GRE閱讀難句語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)解析
閱讀部分是GRE考試的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，考生要多注意一些難句的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。下面就讓百分網(wǎng)小編給大家分享GRE閱讀中難句的具體語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)吧，希望能對(duì)你有幫助!
GRE閱讀難句語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)
GRE閱讀語(yǔ)法之否定句結(jié)構(gòu)
英語(yǔ)的否定句的否定范圍具有不同的情況，也就具有不同的語(yǔ)義，所以在遇到否定句時(shí)，一定要分清其否定的范圍，找準(zhǔn)否定的對(duì)象。例如，The ambassador did not leave London to take up an appointment in Africa.可以翻譯為：1)大使沒(méi)有離開(kāi)倫敦到非洲去就職。2)大使不是為了到非洲就職而離開(kāi)了倫敦的。發(fā)生這種情況時(shí)，只能根據(jù)上下文才能得出正確 的理解，排除歧義。
此外從語(yǔ)法來(lái)看，not與動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，是否定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的，no與名詞連用時(shí)，是否定名詞的。但從否定重心來(lái)看有時(shí)卻并非如此。 如，Don’t give up because it is difficult.只能理解為：不要因?yàn)槔щy就放棄。此外，不定代詞中的every, all, both以及副詞always, quite,與否定詞結(jié)合時(shí)，不是全部否定，而是部分否定，不是“全不是”而是“不全是”。這些都是必須要注意的問(wèn)題。
But we can hardly guess what the world will look like to men and women with several generations of communism behind them, who take the brotherhood of man for granted, not as an ideal to be aimed at, but a fact of life, and yet know that this brotherhood was only achieved by ghastly struggles.
句子解析：hardly表示不完全的否定，what引導(dǎo)的是guess的賓語(yǔ)從句，而who引導(dǎo)的是them的定語(yǔ)從 句，not as an ideal to be aimed at, but a fact of life這里用到了not…but…不是…而是…的結(jié)構(gòu)，yet表示輕微的轉(zhuǎn)折，在know后的that引導(dǎo)的是其賓語(yǔ)從句。
句子翻譯：但對(duì)曾有過(guò)幾代共產(chǎn)主義思想的人們來(lái)說(shuō)，將來(lái)的世界看上去將是什么樣子，人們還很難作出推測(cè)�，F(xiàn)在人們總是把他們之間的手足之情看作是理所當(dāng)然的事，認(rèn)為生活本身就是這樣，而不是當(dāng)作理想的目標(biāo)來(lái)看待。然而他們知道這種手足之情只有通過(guò)巨大的努力才能得到。
綜上所述，想成功的突破GRE閱讀難句，我們需要扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，了解gre邏輯閱讀作者表達(dá)的思路。
GRE閱讀文章的分類(lèi)
GRE閱讀理解文章的三要素：主題詞、作者態(tài)度、理論的缺點(diǎn)或者作者的結(jié)論。
GRE考試閱讀文章大致可以分為如下幾類(lèi)，閱讀過(guò)程中重要掌握的是整體文章要表達(dá)的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)題目要注意回到原文定位，重點(diǎn)把握整體邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。下面是對(duì)于文章結(jié)構(gòu)把握和關(guān)鍵詞的一些要點(diǎn)：
現(xiàn)象解釋型：文章開(kāi)頭提出一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，后面的內(nèi)容都圍繞這個(gè)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。
重點(diǎn)：主題把握。作者對(duì)于這個(gè)現(xiàn)象給出的正負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)，別人對(duì)現(xiàn)象的評(píng)價(jià)，作者對(duì)現(xiàn)象的評(píng)價(jià)和作者最后是否給出了支持與否的態(tài)度。正負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)要從一些關(guān)鍵詞蘊(yùn)涵的傾向性上來(lái)判斷。
現(xiàn)象的把握。這個(gè)現(xiàn)象講的到底是什么。
理論的處理。用什么樣的例證和結(jié)構(gòu)闡述了這個(gè)現(xiàn)象。
問(wèn)題解答型：文章提出了某種費(fèi)解的問(wèn)題，然后后面列舉一系列的研究對(duì)此問(wèn)題進(jìn)行解決，有可能各個(gè)研究之間得出相同或者相悖的結(jié)論，最終可能對(duì)問(wèn)題提出了解決方法也可能沒(méi)有任何結(jié)論。作者在此過(guò)程中會(huì)對(duì)各個(gè)研究給予一定的評(píng)價(jià)。
重點(diǎn)：文章主題。包括1問(wèn)題本身2作者綜合各個(gè)研究給出的解答。
理論和解決方法的.把握。各個(gè)理論的主旨，都提出了什么解決方法。其中關(guān)鍵詞，作者的態(tài)度要注意。
態(tài)度。可能有1否定態(tài)度2肯定某個(gè)研究或者整體研究的態(tài)度3對(duì)所有研究解答都沒(méi)有給出態(tài)度。4未給出評(píng)價(jià)卻明顯指出了解決問(wèn)題的方法。
l新老代替型：文章開(kāi)始的時(shí)候提出一個(gè)理論，然后后面又提出一個(gè)新的理論。典型的特點(diǎn)是，1老的觀(guān)點(diǎn)一般都是人們普遍認(rèn)為正確的，被人們廣泛接受的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，2首句是完成時(shí)或者過(guò)去時(shí)引導(dǎo)：had
done，did，有traditionally、long been known
等3新老理論針對(duì)相同對(duì)象給出不同解釋?zhuān)⑶夷軌虬研掠^(guān)點(diǎn)的論述過(guò)程獨(dú)立出來(lái)看成一個(gè)問(wèn)題解答型或者論點(diǎn)說(shuō)明型文章。
重點(diǎn)：作者態(tài)度。作者對(duì)于新觀(guān)點(diǎn)一般持支持態(tài)度，但也不排除有例外。
理論把握。針對(duì)的對(duì)象是什么，新老理論對(duì)于對(duì)象的論述有什么不同，也就實(shí)說(shuō)新理論的不同之處就是作者支持的原因。
論點(diǎn)說(shuō)明型：文章開(kāi)始就提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，而不是現(xiàn)象，也就是會(huì)出現(xiàn)判斷句：什么是什么，或者什么是因?yàn)槭裁丛蛞鸬�。特點(diǎn)：1有be動(dòng)詞或者remain這類(lèi)系動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的判斷句出現(xiàn)在第一段某處。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
重點(diǎn)：態(tài)度把握。對(duì)于任何一個(gè)表示主要態(tài)度的句子做到“從前不從后”，也就是說(shuō)速讀的時(shí)候關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)放在后面的態(tài)度上，不管前面出現(xiàn)什么樣的態(tài)度詞，后面的態(tài)度才是作者的主要態(tài)度。
主題句。以主題詞(也就是可以用來(lái)命名理論的代表性詞)出現(xiàn)的句子作為文章的主題句。
結(jié)構(gòu)。文章一般以總—分方式進(jìn)行論述。要注意總論點(diǎn)和分論點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，各個(gè)分論點(diǎn)可能是從多個(gè)方面來(lái)論述支持總論點(diǎn)的，或者干脆就是把總論點(diǎn)提到的各個(gè)方面進(jìn)行一番論述。
技巧。文章每段第一句話(huà)是重點(diǎn)，一定要讀懂，后面的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容可以在遇到問(wèn)題的時(shí)候再回原文找。重點(diǎn)是把握每個(gè)段落都在講什么，以便回頭找的時(shí)候方便迅速。
GRE閱讀練習(xí)題及答案
Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain‘s memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object‘s features. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (151 words)
12. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) explaining how the brain receives images
(B) synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition
(C) examining the evidence supporting the serial-recognition hypothesis
(D) discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it
(E) reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity
For the following question consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
13. According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?
A A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.
B An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.
C The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.
答案：
1 Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories.
視覺(jué)識(shí)別包括儲(chǔ)存和取回記憶。
2 Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain‘s memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object.
眼睛激發(fā)的神經(jīng)活動(dòng)，在大腦的記憶系統(tǒng)中形成一幅圖像，由被觀(guān)察對(duì)象在腦內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)的畫(huà)面組成。
3 When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized.
當(dāng)對(duì)象再次出現(xiàn)在視野，與腦內(nèi)畫(huà)面吻合，就會(huì)被辨識(shí)。
4 Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one.
現(xiàn)在爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)是，識(shí)別過(guò)程到底是并行的，一步完成的還是串行的，分多步完成的。
5 Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation.
G學(xué)校的心理學(xué)家堅(jiān)稱(chēng)，對(duì)象是被作為一個(gè)整體識(shí)別的，過(guò)程是并行的：腦內(nèi)圖像與視網(wǎng)膜圖像的匹配，是一步到位的。
6 Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object‘s features.
其他心理學(xué)家則認(rèn)為，腦內(nèi)圖像特征與觀(guān)察對(duì)象特征的匹配，是逐步完成的。
7 Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (151 words)
即便有些實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示，隨著觀(guān)察對(duì)象越來(lái)越熟悉，它的腦內(nèi)圖像越來(lái)越整體化，而識(shí)別過(guò)程也相應(yīng)變得越來(lái)越同時(shí)完成，但大量證據(jù)似乎支持串行假設(shè)，至少對(duì)于那些明顯不簡(jiǎn)單不熟悉的對(duì)象是這樣。
(holistic 整體論的(holism)，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體的重要性而不可分割的，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體分析而忽略部分分析的)
12. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) explaining how the brain receives images
(B) synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition
(C) examining the evidence supporting the serial-recognition hypothesis
(D) discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it
(E) reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity
選 D
A 大腦如何接受圖像，沒(méi)在解釋這個(gè)。
B 的確綜合了兩種假設(shè)，但前面還有其他內(nèi)容，B 項(xiàng)忽略了句 1、2、3。
C 只有句 7 的一部分而已。
D 討論了視覺(jué)識(shí)別過(guò)程，以及解釋這個(gè)過(guò)程的兩種假設(shè)。
E 只是在瞎聊。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
13. According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?
□A A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.
□B An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.
□C The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.
選 BC
A 無(wú)法判斷是否完全一樣，G 校學(xué)者只是認(rèn)為這個(gè)過(guò)程是一蹴而就的，完全有理由懷疑 G 學(xué)者們并不排斥，“ image和presentation的一部分吻合就已經(jīng)完成了recognition，仍然是 one step procedure ” 的看法。
B 符合句 5 描述的推測(cè)。
C 符合句 5 描述的推測(cè)。
句 5：
Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation.
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