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2017職稱英語《衛(wèi)生A》閱讀判斷專項試題
閱讀判斷
text 1
Stem Cell Therapy May Help Repair the Heart
According to scientists in the USA, stem cell therapy may one day be able to repair the hearts of people with heart failure. Researchers at Pittsburgh University School of Medicine examined 20 patients who had severe heart failure and were going to have surgery.
They injected stem cells into the parts of their hearts that were damaged. They then compared their hearts with those of people who had undergone surgery without having the stem cells injected into them (they had also suffered from severe heart failure). The patients who had had the stem cells injected had hearts that were able to pump (用泵抽運) more blood than the others.
According to Professor Robert Kormos, one of the researchers, these results could revolutionize heart treatment. Although previous studies had indicated that there might be a benefit, this is the first study that has actually proved that stem cell therapy can help the failing heart work better.
All the patients in this study had hearts that could not pump blood properly. The scientists measured their ejection fraction (射血分數(shù)). It is a measure of heart performance; it measures how much blood is being pumped out by the left ventricle (心室).
Healthy people's ejection fraction is about 55%. These patients had ejection fraction of under 35%. They all had by-pass surgery (搭橋手術(shù)) performed on them. Some of the patients had stem cells taken from their hip bones and injected into 25-30 sites in the damaged heart muscle. Six months later their ejection fraction rate was 46.1% while those who just had surgery but no stem cell injections averaged 37.2%. No side effects were reposed.
Heart failure is a common problem all over the world. In the U.K. alone about 650,000 people suffer from heart failure every year. As the number of people suffering from heart failure increases in the world in general, these findings are particularly significant.
Current treatments relieve the symptoms. This new stem cell therapy actually repairs the damaged muscle in the heart and has the potential of curing the disease.
1.The 20 patients had stem cell injections instead of surgery.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
2.The experiment proved to be satisfactory.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
3.The control group patients regretted not having had stem cell injections.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
4.The study actually proved for the first time the benefit of stem cell therapy.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
5.The ejection fraction rate of the patients with stem cell injections decreased.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
6.Heart failure is more common in the U.K. than anywhere else in the world.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
7.Stem cell therapy seems to have great prospects.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
text 2
Why Is the Native Language Learnt So Well
How does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so well? When we compare them with adults learning a foreign language, we often find this interesting fact. A little child without knowledge or experience often succeeds in a complete mastery of the language. A grown-up person with fully developed mental powers, in most case, may end up with a faulty and inexact command.
What accounts for this difference?
Despite other explanations, the real answer in my opinion lies partly in the child himself, partly in the behavior of the people around him. In the first place, the time of learning the mother tongue is the most favorable of all, namely, the fast years of life. A child hears it spoken from moming till night and,what is more important, always in its genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure. He drinks in all the words and expressions, which come to him in a flash, ever-bubbling spring. There is no resistance, there is perfect assimilation.
Then the child has, as it were, private lessons all the year round, while an adult language-student has each week a limited number of hours, which he generally shares with others. The child has another advantage: he hears the language in all possible situations, always accompanied by the right kind of gestures and facial expressions. Here there is nothing unnatural, such as what is often found in language lessons in schools, when one talks about ice and snow in June or scorching heat in January. And what a child hears is generally what immediately interests him. Again and again,when his attempts at speech are successful, his desires are understood and fulfilled.
Finally, though a child's "teachers" may not have been trained in language teaching, their relations with him are always close and personal. They take great pains to make their lessons easy.
1.Compared with adults learning a foreign language, children learn their native language with ease.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
2.Adults' knowledge and mental powers hinder their complete mastery of a foreign language.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
3.The reason why children learn their mother tongue so well lies solely in their environment of learning.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
4.Plenty of practice in listening during the first years of life partly ensures children's success of
learning their mother tongue.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
5.A child learning his native language has the advantage of having private lessons all the year round.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
6.Gestures and facial expressions may assist a child in mastering his native language.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
7.So far as language teaching is concerned, the teacher's close personal relationship with the student is more important than the professional language teaching training he has received.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
text 3
G8 Summit
Leaders of the Group of Eight Major Industrialized Nations (G8) will meet in Scotland in July this year. Representatives from China, India, Mexico, South Africa and Brazil have also been invited. Here's what the G8 leaders want from the meeting.
British Prime Minister Tony Blair wants the G8 to cancel debt to the world's poorest countries.
He wants them to double aid to Africa to 50 billion pounds by 2010. He has also proposed reducing subsidies to Western farmers and removing restrictions on African exports. This has not got the approval of all members because it will hurt their agricultural interests. On climate change, Blair wants concerted (共同的) action by reducing carbon emissions (排放) .
US President George W. Bush agrees to give help to Africa. But he says he doesn't like the idea of increasing aid to countries as it will increase corruption. Bush said he would not sign an agreement to cut greenhouse gas emissions at the summit, according to media. The US is the only G8 member not to have signed the Kyoto Protocol (京都議定書). Although the US is the world's biggest polluter, Bush so far refuses to believe there is sufficient scientific data to establish beyond a doubt that there is a problem.
French President Jacques Chirac supports Blair on Africa and climate change. He is determined to get the US to sign the climate change deal.
German Chancellor Gerhard Schroder remains doubtful of Blair's Africa proposals.
Schroder's officials have dismissed the notion that money will solve Africa's problems as "old thinking". Berlin says that African states should only receive extra money if they can prove they've solved the corruption problem.
Russian President Vladimir Putin was doubtful about the value of more aid to Africa. But he has seen a way to make this work to his advantage. Putin intends to use the aid to Africa as a springboard (跳板) next year to propose aid to the former Soviet republics of Georgia, Uzbekistan,Tajikistan and Moldova.
Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's priorities are a seat on the UN Security Council,for which he will be lobbying (游說) at the summit. And he's concerned about the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's nuclear weapons programme.
1.The G8 countries include China, India, Mexico, South Africa and Brazil.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
2.Blair hopes that the G8 countries will work together to reduce carbon emissions.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
3.India has accepted the invitation to attend the G8 meeting.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
4.Bush agrees to increase aid to Africa.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
5.Chirac takes a stand similar to Blair's on Africa and climate change.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
6.According to media, Bush will sign the Kyoto Protocol at the summit.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
7.Japan will reject Blair's proposal to increase aid to Africa.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
答案及解析
text 1
1.B。題干：20個病人接受了細胞注射而不是手術(shù)。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章第一段中第二句話和第五段中第三句話，表明這20個病人也接受手術(shù)治療，故答案為B。
2.A。題干：實驗結(jié)果令人滿意。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章第二段，表明干細胞注射實驗效果很好。
3.c。題干：對照組的病人們后悔沒有進行細胞治療。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞進行定位，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章沒有提及對照組病人是否抱怨沒有接受干細胞注射。
4.A。題干：研究首次證明了細胞治療的好處。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章第三段，表明該實驗首次證明了干細胞治療的好處。
5.B。題干：接受干細胞注射的病人射血分數(shù)率降低了。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章第五段，表明接受干細胞注射的病人射血分數(shù)率增加了。
6.C。題干：心衰在英國要比世界其他任何地方更常見。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞進行定位，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章第六段只是通過英國的例子來說明，心衰是世界范圍的常見病，但并沒有提及心衰是否在英國要比世界其他任何地方更常見。
7.A。題干：細胞治療有很好的前景。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到文章最后一段，表明干細胞治療前景可觀。
text 2
1.A。題干：與學習外語的成年人相比，兒童學習母語很容易。利用線索詞adult和children，在第一段的段首句中發(fā)現(xiàn)children，而在隨后的一句中發(fā)現(xiàn)adult。研究這兩段的語意：前一句說“為什么孩子學習母語學得這么好?”后一句接著說“當我們把孩子和學習外語的成年人比較時，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個有趣的事實”，依據(jù)這兩句判斷，該問題旬實際上是對原文中這兩個句子的總結(jié)。
2.C。題干：成年人的知識和智力阻礙了他們對外語的掌握。利用線索詞mental powers在第一段第三句中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)信息，該句大意是“在大多數(shù)情況下，智力充分發(fā)展的成年人對外語的掌握是錯誤的和不準確的”。而該句的下一句引出的是成年人和兒童在學習語言方面不同的理由(第二段的段首句)，但原文中并沒提到成年人掌握外語的能力較差的原因，所以選擇C。
3.B。題干：兒童母語學得好的原因只是因為他們的學習環(huán)境。該問題旬的說法太絕對，所以判斷答案為“錯誤”。其實這道題的答案相關(guān)句我們在前一題已經(jīng)涉及了。文章第二段的首句給出了由兩個partly引出的理由，因為不是“唯一的理由”，故選擇B。
4.A。題干：早年大量的聽力練習是兒童學習母語成功的一個原因。利用線索詞the first years oflife在第二段的第二句中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)句。該句說“早年學習母語的時間是最有益的”。接下來的一句強調(diào)了兒童期聽力練習的形式。所以選擇A。
5.B。題干：兒童學習母語的優(yōu)勢是可以常年上私人輔導課。利用線索詞all the year round在第三段的第一句中發(fā)現(xiàn)直接相關(guān)句。比較原句和問題句的結(jié)構(gòu)，發(fā)現(xiàn)不同之處在于“as itwere”的結(jié)構(gòu)。部分結(jié)構(gòu)的差異往往設(shè)置了陷阱。原文中asitwere的含義是“仿佛是”，而問題句說“是”，所以選擇B。
6.A。題干：手勢和面部表情可能會對兒童掌握母語有幫助。利用線索詞Gestures and facial expressions在第三段的第二句中發(fā)現(xiàn)直接相關(guān)句。該句說“兒童學習母語的另一個優(yōu)勢是可以接觸各種情景的母語，而且母語中還伴隨了正確的手勢和面部表情”�？梢娫涞恼f法與問題旬一致，所以選擇A。
7.C。題干：就語言教學而言，教師與學生的親密關(guān)系比學生接受的專門培訓更重要。利用線索詞teachers在文章的最后一段找到相關(guān)信息，但原文只是說“教師與學生的關(guān)系。是親密的”，盡管問題句的說法并不與原文矛盾，但只能選擇C。
text 3
1.B。題干：八國組織包括中國、印度、墨西哥、南非和巴西。由專有名詞G8和題干中的國家名稱回到原文定位，很容易找到第一段中的相關(guān)信息。文章意思是中國、印度等國的領(lǐng)導人也受到邀請，證明他們不是G8的成員國。故選B。
2.A。題干：Blair希望八國成員國通力合作來減少碳的排放。由專有名詞Blair回到原文定位，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)第二段是答案的出處。本段最后一句與題干含義相符。故選A。
3.c。題干：印度接受了參加八國峰會的邀請。由國家名稱India回到原文定位，除了第一段并未有所提及。故題干沒有在原文得到體現(xiàn)。故選C。
4.B。題干：Bush同意增加對非洲的援助。由專有名詞Bush來定位，很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)第三段第二句有相關(guān)信息：Bush不愿意增加對非洲的援助。故選B。
5.A。題干：在南非氣候變化的問題上，Chirac跟Blair的立場相似。由Chirac回到原文定位，第四段有相關(guān)信息。此段較短，因此很容易通過對比得出答案為A。
6.B。題干：根據(jù)媒體報道，Bush將在峰會上簡述京都議定書。由專有名詞Bush和Kyoto Protocol回到原文定位，第三段有相關(guān)信息;美國是目前G8成員國中唯一未簽訂京都議定書的國家，并且目前也拒絕相信碳排放會帶來問題。題干與文章信息不符，故選B。
7.C。題干：日本將否決布萊爾的援助非洲的提案。由Japan和Blair回到原文定位，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)原文并未提及日本是否會拒絕布萊爾的提案。故選C。
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