初中定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法
在主句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)成分。 被修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句不同于單詞作定語(yǔ)的情況,它通常只能放在被修飾的詞(即先行詞)之后。
1.初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ))
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物,它還可以同of which調(diào)換), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑從前幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 城市出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
2.初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的'名詞,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
1)when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含意相稱于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替利用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕咱們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表現(xiàn)時(shí)光、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,在書面語(yǔ)中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
3.初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)斷定關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一: 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),就必須懇求用關(guān)系代詞;而不迭物動(dòng)詞則請(qǐng)求用關(guān)系副詞。例如:內(nèi)容來自
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯(cuò)(注:先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線;用不同的顏色表示出。)
。ㄥe(cuò)) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
。ㄥe(cuò)) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
。▽(duì)) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
。▽(duì)) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
措施二: 準(zhǔn)確斷定先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確抉擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one內(nèi)容來自
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A
例1變?yōu)閿喽ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榇_定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺局部為賓語(yǔ),而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語(yǔ)的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語(yǔ),又可做從句的賓語(yǔ),可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn),既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而此題中,介詞on 用的過錯(cuò),所以選A。
關(guān)系詞的決定依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí),篩選關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)取舍關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),when 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),why 起因狀語(yǔ)) 。
4.初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1)定語(yǔ)從句有制約性跟非限度性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不清楚;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢屋子很俊秀,是咱們上個(gè)月買的。(非制約性)
2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和教唆代詞所修飾時(shí),其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。內(nèi)容來自
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動(dòng)人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。
3) 非限度性定語(yǔ)從句還能將全部主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行潤(rùn)飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù),例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他好像沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝,這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
說明:關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
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