2017職稱英語考試衛(wèi)生類語法詳解
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名詞的格式
1、人稱代詞
英語中,人稱代詞有主格,賓格和所有格("的格")形式之分,而"的格"又有形容詞和名詞兩種形式,即:I, me, my (mine),/ we, us, our (ours) / he , him, his (his) / she, her, her (hers) / they, them, their (theirs) / you, you, your (yours) / it, it, its (its) 這里就不詳細(xì)講解了。記住一點(diǎn):形容詞"的格"永遠(yuǎn)不能單獨(dú)使用;名詞"的格"永遠(yuǎn)是單獨(dú)使用的。
實(shí)例:
Come if you like to see ______ painting. ______ very beautiful.
A. your / That's
B. her's / It's
C. hers / That's
D. his / It's
解題思路:根據(jù)形式和上述使用原則,B(形式錯(cuò)誤),C(hers只能單獨(dú)使用),故是錯(cuò)的。A邏輯不通,且使用不當(dāng),故正確答案只能是D
2、名詞的所有格和雙重所有格
英語中除了人稱代詞,其他名詞沒有主格和賓格之分。表示一個(gè)名詞"…的"時(shí),稱為所有格,即"的格".英語中"的格"一般用介詞"of "或名詞后加"'"來表示,如:"學(xué)校的財(cái)產(chǎn)",原則上可以有兩種表達(dá)方式:the property of the school或 the school's property.但是若用此表達(dá)"魯迅的書" Luxun's book 或a book of Luxun時(shí),便可能出現(xiàn)意義上的混淆,即,也可能是"一本關(guān)于魯迅的`書".因此,若要表示"魯迅(擁有的)書"時(shí),要表達(dá)為a book of Luxun's , 稱為"雙重所有格",即"of "與 "'"同時(shí)使用。
雙重所有格除了以上用途外,還表示親切,如:a friend of my father's比 my father's friend更顯親切。
解題思路:考試時(shí)如果你實(shí)在搞不清,應(yīng)傾向選擇有","的選項(xiàng),如:
My wife bought me ______ at a ______ shop.
A. a piece of clothes / tailors
B. a new clothing / tailor
C. an article of clothing, tailor's
D. a piece of clothing, tailor's
解題思路:這道題考兩個(gè)語法點(diǎn):?jiǎn)挝辉~和所有格。如果考生看不懂這個(gè)句子,一般應(yīng)在C、D中選擇,正確答案是C(一件衣服), "一塊布"用a piece of cloth
3、反身代詞-self /-selves
1) 反身代詞-self /-selves不能脫離其主格或賓格單獨(dú)使用,如不能說: The boss wanted to have a talk with herself.(老板想親自和她談?wù)劇?→ The boss (himself) wanted to have a talk with her herself. 實(shí)際使用中很少會(huì)這樣講話。
2) 注意以下表達(dá)方式:
of one's own / to oneself 如:She wants to have a room of her own (to herself) (她想要一間屬于自己的房間。)
on one's own 如:She wants to finish it on her own. (她想獨(dú)立完成這項(xiàng)工作。)
by oneself, 如:She has been living by herself for three years.(她已單身生活了三年。)
引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句
狀語從句指句子用作狀語時(shí),起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動(dòng)詞、定語、狀語或整個(gè)句子。根據(jù)其作用可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。狀語從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導(dǎo),也可以由詞組引起。從句位于句首或句中時(shí)通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開,位于句尾時(shí)可以不用逗號(hào)隔開。
引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句考點(diǎn)聚焦
(1)although與though可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,不能與but連用,但可以與yet連用。
Although they are poor,(yet)they are warm-hearted.
(2)even if或even though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,表示“即使”,“縱然”,用來使人注意下文所強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容的性質(zhì)。
I’ll get there even if(though)I have to sell my house to get enough money to go by air.
(3)no matter后接上who、what、where、how等疑問詞,也可以在這類疑問詞后面加上ever構(gòu)成whoever、whatever、wherever、however等。
Don’t trust him, no matter what / whatever he says.
Whoever breaks the law will be published.
No matter how hard the work is, you’d better try to do it well.
(4)as也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。要用倒裝。
Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.
Much as I like it, I won’t buy.
Try as he would, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.
動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式:動(dòng)詞不做謂語時(shí)的固定形式。
(1)動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種形式;其中分詞又包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種形式。它們?cè)诰渥又胁荒軉为?dú)作謂語。
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式:
① 形式:動(dòng)詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問形式是:“wh-疑問詞+to+動(dòng)詞原形”。*它的被動(dòng)形式:“to be +過去分詞”。*它的完成形式:“to have +過去分詞”。
② 動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。但不定式也保留動(dòng)詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語、表語和狀語。動(dòng)詞不定式加上相關(guān)成分就構(gòu)成不定式短語。
③ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以放在謂語前句子作主語。但是通常將作主語的動(dòng)詞不定式或不定式短語放在謂語后面,而在主語位置用“it”作形式主語(有時(shí)在不定式的前面還會(huì)用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語)。如:To help animals is helping people.(幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對(duì)于我們而言)學(xué)好漢語是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間)
④ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以作謂語動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)的賓語。
[A] 及物動(dòng)詞+不定式一般形式:
謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.) |
+不定式 |
[說明] |
want(想)/try(試圖)/decide(決定)/wouldlike(想要)/hope(希望)/love(喜愛)/learn(學(xué)會(huì))/afford(提供)/agree(同意)/fail(失敗、未能)/mean(意味著)/prefer(寧愿)/wish(希望) |
+to(do) |
(無) |
help(幫助) |
to可以省略 |
|
begin(開始)/start(開始)/hate(憎恨) |
也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化不大 |
|
forget(忘記)/remember(記得)/like(總愛) |
也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化較大 |
如:I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現(xiàn)在想休息一下)/They began to search the room for the thief.(他們開始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜愛在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時(shí)候開始學(xué)英語的?)/Don't forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開時(shí)別忘了關(guān)門
[比較] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關(guān)燈。)(沒關(guān))/He forgot turning off the light.(他忘記關(guān)過燈。)(關(guān)了) /Please remember to ring me up.(記得給我打電話。)(還沒打電話)/I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了。)(打過電話)
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