定語從句分類及用法
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2種.限制性和非限制性定語從句
1、 定語從句在句中修飾某個名詞或代詞,被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞.定語從句需用下列關(guān)聯(lián)詞：
關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系副詞
起連詞作用,本身做從句的主語、賓語、表語或定語 起連詞作用,本身在從句中作時間、地點或原因狀語
who,whom,that,whose,which,as when,where,why
2、 掌握以上關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞的含義及使用時,要特別注意以下幾點：
1） 指人時宜用who 的情況：
a.當(dāng)先行詞是 one,ones,anyone 或 those 時,關(guān)系代詞用 who.
Anyone who goes there will be punished.
b.在there be 開頭的句子中.
There’s a beautiful girl who came to see you this morning.
c.先行詞后有一個較長的定語.
I met a foreigner in the city last week who could speak Chinese well.
d.在非限定性定語從句中.
She has a brother,who worked at that factory ten years ago.
2) 指物時宜用 that 的情況：
a.當(dāng)先行詞為 all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing 等不定代詞時.All that can be done has been done.
b.當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時.
He spoke of the men and the thing (that) he had seen abroad.
c.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時.
This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.
d.當(dāng)先行詞被 the very,the only,the last,any,every 等修飾時.
This is one of the very book that I am looking for.
e.當(dāng)先行詞是疑問詞 who,what,which 時.
Who that has such a home doesn’t love it?
f.關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語.
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
3) 只能用 which 不能用 that 的情況.
a.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句修飾某物或整個句子.
Bruce went towards the fire,which was still smoking.
Tom came back late,which made his parents very angry.
b.關(guān)系代詞作介詞的賓語.This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
4) 關(guān)系代詞 as 和which都能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句代表整個句子的內(nèi)容,as
引導(dǎo)的從句可位于句首或句末,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句則不能位于句首.
Which you know,he is a good man.(×)
As you know,he is a good man.(√)
6)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why其含義相當(dāng)于on which,in which for which等,可以互換：
The day when /on which I met him first was May 1st.
I don’t know the reason why /for which he didn’t come.
7)whose指物時,可以與of which等結(jié)構(gòu)互換,但應(yīng)注意與冠詞的位置關(guān)系：
This is the book the cover of which / of which the cover / whose cover is blue.
8)有時可用代替關(guān)系副詞.在口語中常省略.
This is the reason (why / for which / that) he came late.
9)先行詞是專有名詞、整個句子或世界上獨一無二的物質(zhì)名詞時,一般用非限定性定語從句修飾.The sun,which gives us light and heat,is very big.
10)在先行詞和定語從句之間有無逗號有時會引起名義的.變化：
He said nothing that made her angry.他沒說使她生氣的話.
He said nothing,which made her angry.他一言不發(fā),這使她很生氣.
3、 定語從句與強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)
It is the place where they lived before.
It is in the place that they lived before.
第一個句子為定語從句,where指代the place,在定語從句中作狀語,第二個句子為強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu),強調(diào)in the place,that沒有意義,把放回后面句子,句子意思完整.
Where is it that he found the lost watch?(強調(diào)句型,強調(diào)疑問副詞where.)
Where is the watch he found yesterday?(定語從句,that指代the watch.)
4、 定語從句中的先行詞
Is this book the one that you bought yesterday?
Is this the book that you bought yesterday?
第一個句子中,this book是主句的主語,the one是先行詞.在第二個句子中this是主句的主語,the book是先行詞.一定要避免出現(xiàn)：Is this book that you bought yesterday?
5、 定語從句與同位語從句
定語從句相當(dāng)于形容詞,它對先行詞起修飾、描述或限制作用,而同位語從句則相當(dāng)于名詞,對其前面的詞給予說明或作進(jìn)一步解釋,即說明該詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容.例如：
The news that we heard is not true.(定語從句)
The news that he won the prize is not true.（同位語從句）
另:在“have no idea ＋從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,其從句都作idea的同位語.例如：
I have no idea when she will be back.
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