 日本竹筷 sake 日本米酒
miso shiru 味噌湯 roast meat 鐵板烤肉 sashimi 生魚片 butter 奶油
牛排與酒：
breakfast 早餐 lunch 午餐 brunch 早午餐 supper 晚餐 late snack 宵夜 dinner 正餐
ham and egg 火腿腸 buttered toast 奶油土司 French toast法國(guó)土司 muffin 松餅
cheese cake 酪餅white bread 白面包 brown bread 黑面包 French roll 小型法式面包 appetizer 開胃菜
green salad蔬菜沙拉 onion soup 洋蔥湯 potage法國(guó)濃湯corn soup 玉米濃湯minestrone 蔬菜面條湯
ox tail soup 牛尾湯 fried chicken 炸雞 roast chicken 烤雞 steak 牛排 T-bone steak 丁骨牛排
filet steak 菲力牛排 sirloin steak 沙朗牛排 club steak 小牛排 well done 全熟 medium 五分熟
rare三分熟beer 啤酒draft beer 生啤酒stout beer 黑啤酒canned beer罐裝啤酒 red wine 紅葡萄酒
gin 琴酒 brandy 白蘭地 whisky 威士忌vodka伏特加 on the rocks 酒加冰塊 rum蘭酒champagne
其他：
meat 肉 beef 牛肉 pork 豬肉 chicken 雞肉 mutton 羊肉 bread 面包 steamed bread 饅頭
rice noodles 米粉 fried rice noodles 河粉 steamed vermicelli roll 腸粉 macaroni 通心粉
bean thread 冬粉 bean curd with odor 臭豆腐 flour-rice noodle 面粉 noodles 面條
instinct noodles速食面 vegetable 蔬菜 crust 面包皮 sandwich 三明治
toast 土司 hamburger 漢堡cake 蛋糕spring roll春卷 pancake煎餅fried dumpling煎貼
rice glue ball元宵glue pudding 湯圓millet congee 小米粥
cereal 麥片粥 steamed dumpling 蒸餃 滑ravioli 餛飩
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)自學(xué)教程一
Unit 9 Text A: Learned Words and popular Words
In fact, every language has the similarity. For example, in Chinese we call potatoes tudou, and malingshu. In our oral language, we say tudou but not malingshu. So can you tell me the difference between them? obviously, one is popular word while the other is learned word. So now we can say it’s just the two classes of words that consist of the whole vocabulary. Now let’s learn our text A and know more about the words.
A. New words:
1.learned: adj 有學(xué)問(wèn)的，博學(xué)的；learn: v; learner: n
2.cultivated: adj 耕種的、有修養(yǎng)的；cultivate: v 耕種、培養(yǎng)；cultivation: n 耕種、培養(yǎng)；cultivator: n 耕種者 （*）
a.Workers work in their factories while farmers cultivate their land.
b.Cultivated people should have good manners.
c.The old man pays much attention to the cultivation of her mind.
3.concern: v 涉及、使關(guān)心、掛念；n 關(guān)心、掛念; concerned: adj 擔(dān)心的、焦慮的
常用的短語(yǔ)：so/as far as … concerned:至于，對(duì)…而言；be concerned for/about sth/sb:對(duì)人或事關(guān)心、掛念。
a.we are all concerned for his happiness.
b.As far as the structure is concerned, the article is quite good.
4.stock: v 儲(chǔ)備、儲(chǔ)存；n 庫(kù)存、股票
sth in stock/ out of stock某物有庫(kù)存/沒(méi)有庫(kù)存
5.possession: n 所有、擁有；possessions: n 所有物； possess: v 所有、擁有；
6.relatively: adv 比較而言；relate: v; relation: n; relative: adj
7.educated: adj 有知識(shí)的；educate: v 受教育；education: n 教育； educational: adj教育的 (*)
a.Higher education plays an important role in one’s life.
b.She has been doing educational work for forty years.
c.The man had to educate himself in the evening after finishing his work.
d.our society needs more educated people.
8.acquaintance: n 認(rèn)識(shí)、熟人；acquaint: v 使…熟悉/通曉
9.formal: adj 正式的，反義詞：informal; formally: adv（*）
a.Although the visit he paid to the country was informal, he thought it was quite necessary.
b.Formal dresses are required for such an important party.
c.He formally presented his application form.
10.highly: adv 非常、高度地；high: adj 高的；height: n 高度（*）
a.She spoke highly of his discovery.
b.He is 1.76 meters in height.
c.The church tower is 20 meters high.
11.elevated: adj 提高的、高貴的；elevate: v 提高； elevation: n 提高； elevator: n 電梯
12.importantce: n 重要性； important: adj 重要的；unimportant, unimportance.
13.grown-up: n 成年人；adj 成熟的；adult.
14.apply: v 申請(qǐng)、應(yīng)用；application: n；applicant: n 申請(qǐng)人(*)
常用習(xí)語(yǔ)：apply to sb for sth:向某人申請(qǐng)某物；apply to sth:適用某物; apply sth to sth:將…運(yùn)用到…中。
a.She applied to the university for her degree of Master of Arts.
b.What he said applies to us all.
c.We should apply what we have learned to our work.
15.absolute: adj 絕對(duì)的、完全的；absolutely: adv
16.popularity: n; popular: adj；popularize:
17.clssification: n 分類；classify: v 分類；classified: adj 分類的
18.convenient; adj 方便的, convenience: n ；反義詞：inconvenient, inconvenience
19.avoid: v 后用動(dòng)名詞；avoidance: n；avoidable: adj 可避免的；unavoidable: 不可避免的。
I am trying to avoid meeting him.
20.misconception: n 誤解，反義詞：conception. 前綴：mis-含有“錯(cuò)誤地”，mistake, misunderstand, misapply etc.
21.presence: n 出席、存在；present: adj到場(chǎng)的
22.literature: n 文學(xué)；literary: adj文學(xué)的
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)自學(xué)教程二
Unit 8 Text A: Telecommunication via Satellite
We live in a highly developed society. Everybody knows telecommunication, which can not only transmit television broadcasts, but also telephone calls and printed materials. So do you know it also has shortcoming? If you want to know the answer, you must read our today’s text. This is a very important text.
A.New words:
1.telecommunication: n 電信,communication 通信，tele表示遠(yuǎn)距離的、電的
telephone, telegraph etc.
2.via: prep拉丁文，by way of,經(jīng)由
3.transmit: v 播送、發(fā)射，transmit sth to sth. 名詞：transmission
4.photograph: n 簡(jiǎn)稱photo, photos.
5.establish: v 建立、創(chuàng)立，同義詞：found; established: adj; establishment: n(*)
a.The university was established 150 years ago.
b.You should not break the established rule.
c.They suggested the establishment of a school for the blind.
6.signal: n/v信號(hào)，發(fā)信號(hào)。sign: n 標(biāo)識(shí)；signature: n 簽名(*)
a.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.
b.The traffic signal turned red.
c.There is a non-smoking sign on the wall.
7.orbit: v 繞軌道運(yùn)行，n 軌道
a.How many planets are orbiting the sun?
b.The earth’s orbit round the sun.
8.capable: adj able有能力的，ability, capacity. be capable of doing, be able to do,
9.broadcast: n/v 廣播、播音
BBC: British Broadcast Corporation
10.theory: n 理論，theoretic adj理論的，短語(yǔ)：in theory = theoretically
11.access: n 進(jìn)入的機(jī)會(huì)，accessible: adj 可接近的，常用短語(yǔ)：have access to sth可接近，可進(jìn)入
12.unlimited: adj無(wú)限的，反義詞：limited, limit: v 限制，n 界限(*)
a.He is not very clever and his ability to improve his work is very limited.
b.our life has a limit, but knowledge is without limit.
c.There is an unlimited number of stars in the sky.
13.entertain: v 娛樂(lè)、招待；entertainment: n; entertainer: n 供人娛樂(lè)者
a.A cinema is a place of entertainment.
b.He may not be a great actor but he is a very popular entertainer.
c.He entertains himself with his piano when he is free.
14.demonstrate: v 說(shuō)明、演示；demonstration: n
15.educational: adj 教育的；education: n 教育；educate：v 使人受教育
a.Higher-education self-taught exam are held twice per year.
b.In order to keep up with our times, we have to educate ourselves in the evening class after work.
16.remote: adj 遙遠(yuǎn)的、偏僻的
17.isolate: v 隔離、孤立，isolated: adj 孤立的；isolation: n
18.instruction: n 教學(xué)、指示；instruct: v; instructor: n 指導(dǎo)者
19.conversation: n 談話，converse with sb about/on sth(正式用法)
20.simultaneously: adv at the same time, in the meanwhile
21.risk: n風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；v 冒…的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，risky: adj有危險(xiǎn)的
risk doing sth, risk one’s a health/fortune/neck
22.privacy: n 隱私，private: adj 私人的
23.contact: n/v,短語(yǔ)：make contact with與…接觸，結(jié)識(shí)
a.I don’t have much contact with her family.
b.I will contact you next month.
24.harm: n/v傷害、損害；harmful, harmless
25.expert: n 專家；adj熟練的。expert in/at sth
26.application: n 申請(qǐng)、應(yīng)用；apply: v
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