定語(yǔ)從句連接代詞

　　在復(fù)合句中修飾某個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句。學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose(一般指人);which(一般指物); that(指人或物)等。在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。如：

　　1. This is the teacher who / that teaches us English. 這就是教我們英語(yǔ)的老師。(關(guān)系代詞who / that 作主語(yǔ)。)

　　2. Do you understand the sentence which / that I have just explained to you? 你們懂不懂我剛才給你們講的那個(gè)句子?(關(guān)系代詞which / that 作have explained 的賓語(yǔ)。)

　　3. China is no longer the country that she used to be. 中國(guó)不再是過(guò)去那樣的國(guó)家了。(關(guān)系代詞that 作be的表語(yǔ)。)

　　4. Do you know the student whose composition is the best in our school? 你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)在我們學(xué)校作文最好的學(xué)生嗎?(關(guān)系代詞whose作composition的定語(yǔ)。)

　　關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句要注意下列幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：

　　一、 關(guān)系代詞與先行詞。關(guān)系代詞所修飾的(或指代的)詞叫做先行詞;先行詞如果是“物”，則關(guān)系代詞用which或that; 先行詞如果是“人”，則關(guān)系代詞用who或that; 也就是說(shuō)，that既可用來(lái)修飾“人”也可用來(lái)修飾“物”。如：

　　1. This is the newspaper which / that I am looking for.

　　[分析]定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞為news-paper, 故關(guān)系代詞可以用which或that。

　　2. Mr. Li is the teacher who/that teaches us English.

　　[分析]定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞為teacher, 故關(guān)系代詞可以用who或that。

　　但如果先行詞為all， everything， anything， nothing， little, much 等不定代詞，或先行詞被very， all， no， any， every， little， much， only等不定代詞修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只用that; 如果先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞也只用that; 如果先行詞既有“人”又有“物”時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞也只能用that。如：

　　1. Finally, the thief handed every-thing that he had stolen to the police.

　　2. That’s the only thing that we can do now.

　　3. This is the first composition that I have written in English.

　　4. We often talk of the persons and things that we knew in the school.

　　二、省略與不能省略。關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)，不能省略;關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略。如：

　　1. Beihai Park is one of the most beautiful parks that were built about 300 years ago in Beijing.

　　[分析] Beihai Park is one of the most beautiful parks是主句; that were built about 300 years ago in Beijing是定語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)系代詞that作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)，故不能省略。

　　2. The book (which / that) I lent you yesterday is my brother’s.

　　[分析] The book is my brother’s是主句;(which / that) I lent you yesterday是定語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)系代詞which / that作定語(yǔ)從句里謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，故可以省略。

　　3. The old man with white hair (who/ whom / that ) we saw at yesterday’s meeting is a professor.

　　[分析] The old man with white hair is a professor.是主句;(who/whom/that)we saw at yesterday’s meeting是定語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)系代詞who/whom/that作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞saw的賓語(yǔ)，故可以省略。

　　三、whose的用法。不管先行詞是“人”還是“物”，都可以用關(guān)系代詞whose作定語(yǔ)修飾后面的名詞。如：

　　1. This book is for the students whose native language is not English.

　　[分析] whose的先行詞是“人”;whose 的意思相當(dāng)于the students’， 在定語(yǔ)從句里充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。

　　2. Do you know who is living in that house whose windows face south?

　　[分析] whose的先行詞是that house; whose window的意思相當(dāng)于the window of that house, 在定語(yǔ)從句里充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。

　　四、who與 whom。 指代“人”的關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，既可用who也可用whom, 但作主語(yǔ)時(shí)只能用who。如：

　　1. Is this the man who / whom you asked for help yesterday?

　　[分析] 因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代詞作asked的賓語(yǔ)，故既可以用who也可以用whom(當(dāng)然也可以省略)。

　　2. This is the man who helped me carry my bag upstairs.

　　[分析]因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)，故只能用who (當(dāng)然也可以用that)。

　　附：定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系副詞

　　定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系副詞有三個(gè)：when, where和why，它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中分別作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語(yǔ)。其句法結(jié)構(gòu)如下：

　　表時(shí)間的名詞 + when + 定語(yǔ)從句

　　when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

　　例： I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

　　表地點(diǎn)的名詞 + where + 定語(yǔ)從句

　　where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。

　　例： The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.

　　表原因的名詞reason + why + 定語(yǔ)從句(why只用于reason之后的限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。)

　　例：That is the reason why I did the job. (在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中why可以省略)

　　關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法看似簡(jiǎn)單，但以下注意點(diǎn)不可忽視：

　　1. “when”、“where”和“why”的運(yùn)用取決于表時(shí)間的名詞、表地點(diǎn)的名詞和表原因的名詞reason在定語(yǔ)從句中所作的成分，比較下面的幾組句子：

　　★I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore.

　　★I will never forget the days which/that we spent together in Xueyao Middle School.

　　This is the hospital where my mother works.

　　This is the hospital which/that we visited the day before yesterday.

　　The reason why he did not go to school is that he was ill.

　　This is the reason which/that he gave his boss in the office .

　　2. “when”、“where”和“why”都可以替換成“介詞 + which”，介詞的選用取決于先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句中的.動(dòng)詞。例如：

　　Do you still remember the day when/on which we first met in Nantong?

　　This is the room where/in which we lived last year.

　　Do you know the reason why/for which he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party?

　　有時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句中介詞短語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞有意義緊密的修飾關(guān)系，尤其在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，常使用“介詞 + which”結(jié)構(gòu)，而不使用關(guān)系副詞。例：

　　My mother works in a factory, in front of which there is a small river.

　　At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhouse.

　　3. 關(guān)系副詞“when”、“where”既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。例：

　　I will always remember the day when I first visited the Great Wall.

　　He came to Shanghai in 1980, when he was only 12.

　　I don’t know the exact spot where they will meet.

　　Mr Wang will fly to Beijing, where he will stay for three months.

　　有時(shí)關(guān)系副詞“when”、“where”引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞有間隔的現(xiàn)象，是為了平衡句子的語(yǔ)法需要。

　　Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?

　　The days are gone forever when the Chinese people used “foreign oil”.

　　附：簡(jiǎn)述“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

　　在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的運(yùn)用中，介詞和關(guān)系代詞的選用需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

　　一、介詞的選用原則

　　1.根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配來(lái)決定。

　�、賂his is the book on which I spent 8 yuan. (spend money on sth.為固定搭配)

　�、� This is the book for which I paid 8 yuan. (pay money for sth.為固定搭配)

　　2.根據(jù)先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣來(lái)決定。

　�、� I remember the day on which I joined the League. (強(qiáng)調(diào)在具體某一天前要用介詞on)

　　②I remember the days during which I lived here. (強(qiáng)調(diào)在某幾天時(shí)間內(nèi)要用介詞during)

　�、� I remember the month in which I stayed there. (在month前介詞要用in)

　�、� I don’t like the way (that /in which) he spoke to her. (先行詞為way，表示“方式、方法”后接that 或in which或者省略)

　　二、若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who、that;關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。

　　① 剛才跟你談話(huà)的那個(gè)人是我的鄰居。

　　The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正)

　　The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (誤)

　�、� 我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏�乘坐的飛機(jī)實(shí)在很舒服。

　　The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)

　　The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (誤)

　　三、介詞可以后移，關(guān)系代詞可以省略。

　　① The person to whom you’ll write is Mr. Ball.

　　=The person (whom/that/who) you’ll write to is Mr. Ball.

　�、赪hat do you think of the materials (which/that) these clothes were made of?

　　=What do you think of the materials of which these clothes were made?

　　四、含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。

　�、� 這是我正在找的手表。

　　This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正)

　　This is the watch for which I am looking. (誤)

　�、� 那個(gè)保姆照看的小寶寶們都很健康。

　　The babies (whom/who/that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正)

　　The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. (誤)

　　五、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：

　�、� In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

　　② There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

　�、� Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.

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