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2016托業(yè)考試閱讀資料：海獺數(shù)量減少的原因
阿拉斯加州的海獺數(shù)目在削減?是情形污染?仍是天敵捕食?
閱讀材料：
The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two.
海獺是一種糊口在北美西海岸從加州到阿拉斯加沿線(xiàn)的小型海洋哺乳動(dòng)物。幾年前，阿拉斯加海岸的海獺數(shù)目急劇削減。因?yàn)楹＋H對(duì)于維持海岸沿線(xiàn)生態(tài)平衡有很是主要的浸染，所以其數(shù)目下降引起了普遍的關(guān)注。專(zhuān)家起頭研究海獺數(shù)目下降的原因，而且很快發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)可能的原因，分袂是情形污染和天敵捕食。最初，情形污染說(shuō)看起來(lái)更為可托。
The first reason why pollution seemed the more likely cause was that there were known sources of it along the Alaskan coast, such as oil rings and other sources of industrial chemical pollution. Water samples from the area revealed increased levels of chemicals that could decrease the otters’ resistance to life-threatening infections and thus could indirectly cause their deaths.
為侍趵碹染說(shuō)更為可托呢?這是因?yàn)榘⒗辜雍０洞_實(shí)有污染源，好比石油帶或者其他的工業(yè)污染物。該地的水樣顯示水中化學(xué)物的含量增添，其數(shù)目可以導(dǎo)致海獺對(duì)于對(duì)于一些致命傳染損失蹤抵當(dāng)力，進(jìn)而借居導(dǎo)致數(shù)目下降。
Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining; indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affect the entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales.
第二，在阿拉斯加海域，搜羅海豹和海獅在內(nèi)的其他海洋哺乳動(dòng)物的數(shù)目也有所下降。這剖明造成海獺數(shù)目下降的原因也對(duì)其他海洋哺乳動(dòng)物造成了影響。原因再次指向了情形污染，這是因?yàn)榍樾挝廴締?wèn)題經(jīng)常不是僅僅影響某個(gè)特定物種，而是影響整個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。除此之外，只有像逆戟鯨(一種大型肉食鯨)那種食性普遍的動(dòng)物才能經(jīng)由過(guò)程捕食呈現(xiàn)不異的效不美觀�？墒�，逆戟鯨更喜歡捕食像鯨類(lèi)這種的大型獵物。
Third, scientists believed that the pollution hypothesis could also explain the uneven pattern of otter decline: at some Alaskan locations the otter populations declined greatly, while at others they remained stable. Some experts explained these observations by suggesting that ocean currents or other environmental factors may have created uneven concentrations of pollutants along the coast.
第三，科學(xué)家認(rèn)為污染說(shuō)同時(shí)可以詮釋海獺數(shù)目轉(zhuǎn)變的不平衡性。所謂不平衡性是指在阿拉斯加某些區(qū)域海獺數(shù)目下交窬淘，而在其他處所海獺的數(shù)目連結(jié)不決。一些專(zhuān)家指出這樣的不雅察看結(jié)不美觀剖明洋流和其他情形身分導(dǎo)致了海岸線(xiàn)上污染物的不平衡聚積。
閱讀部門(mén)需要提取的不雅概念是：
- Main point: 海獺數(shù)目下降的原因是情形污染
- Sub point 1:阿拉斯加海域確有污染源
- Sub point 2:除海獺外，還有其他哺乳動(dòng)物的數(shù)目下降
- Sub point 3:分歧區(qū)域海獺數(shù)目下降情形分歧，可以詮釋為污染物聚積情形分歧導(dǎo)致的。
聽(tīng)力材料：
Well, ongoing investigations have revealed that predation is the most likely cause of sea otter decline after all.
今朝的研究剖明天敵捕食是最可能導(dǎo)致海獺數(shù)目削減的原因。
First, the pollution theory is weakened by the fact that no one can really find any Dead Sea otters washing off on Alaskan beaches. That’s not what you would expect if infections caused by pollution started killing a lot of otters. On the other hand, the fact that it’s so hard to find dead otters is consistent with the predator hypothesis. If an otter is killed by a predator, it’s eaten immediately so it can’t wash up on shore.
首先，因?yàn)闆](méi)有人發(fā)現(xiàn)有海獺尸身被沖上阿拉斯加海灘，所以污染理論捕食那么站得住腳的。如不美觀污染造成的疾病傳染導(dǎo)致了海獺數(shù)目的劇減，那么情形不應(yīng)如斯。而且，很少發(fā)現(xiàn)海獺尸身也恰恰說(shuō)了然天敵捕食假說(shuō)。捕食者殺死了海獺后，會(huì)很快地吃失蹤它，那么我們也就不會(huì)再岸上發(fā)現(xiàn)海獺尸身了
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