這一信號(hào)詞顯示了前面所提到的后面還要再一次出現(xiàn),這一信號(hào)詞顯示了前面所提到的后面還要再一次出現(xiàn),這一信號(hào)詞顯示了前面所提到的后面還要再一次出現(xiàn),表示結(jié)論或總結(jié)的信號(hào)詞和短語還有。
新托?谡Z:準(zhǔn)確把握句子間的關(guān)系
新托福口語考試中的45秒鐘的時(shí)間絕對(duì)不允許我們一次次地反復(fù)閱讀某個(gè)句子,即使碰到難懂的句子也是如此。怎么辦呢?繼續(xù)讀下去,試圖在后一句中找到理解前一句(特別是難句)的線索。這一線索就是句子與句子之間的關(guān)系。因此,準(zhǔn)確地把握句子與句子之間的關(guān)系就不失為一種能很好地提高閱讀理解的方法了。
句子之間的關(guān)系多種多樣,常見的有:并列關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系和相互解釋關(guān)系。
Womencouldanddidplayapartinthisproceofsettlement.Iceland,forinstance,wasuninhabited,andapermanentpopulationcouldonlybeestablishedifwomenalsomadethejourneythere.(后一句的具體事例為前一句提供說明與解釋)
Peopleborrowedmoreandmoremoneysothattheycouldbuytheseshares.Becauseofthis,theAmericanpeoplestartedtobelievethatsharepricescouldonlygoupfurther.(“becauseof”明顯的因果關(guān)系)
Astronomyisasciencethatdealswithallthecelestialbodiesintheuniverse.Astronomyincludesthestudyofplanetsandtheirsatellites,cometsandmeteors,starsandinterstellarmatter,starsystemsandclusters.(后一句是對(duì)前一句celestialbodies的進(jìn)一步解釋)
PreviouslyitwasbelievedthatduetotheArchaeopteryx’s(始祖鳥)underdevelopedanatomy,itwouldnothavebeenabletofly.However,researchbytheLondonNaturalHistoryMuseumintoitsbraindevelopedandthatithadgoodvisionandagoodsenseofbalance—alltherequirementsforacreaturetobeabletofly.(“However”轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比)
閱讀時(shí),我們可以根據(jù)段落中出現(xiàn)的一些信號(hào)詞(SignalWords)來判斷句子與句子之間的關(guān)系,掌握段落發(fā)展線索,來調(diào)整閱讀速度,提高閱讀質(zhì)量。
1.顯示相同信息的信號(hào)詞:
Therehasbeenanupsurgeofinterestinchambermusic.Likewiseoperaisreceivingaboostfromincreasedrecordsales.
“l(fā)ikewise”這一信號(hào)詞顯示了前面所提到的idea后面還要再一次出現(xiàn)。因此,閱讀時(shí)見到這樣的信號(hào)詞無須放慢閱讀速度。這樣的信號(hào)詞還包括:
and,furthermore,more,than,that,also,likewise,moreover,inaddition,whatismore,forinstance,forexample
2.顯示思路轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞:
I’dliketogobutI’mtoobusy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述,它向讀者顯示了作者的思路在這里有了轉(zhuǎn)折。閱讀時(shí),碰到這樣的信號(hào)詞我們需放慢閱讀速度,以準(zhǔn)確獲取作者真正想要說明的意思。這類信號(hào)詞還有:
although,however,onthecontrary,but,inspiteof,otherwise,despite,nevertheless,yet
3.顯示因果關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞:
Asaresultofthepilots’strike,allflightshavehadtobec
ancelled.
Allflightshavehadtobecancelledasaresultofthepilots’strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因?yàn)轱w行員們的罷工;飛行員們的罷工導(dǎo)致了所有的航班不得不被取消。顯示因果關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞還有:
for,thus,because,forthisreason,so,therefore,as,since,consequently
4.顯示順序的信號(hào)詞:
Internetspeedscommunicationbetweencompanies,amongco-workersthroughvideo-conferences,andamongotherindividuals.First,mediacompaniesusetheInternetforonlinenews,ortobroadcastaudioandvideo,includingliveradioandtelevisionprograms,whileindividualsusetheInternetforcommunication,entertainment,findinginformation,buyingandsellinggoodsandservices.Second,thenotionofdistancedisappearsthankstotheInternet.Peoplealsoenjoyinstantmessagingtoexchangetextmessagesorpicturesinrealtime,withreal-timevideoandsound.Finally,scientistsandscholarsusetheInternettoperformresearch,distributelecturenotesorcoursematerialstostudents,theycommunicatewithcolleagues,andcanalsopublishpapersandarticles.
抓住了這樣的信號(hào)詞就把握住了作者敘述的順序,也就分清了相對(duì)獨(dú)立的論據(jù)。這樣的信號(hào)詞包括:
first,second,third,andsoon,then,after,before,next,last,afterward,finally
5.表示結(jié)論/總結(jié)的信號(hào)詞:
Inconclusion,IwouldliketosayhowmuchIhaveenjoyedmyselftoday.
詞組“inconclusion”前面所提到的一些信息將在這里被歸納總結(jié)。讀到帶有這樣的信號(hào)詞或短語的句子時(shí),應(yīng)格外留心注意,它們往往會(huì)向我們提示相關(guān)段落的核心信息。表示結(jié)論或總結(jié)的信號(hào)詞和短語還有:
asaresult,finally,therefore,accordingly,inshort,thus,consequently,inconclusion,so,inbrief,inaword
新托福口語考試中的閱讀材料只是一個(gè)百十來字的段落,閱讀時(shí)我們不應(yīng)把每個(gè)句子都孤立開來,而是要把所有的句子連成一個(gè)整體,通過準(zhǔn)確把握句子與句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系來挖掘段落的核心意義。這樣才不至于出現(xiàn)讀后“不知所云”的現(xiàn)象,才會(huì)為稍后的口語回答問題做好準(zhǔn)備