考研英語(yǔ)寫作需要掌握哪些語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)
單詞語(yǔ)法是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)，要寫好作文，這兩樣同樣舉足輕重。要想作文的句子寫的高水準(zhǔn)，大家就必須要對(duì)單詞的掌握足夠熟練，對(duì)語(yǔ)法的拿捏要到位準(zhǔn)確。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英語(yǔ)寫作語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的相關(guān)資料，歡迎大家前來(lái)閱讀。
考研英語(yǔ)寫作的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)
▶1. 主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句
“英文多被動(dòng)，漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng)”，還需要警惕名詞與動(dòng)詞之間暗含的“主被動(dòng)”關(guān)系。
Eg1: It is said that …據(jù)說(shuō)/相傳
Eg2：I suggest that … It is suggested that …
Eg3：Effective measures should be taken before things get worse.表建議
Eg4: your prompt attention to my enquiry would be highly appreciated. 表感激
Eg5：Students should study hard.
Students are expected / well-advised to study hard.
▶2. 簡(jiǎn)單句變從句
名詞性從句，含主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句四種;定語(yǔ)從句;狀語(yǔ)從句
A. 主語(yǔ)從句：
Eg1：What worries many parents is that Internet or computer games may impact kids’ study.
Eg2：It is said that an emperor of ancient China discovered Tea 5,000 years ago. (it為形式主語(yǔ);that從句為真正主語(yǔ))
B.賓語(yǔ)從句：
Eg1：Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life is measured by how much they can borrow, not by how much they can earn.
Eg2: I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to study hard.
Eg3：明智的人不為別人的想法所影響。The sensible man is not influenced by what other people think.
C. 表語(yǔ)從句：
Eg1：That is why China is called the “Kingdom of Bicycles”.
Eg3：In team games, practice is what improves our sense of cooperation.
D. 同位語(yǔ)從句
Eg1：(Martin Luther King) I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." (該句中a dream = that 從句，)
Eg2：Others hold the different idea that online shopping brings us some problems.
E. 含同位語(yǔ)句式
A.人 身份
Eg. I am convinced that …
As a college student, I am convinced that …
I, as a college student, am convinced that …
B. 物 性質(zhì)
Eg. A strong will brings us power …
As a vital quality, a strong will brings us power…
A strong will, as a vital quality, brings us power…
插入語(yǔ)
Eg1：As I see, the causes of this phenomenon are diverse.
The causes of this phenomenon, as I see, are diverse.
Eg2：All of a sudden, the silence of the lake was broken by a scream.
The silence of the lake, all of a sudden, was broken by a scream.
Eg3：Even so, others hold a different view.
Others, even so, hold a different view.
Eg4：Like anything else, automobiles have more than one side. (汽車跟很多其他事物一樣，具有兩面性)
Automobiles, like anything else, have more than one side.
F. 定語(yǔ)從句：
步驟：1)先寫出正確簡(jiǎn)單句，確定被修飾成分(中心名詞)
2)在中心名詞后加入定從，關(guān)系詞who, whose, whom, where, which, when
Eg1：Taobao is a particularly popular website. ? Taobao is a particularly popular website, where/in which customers can purchase various goods.
Eg2：I will advice my foreign friend to visit Great Wall, where he or she can acquire knowledge of Chinese history.?
▶3. it 句式
A. 形式主語(yǔ) it is +被動(dòng)/形容詞/名詞+that從句/to do …
Eg1：It is suggested/ well-advised / supposed / proposed that sb. should (not) do …
Eg2：It is essential / necessary / advisable / convenient/ difficult/ hard/ comfortable for sb. (not) to do
Eg3：It is essential / necessary that sb. should (not) do …
Eg4：It is useless/useful doing sth.
B. 形式賓語(yǔ)
Eg1：An increasing number of students find it difficult to spell common words correctly.
Eg2：An increasing number of parents find it hard to have opportunities to chat with kids, who spend too much time on computers.
Eg3：A host of youngsters find it rather boring and hard to understand literature.
▶4. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句
A. 強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)：
Eg1：I love you. /I do love you. / I did love you.
Eg2：Cell phone/ Internet/ computer brings us convenience.
Cell phone/ Internet/ computer does bring us convenience.
B. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句式：It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that/who+句子其他成分。
【步驟】
a. 先寫出正確的簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句或復(fù)合句，明確單句的各個(gè)成分。
b. 在被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分(除謂語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)外)兩邊添加it is/was 和that/who， 其他成分不變，必要時(shí)調(diào)整順序。
【強(qiáng)調(diào)句式特征】去掉it is/was…that/who結(jié)構(gòu)，整個(gè)句子無(wú)冗余或成分殘缺。
Eg1：My mother always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.
It is my mother who/that always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.
It is when I have difficulties in study that my mother always encourages me not to lose heart.
Eg2：Parents’ protection does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.
(強(qiáng)調(diào)句式否定形式)It is parents’ protection that does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.
Eg3：The Internet does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.
It is the Internet that does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.
▶5. 倒裝
A. 表否定的副詞、短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)位于主語(yǔ)之前或句首，主句半倒裝(一般疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序);如never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, on no account, by mo means, in no case,
Eg1：I will never agree. Never will I agree.
B. Only +狀語(yǔ)位于句首，主句半倒裝。
Eg1：When my beloved is beside myself, I can feel the true happiness.
Only when my beloved is beside myself, can I feel the true happiness.
Eg2：When his computer crashes, he will come down-stairs for something to eat.
Only when his computer crashes, will he come down-stairs for something to eat.
Eg3：By doing small things, teenagers can accumulate ability and experience for something big.
Only doing small thing, can teenagers accumulate ability and experience for something big.
C.As/though倒裝形式
Eg1：Although she is a girl, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.
Girl as she is, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.
Eg2：Though it is convenient, online shopping leads to some problems.
Convenient as/though it is, online shopping leads to some problems.
Eg3：Although it is simple, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.
Simple as it is, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.
▶6.雙重否定：
Eg1：no ____ is / are more _____ than ________.
In contemporary society, no means of communication is more popular and common than cell phones.
Eg2：A strong will is very important.
The importance of a strong will cannot be too emphasized.
Eg3：Education helps people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.
Without education, it is impossible for people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.
▶7. Ving/ved 狀語(yǔ)
A. 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生且主語(yǔ)一致，將次要?jiǎng)幼鲗懗蓈-ing或v-ed形式做狀語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)寫成v-ing形式、為被動(dòng)關(guān)系是寫成V-ed形式。
Eg1：I climbed the stairs. I took a suitcase.
I climbed the stairs, taking a suitcase.
Climbing the stairs, I took a suitcase.
Eg2：When they are compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.
Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.
Bicycles, compared with cars, are superior in several ways.
B.兩個(gè)動(dòng)作主語(yǔ)一致，但前后發(fā)生，則可將先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作寫成Having +ved形式。
Eg1：He had lived in this city for years. He had no difficulty finding the way home.
Having lived in this city for years, he had no difficulty finding the way home.
▶8. 排比結(jié)構(gòu)
Eg1：Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. (Bacon)
Eg2：We shall fight on the hills. We shall fight in the streets. We shall fight blood and sweet and tears. (Churchill)
Eg3：作為一種重要素質(zhì)，自信帶給我們力量、喚起我們對(duì)生活的熱愛(ài)、幫助我們戰(zhàn)勝困難。
As a vital quality, confidence brings us power, arouses our enthusiasm for life, and helps us to conquer difficulties.
考研英語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用文寫作，通過(guò)模板句型，經(jīng)典的例句完全可以得到比較理想的分?jǐn)?shù)，因?yàn)?ldquo;言簡(jiǎn)意賅”就是它的特點(diǎn)。而大作文對(duì)于語(yǔ)言表達(dá)上的要求要高幾個(gè)level，只是模式化的文字已經(jīng)不足以打動(dòng)考官，需要在原有的結(jié)構(gòu)上進(jìn)一步創(chuàng)新，讓考官看的跌宕起伏，還是昏昏欲睡才是高低分的關(guān)鍵所在。
考研英語(yǔ)作文拿高分的策略
一、背誦、默寫范文
背誦不能不說(shuō)是積極備戰(zhàn)快速提高寫作成績(jī)的一條捷徑。考生可以選擇歷年真題的范文和一些與真題作文相近的文章進(jìn)行背誦。同時(shí)，基礎(chǔ)稍好些的同學(xué)，可以背一下小作文的優(yōu)秀模板，及大作文的模板框架和句式，然后依據(jù)模板進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。
語(yǔ)言要求：
用詞準(zhǔn)確：用詞準(zhǔn)確是最基本的要求之一。
語(yǔ)法正確：語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤是考試的失分點(diǎn)所在，在小作文的寫作中應(yīng)盡量少用縮略語(yǔ)和口語(yǔ)。
句型多變：既有并列句，也有復(fù)合句，還有從句。
小作文的考查要求中會(huì)體現(xiàn)出文章的背景場(chǎng)合和寫作目的，考生應(yīng)針對(duì)不同情境選擇不同表達(dá)。不同的應(yīng)用文有不同的用語(yǔ)，建議考生對(duì)某些應(yīng)用文的格式和習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)加以熟悉和背誦，以便運(yùn)用自如。
二、活用模板，注重素材的積累，適當(dāng)加入自己的內(nèi)容。
我們?cè)诔蹙殞懽鞯臅r(shí)候套用模板是正常的事情，也是一個(gè)必經(jīng)的過(guò)程，只有先試用別人的東西，才能學(xué)習(xí)和積累寫作素材。模板要活學(xué)活用，不要一字不差的照抄無(wú)誤，而是要根據(jù)自己所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行更改。寫作不一定要字字句句都是難詞，長(zhǎng)句，而是要學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用一些常見(jiàn)詞的常見(jiàn)短語(yǔ)去表達(dá)，這樣才能真正顯示寫作的水平。這就要求學(xué)生在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中注意積累常用的短語(yǔ)或者詞組，以備寫作之用。
另外，關(guān)于寫作素材，不僅僅指寫作常用的詞匯，句型或者語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要包括所用的事例。比如：2001年的寫作真題，要求寫“愛(ài)心”，第二段要求用實(shí)例證明主題。有的考生見(jiàn)題就寫“我考試面臨很大的壓力，我的朋友是如何幫助我排解壓力的”，這顯然就是素材貧乏造成的后果。題目中的“愛(ài)心”是指“大愛(ài)”，陌生人互幫互助的心態(tài)。如果寫“汶川地震，希望工程”這類事例，顯然非常符合題目要求，而且事例又廣為人知，比寫“朋友如何幫助我”更生動(dòng)，更有說(shuō)服力。因此，在平常的練習(xí)中要注意從閱讀中積累素材，積累詞句，而不要僅僅局限于模板之中。
三、使用諺語(yǔ)，增加閃光點(diǎn)
有些意志品質(zhì)類的文章，如果加入一句相關(guān)的諺語(yǔ)會(huì)讓你的文章大放光彩。但是不能直接寫句子。加一個(gè)模板句型：An ancient oriental philosopher said，“諺語(yǔ)”：一位古老東方的先哲曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，……。有同學(xué)說(shuō)西方的諺語(yǔ)為什么用東方的先哲呢?比如：Where there is a will, there is a way.是西方的諺語(yǔ)，中國(guó)也有有志者，事竟成的語(yǔ)句。文化都是相通的，可以放心來(lái)用。建議大家在閑暇的時(shí)候多翻看一下英文的諺語(yǔ)，積少成多，相信對(duì)大家一定有所幫助。
考研英語(yǔ)沖刺完型的考點(diǎn)
1.引語(yǔ)
文章中出現(xiàn)的引語(yǔ)基本上都是考點(diǎn)，只是采用不同的題型而已，如推理引申題、句意理解題、作者意圖題等等。特別注意首段引語(yǔ)的三種作用：第一，作為支持作者觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù);第二，作為作者批判的靶子;第三，給出文章大背景。
2.例子
例子經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在命題中，而且題型多為作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。此類題型主要針對(duì)文章中所舉之例的作用進(jìn)行發(fā)問(wèn)。
我們應(yīng)該注意例子的出現(xiàn)無(wú)非有兩種情況：一是先提觀點(diǎn)后舉例;二是先舉例后提出觀點(diǎn)。而該觀點(diǎn)就是作者引用例子所要說(shuō)明或反駁的。因此見(jiàn)到例子后，我們應(yīng)該迅速查找其上下文，目的.必在其中。通過(guò)歷年真題分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)先提觀點(diǎn)后舉例的情況占多數(shù)。
3.長(zhǎng)難句
考點(diǎn)一般集中在長(zhǎng)難句上。這些句子的共同點(diǎn)就是同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和分句很多;主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的距離很遠(yuǎn)，還時(shí)常伴有插入成分。主要考查句子之間的指代或邏輯關(guān)系，以引申推理題、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題等多種形式出現(xiàn)。理解長(zhǎng)難句的要領(lǐng)就是先找出主干，化繁為簡(jiǎn)，然后再看各個(gè)分句或修飾成分與它的關(guān)系。
4.轉(zhuǎn)折處或?qū)Ρ忍?/p>
在歷年考題中，轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比一直受到命題者的青睞。文章通過(guò)however,but,infact,yet等邏輯詞進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)折,轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容常常是作者真正表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。對(duì)比常用unlike,different from,until,not so much as等詞語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)，考的是對(duì)比雙方的屬性。對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)折題，我們要著重把握作者轉(zhuǎn)折后的觀點(diǎn)。對(duì)于文章中出現(xiàn)的將兩種人或兩種觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比時(shí)，我們要準(zhǔn)確把握每一種的特點(diǎn)，避免被張冠李戴的選項(xiàng)迷惑。
5.因果句
(1)出這類題時(shí),文章中一般都since,for,because,as,therefore,result in,originatefrom這些標(biāo)志詞。沒(méi)有標(biāo)志詞的就需要通過(guò)上下文推出二者的因果關(guān)系。
(2)當(dāng)有多種原因時(shí)，主要原因�？�。
6.段首段尾�？�
考點(diǎn)一般是段首句的總覽全局，段尾句的提煉、理解，或者段首段尾相呼應(yīng)表達(dá)的文章主題。
7.類比比喻
議論文和說(shuō)明文在論證說(shuō)明事理的時(shí)候均很抽象。
為了讓讀者更形象地理解一些抽象的內(nèi)容，文章常采用類比的手法。形象的類比不僅有助于將抽象的道理闡釋清楚，更可以讓讀者加深印象。類比在文中有兩種體現(xiàn)方式，一是明喻，即A像B一樣;二是暗喻，說(shuō)A是B，由于暗喻更加隱蔽，近年來(lái)命題專家越來(lái)越趨向于在暗喻內(nèi)容上設(shè)問(wèn)。
8.復(fù)指處
考點(diǎn)是復(fù)指代詞或與復(fù)指副詞作用相同的詞。1996以前此類題目大多是直接問(wèn)考生文章某句中的it或that指代什么。近幾年此類題目的問(wèn)法開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)向隱蔽。我們?cè)谟龅酱祟愵}時(shí)應(yīng)該記住，題目的答案所在位置必定在復(fù)指詞的上文中。因此，只需返回原文，在復(fù)指詞上方掃描即可找到正確答案。
有目的性的去復(fù)習(xí)才是正確的復(fù)習(xí)之路，因此考生要著重注意考研英語(yǔ)完型填空�？家c(diǎn)。
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