專八英語考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題
英語等級考試當中，最重要的題型是閱讀題目，許多丟分往往都是這一部分，那么怎么做才能高分呢？下面是小編為大家整理的關(guān)于專八英語考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題，希望對你有幫助！
專八英語考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題 1
The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience
By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processesto mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Suchvariations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitationthreshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cellsremained negligible in significance for any possible correlationwith the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation,such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervousenergy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentialsfailed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methodsrefined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality ofthe impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead toinfluence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance amongnerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view,namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as“common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the qualityof the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce,but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidencefor this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field ofthe cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriatemodality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditorysensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in thesize, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneuralcorrelations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemedmuch more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth,movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the samecortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brainexcitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Braintheory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relativelyhomogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses throughhomogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experiencepsychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerveimpulses.
1. Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related wouldmost likely have been met with
[A] vexation [B] irritability [C] discouragement [D] neutrality
2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the
[A] lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.
[B] similarities in the views of the scientists.
[C] similarity of sensations of human beings.
[D] continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.
3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?
[A] Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of thebrain stimulated.
[B] Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.
[C] Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors theyproduce.
[D] Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitativevariation?
[A] Nerve cells. [B] Nerve impulses.
[C] Cortical areas. [C] Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.
答案詳解：
1. C. 令人失望。答案見文章的第一句話“到了1950年，大腦活動過程和精神感受有關(guān)系的實驗結(jié)果看起來令人沮喪�！�
A. 令人惱火。 B. 激怒。 D. 中立。 均不對。
2. A. 在人的神經(jīng)脈沖中缺少變異(差別)。Common currency本義是一般通用。這里的上下問決定了它的含義“無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)”。第二段“雖然神經(jīng)能量中的質(zhì)變理論從沒有受到嚴厲的駁斥，但這一學(xué)說被普遍放棄，而贊成其對立的觀點;那就是：神經(jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量沙鍋內(nèi)基本相似，并作為無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)經(jīng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳送�！彼云胀}沖就是指神經(jīng)脈沖無變異，在質(zhì)量上基本相似。
B. 科學(xué)家觀點上的相似性。 C. 人類感覺相似性。 D. 神經(jīng)脈沖連續(xù)不斷通過神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。這三項和common currency 無關(guān)。
3. A. 受刺激的大腦部位影響感覺神經(jīng)脈沖所顯示的認知感受。在第二道題譯文下面“根據(jù)這一理論，不是感覺神經(jīng)脈沖的質(zhì)量決定它們所產(chǎn)生的各種有意識的感覺。而是由脈沖在大腦中釋放的不同部位決定，并且有證據(jù)證明這一論點�！币婋y句譯注3
B. 現(xiàn)在對神經(jīng)潛力的質(zhì)量變化可以進行更精彩的研究。 C. 感官刺激是異源的，并深受它們所產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)感覺(感受器)的影響。 D. 神經(jīng)形態(tài)上的差異影響神經(jīng)傳遞長度。
4. B. 神經(jīng)脈沖。這在第2題答案A中譯注(即第二段)已有明確的答復(fù)。“神經(jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量上基本相似……�！�
A. 神經(jīng)細胞。見難句譯注2，“有可能用其他辦法來顯示神經(jīng)細胞類型之間細微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異�！� C. 外皮區(qū)域(部位)。 D. 神經(jīng)脈沖空間模式。見難句譯注5和本文最后一句“為了和精神感受多樣性吻合，心理學(xué)家只能指明神經(jīng)脈沖時空模式上的無限差異。”這說明，它不是 “Leastqualitative variation.”
難句譯注：
1. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like ashad been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlationwith the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 句型為such…as 可as 具有關(guān)系代詞作用，此處作從句中had been demonstrated 的主語。
[參考譯文] 神經(jīng)細胞中所顯示的諸如在尺寸，形狀，化學(xué)，神經(jīng)脈沖中傳導(dǎo)速度，激發(fā)界限等方面的那種變化差異對多方面的精神感受可能有聯(lián)系來說仍然意義不大。
2. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neurontypes; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influencedby these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neuralcircuits.
[參考譯文] 有可能用其他辦法來顯示神經(jīng)類型之間細微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異。可是，缺乏證據(jù)證實脈沖的或者其脈沖傳導(dǎo)的質(zhì)量受這些差別的影響。相反，這種質(zhì)量看起來它卻影響了中樞神經(jīng)循環(huán)的進展模式。
3. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebralcortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for thatparticular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from theauditory cortex, and so on.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 主從句。后面跟解釋性同位語：that is ……。
[參考譯文] 在一個實驗中，當電刺激作用于有意識的人體大腦皮層的某個感覺部位，它對這個特定部位產(chǎn)生一種恰如其分的感覺道，也就是說，視覺來自視覺皮層，聽覺來自聽皮層，以此類推。
4. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, andinterconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, theobvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than anyof the minute differences.
[參考譯文] 其他實驗揭示了神經(jīng)細胞在尺寸，數(shù)目，排列和相互聯(lián)結(jié)上的細微變化。可是，就精神神經(jīng)相互關(guān)系而論，這些感覺部位相互之間明顯的相似性似乎比任何細微差異更為明顯多。
5. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity ofrelatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses throughhomogeneous cerebral tissue.
[參考譯文] 總之，大腦理論說明精神感覺和相對相似的神經(jīng)細胞單位的活動有關(guān)系。這種活動通過相似的大腦皮層組織傳導(dǎo)的基本相似的脈沖。
專八英語考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題 2
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to
[A] Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.
[B] Identify a problem.
[C] Bring together disparate facts.
[D] Stipulate clear goals.
2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2?
[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.
3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?
[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
[B] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not.
[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.
[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.
4. The text provides support for which of the following statements?
[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.
[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
[C] Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.
[D] Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?
[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.
[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.
[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.
[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.
答案與考點解析
1. 「答案」D
「考點解析」這是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。本題題干中的senior managers暗示本題的答案信息在第三段,因為第三段首句包含題干中的senior managers。通過仔細閱讀和理解本段中所談到的五點,我們可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項是選項D.本題選項A、B、C所涉及的內(nèi)容分別在本段的第五點、第一點和第三點提到。考生在解題時一定要學(xué)會認真歸納和總結(jié)原文所表達的每一層含義。
2. 「答案」D
「考點解析」這是一道句間關(guān)系題。題干已將本題的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是本題答案信息的最主要來源,通過閱讀和理解此句,我們可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項是D.考生在解題時一定要適當理解上下句之間的關(guān)系。
3. 「答案」C
「考點解析」本題是一道審題定位題。題干中的who uses intuition to reach decisions暗示本題的答案信息在第四段,因為第四段首句含有和題干中who uses intuition to reach decisions大致相同的the intuitive style of executive management。通過仔細閱讀和理解第四段的每一句話,我們可發(fā)現(xiàn)第四段的第一句話都在強調(diào)act(行動),可見本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是強調(diào)行動的選項C.本題的答案信息來源是第四段的第二句話�？忌诮忸}時一定要首先準確地審題定位,然后要善于歸納和理解原文中的中心主旨信息。
4. 「答案」D
「考點解析」本題是一道審題定位題。題干中并沒有明確指出本題答案信息在原文的準確位置。在這種情況下,考生往往迷失解題思路。在考生迷失解題思路時一定要牢記全文中心主旨,并且抓住各段的核心句。本文的中心主旨句在第一段的尾句。如果考生能夠抓住第一段的尾句,并結(jié)合第三段的第四、五句,就可以推導(dǎo)出本題的`正確選項應(yīng)該是D.考生在解題時,尤其是在迷失解題思路時,一定要首先抓全文的中心主旨句,同時還要抓一些明確表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
5. 「答案」B
「考點解析」本題是一道段落結(jié)構(gòu)題。第一句話中的do not和第二句句首的rather是破解本題的關(guān)鍵。抓住這兩個關(guān)鍵就可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是B.考生在解題時一定要注意表示否定的詞語以及表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞語,更要注意句子之間的相互關(guān)系。
[參考譯文] 大部分成功的高層管理人員并不拘泥于傳統(tǒng)的推理模式,即：首先確定目標,然后估定問題,擺出各種可能性,估計成功率,再做決定,最后才付諸行動去實施。相反,在這些人的日常決策過程中,他們靠一種定義模糊的直覺應(yīng)付大量相關(guān)問題,這些問題使他們必須在一堆含糊不清,自相矛盾,奇特?zé)o比或者令人驚異的事物中做抉擇,而且在考慮過程中就要有相應(yīng)的行動。
管理學(xué)作品的寫作者早就注意到了實踐當中一些管理者對直覺依賴很強。不過總的來說,這些寫作者未曾表達出什么叫做直覺。有些人將其視作理性的對立面,還有人認為它是反復(fù)無常的(做法、性格)的一個借口。
Isenberg最近對高層管理人員認知過程的研究揭示了管理者的直覺并不是上述的任何一種情況。高層管理者是在五個不同的方面使用直覺。首先,他們直覺地感到有問題存在。第二,依靠直覺,管理者們能很快表現(xiàn)出有教養(yǎng)的行為方式。這種直覺并不是任意,非理性的,而是在多年實踐磨練,和親身體驗培養(yǎng)出的技能的基礎(chǔ)上形成。第三,直覺把一些零散的數(shù)據(jù)和實際情況組合為一個完整畫面,這經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為一聲Aha式的體驗。第四,有些管理者也應(yīng)用直覺來檢驗更理性化分析的結(jié)果。大部分高層管理人員熟知傳統(tǒng)的決策分析模式和工具,那些使用這些正式的系統(tǒng)化方法做出決定的人經(jīng)常會對一種情況保持警惕,那就是有時此方法得出的結(jié)論和他們對正確行為的感覺不符。最后,管理者可通過直覺繞開深奧的分析而快速產(chǎn)生一個可能的解決辦法。這么使用時,直覺幾乎是一個瞬間的思維過程,這一模式為管理者所熟悉。
這些管理者用直覺方式的一個特點是思考和行動不能分開。由于(在這種方式中)管理者在分析和解釋問題之前就已經(jīng)明白應(yīng)該怎么去做,他們經(jīng)常是先行動,后解釋。在思考D行動的循環(huán)中,分析是必不可少的。在這其中管理者們不是靠分析他們面對的形勢來思考其公司、組織的情況,而是行動和分析在高度一致地進行。
由于管理者們經(jīng)常面對許多不確定的情況,他們鼓勵采取各種行動來對問題作一番深入了解。他們藉此對問題做出更深的體會。這種思考行為循環(huán)的一個特點即：行動是確定問題的一部分,而不只是解決問題的步驟。
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