他們的悲傷并不是刻骨銘心的而是輕描淡寫，梅洛說他的部分獎金將用于慈善事業(yè)，兩位科學(xué)家在得知獲獎后分別對媒體發(fā)表了簡短的獲獎感言，他說正有一大群人站在我門外他打算跟他們來一杯香檳。
諾貝爾獎獲獎感言
諾貝爾獎獲獎感言
威廉·�？思{
我認(rèn)為這個獎項并不是頒發(fā)給我個人的，而是給我的事業(yè)的。這項終生事業(yè)，長期與苦悶與辛勞相伴隨，從事這項工作也并不是為了任何榮耀或財富，而是為了創(chuàng)造出前所未有的人類的精神財富。人們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)為了得到與之相稱的目的和意義的金錢而從事這項工作的其他人，但是我樂于在歡呼聲中做這樣的事，通過這次盛會被無數(shù)毅然投身于相同痛苦與辛勤勞動的年輕男女傾聽，而他們之中的某個人可能在將來的某一天也會站在我今天所在的位置。
我們今天的悲劇是早已被人們長期忍受的身體畏懼，并沒有精神方面的難題�，F(xiàn)在只存在一個問題：何時我將會被激怒？正因為如此，當(dāng)前年輕人的寫作都忘卻了人類心靈自我斗爭的問題，而這恰恰是能寫出好作品的關(guān)鍵因素，因為只有人類心靈自我斗爭的問題是唯一值得被大書特書并值得人們付出痛苦與辛勤努力的事。人們必須重新研究這些問題，必須告誡自己對待一切事物的卑鄙態(tài)度則是畏懼；并且，教導(dǎo)自己在自己的工作室里容不下其他的東西，除了古老的真理、公認(rèn)的公理以及人內(nèi)心的真實感受，這些包括愛情、榮譽、憐憫、尊嚴(yán)、同情和犧牲，缺乏了它們?nèi)魏巫髌范际嵌虝旱暮妥⒍ㄊ〉�，而在人們領(lǐng)悟到這些之前，都會像是被詛咒般的辛勞。人們書寫的是欲望而非愛情；他們書寫失敗，而這種失敗是沒有任何人損失任何價值的；他們所書寫的成功，是沒有希望，甚至沒有遺憾或憐憫。他們的悲傷并不是刻骨銘心的，而是輕描淡寫。他們所書寫的是并非心靈而是器官。直到他們重新了解這些，他們才以俯瞰一切人和事的態(tài)度來寫作。我拒絕接受世界末日的觀點。我們能夠說，人類是不朽的僅僅因為他們將會容忍這種情況，在此種情形下，末日審判改變，并從最后的泛著紅光的夜晚里的最后一塊礁石上褪去時，仍會有一個微不足道但不知疲倦的聲音存在，我拒絕接受這個觀點。我認(rèn)為人類將不會僅僅只是忍受，他們將會占絕對的優(yōu)勢，他們是不朽的，并不是因為他們在眾多生物中是唯一擁有不倦聲音的群體，而是因為他們有靈魂，而這種靈魂有著同情、犧牲和容忍的精神。
作為詩人、作家的職責(zé)就是書寫這類事情，他們有權(quán)去幫助人們，通過提升他們的心靈，提醒他們勇氣、榮耀、希望、驕傲、憐憫、遺憾與犧牲，而這也將成為他們的榮光。詩人的詩歌不僅僅對人類的簡單記錄，它可以成為幫助人類容忍和獲勝的精神支柱。
YourMajesty,YourRoyalHighness,LadiesandGentlemen:
I’mnowstandinghereinthisfamoushall,asasonofafarmerfromGaomiNortheastCountrysideinfar-awayChina,andreceivingtheNobelPrizeinLiterature,allthisisfeltlikeafairytale,butitisabsolutelytrue.Theexperienceaftergettingtheprizeformonths,makesmerealizethehugeeffectsanduntouchabledignityoftheNobelPrize.Duringthisperiod,Ihavebeenalwayssittingonthesidelines,watchingallthathappens,sinceit’sachancetoknowmoreabouttheworldandalsomyself.
I’mwellawarethattherearesomanywritersmoreworthyofthePrizethanme,andIbelievethatiftheycarryonwriting,insisttheliteratureisthegloryofmenandalsotherightgivenbytheGod,”Shewillgiveyouagarlandtograceyourheadandpresentyouwithagloriouscrown.”(Proverbs4∶9)
I’malsowellawarethattheliteraturehaslittleeffectonsolvingtheproblemsofpolitiesandeconomies,butitsemphasisonhumanbeingsaslongasthetime.Weoftencan’trealizeitsimportancewhenwehaveit,butifsomedaywedidn’t,thelivesofmenwouldbecoarseandrude.Forallthereasonsabove,Ifeelproudandheavyatthesametime.
IwanttoexpretheadmirationtothemembersoftheSwedishAcademybythischance,andIbelieve,nothingcanmoveallofyouexcepttheliterature.Ialsoexpreadmirationtothewholeworldtranslators,fortheconceptofworldliteraturewillnotexistwithoutyourhardwork,whichistheconnectionofpeoplefromdifferentareas.Ofcourse,atthisspecialmoment,Istillremindmyselfofthesupportfrommyfamiliesandfriends,fortheirwisdomandfriendshipwillstillshineinmyworks.
Lastbutnottheleast,Ifeelgratefultomyfolksinmyhometown,GaomiofShandong,China.Iwas,am,andwillbeoneofyoursforever;Istillthanktothewonderfullandraisingmeup——Iamastoryteller,whogrowupinthisland,andallmyworkistorepayhergoodness.
諾貝爾獎得主獲獎感言
諾貝爾獎得主獲獎感言
發(fā)布人：山地發(fā)布日期：2017-10-1215:14:41閱讀次數(shù)：378
諾貝爾獎得主獲獎感言
作者：佚名文章來源：中國新聞網(wǎng)
新華網(wǎng)斯德哥爾摩１０月２日電由于發(fā)現(xiàn)ＲＮＡ（核糖核酸）干擾機制，美國科學(xué)家克雷格·梅洛和安德魯·法爾２日被授予２００６年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎，并分享１０００萬瑞典克朗（約合１４０萬美元）的獎金。
梅洛是在美國家中接到諾貝爾獎評審委員會電話的，當(dāng)時是當(dāng)?shù)貢r間４時４０分左右。梅洛對媒體表示他感到“非常驚訝”，“到現(xiàn)在還沒回過神來”。他說：“我有預(yù)感可能得獎，但我才４５歲啊，原本以為１０年或２０年后才會得獎呢。”梅洛說,他的部分獎金將用于慈善事業(yè)。
法爾在接受媒體采訪時則說，獲獎的感覺真是非常美妙，“一開始，我都不敢相信，它也許是個夢，或者有人搞錯了，但又想這不可能。能獲獎?wù)媸翘袅耍彼f：“我還是以前的我，我的人生追求仍很簡單，那就是研究、科學(xué)、教學(xué)和家庭。我不想有什么改變。”（完）
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新華網(wǎng)華盛頓10月15日電（記者劉洪）15日凌晨接到外界打來的通知或祝賀電話時，3名獲得今年諾貝爾經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎的美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家反應(yīng)幾乎一致：對獲獎先是感到“困惑”，繼而則是無比興奮和“光榮”。
芝加哥大學(xué)教授羅杰·邁爾森在當(dāng)天的記者會上說，當(dāng)被電話通知獲得諾貝爾經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎時，他一開始有點“困惑”，但隨后醒悟過來，對能加入到這一獲獎名單感到非�！肮鈽s”。
明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)榮譽教授萊昂尼德·赫維奇是一位猶太人，今年已經(jīng)90歲。他在獲獎后表示，從未想過有一天能獲此獎，“我總以為我的時代可能已經(jīng)過去”。他對外界能夠承認(rèn)他的工作感到非常高興，“一些經(jīng)濟學(xué)領(lǐng)域最聰明的年輕人也加入進(jìn)來，這非常棒”。
普林斯頓高等研究院教授埃里克·馬斯金則表示，當(dāng)他最初聽到赫維奇獲獎時，大舒了一口氣，因為他認(rèn)為赫維奇多年來就一直是經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎候選對象。而讓他隨后更加興奮的是，今年他自己和老朋友赫維奇、邁爾森3人共享了經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎。
瑞典皇家科學(xué)院將今年的經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎頒發(fā)給這3名美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家，主要是表彰他們在創(chuàng)建和發(fā)展“機制設(shè)計理論”方面所作的貢獻(xiàn)�！皺C制設(shè)計理論”最早由赫維奇提出，馬斯金和邁爾森則進(jìn)一步發(fā)展了這一理論。這一理論有助于經(jīng)濟學(xué)家、各國政府和企業(yè)識別在何種情況下市場機制有效，何種情況下市場機制無效，以幫助人們確定有效的交易機制、規(guī)章安排和表決程序。
對于3人共享的1000萬瑞典克朗（1美元約合6．4瑞典克朗）獎金，赫維奇表示還未曾想過怎么處理；馬斯金則表示，將把獎金捐獻(xiàn)給幫助殘疾人的Ｃａｍｐｈｉｌｌ基金會，這也是他和妻子認(rèn)為“如果中獎后的做法”。馬斯金的兒子是一位殘疾人。
自1969年增設(shè)諾貝爾經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎以來，共有61名經(jīng)濟學(xué)家獲獎，而邁爾森的獲獎也使芝加哥大學(xué)獲此殊榮的經(jīng)濟學(xué)家增至24名，該大學(xué)毫無疑問成為諾貝爾經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎的最大贏家。
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瑞典皇家科學(xué)院10日宣布，德國科學(xué)家格哈德·埃特爾獲得2016年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎。當(dāng)天恰逢71歲生日的埃特爾說，這是一份“最好的生日禮物”。
2016年10月10日德國科學(xué)家獲2016年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎10月10日，瑞典皇家科學(xué)院在斯德哥爾摩宣布，將2016年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎授予在表面化學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域作出開拓性貢獻(xiàn)的德國科學(xué)家格哈德·埃特爾。新華社發(fā)（朱蓮誼攝）
2016年10月10日德國科學(xué)家獲2016年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎10月10日，瑞典皇家科學(xué)院在斯德哥爾摩宣布，將2016年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎授予在表面化學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域作出開拓性貢獻(xiàn)的德國科學(xué)家格哈德·埃特爾。新華社發(fā)（朱蓮誼攝）
埃特爾對媒體描述自己的獲獎感覺時說，這是最好的生日禮物，“我（的喜悅之情）難以言表”。
這份生日大禮讓埃特爾感到很意外。他說：“我當(dāng)然知道我是候選人。但物理獎頒給了一名德國人，所以我以為化學(xué)獎不會發(fā)給我了�！�
埃特爾因在表面化學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域作出開拓性貢獻(xiàn)而獲得今年的諾貝爾化學(xué)獎，此前，他的同胞彼得·格林貝格爾剛剛與一名法國科學(xué)家分享今年的諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎。
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瑞典皇家科學(xué)院9日宣布，法國科學(xué)家阿爾貝·費爾和德國科學(xué)家彼得·格林貝格爾因發(fā)現(xiàn)“巨磁電阻”效應(yīng)共同獲得2016年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎。兩位科學(xué)家在得知獲獎后分別對媒體發(fā)表了簡短的獲獎感言。
阿爾貝·費爾在接受電話采訪時說：“我受寵若驚，非常感動，我為能夠與彼得·格林貝格爾共享這一獎項而興奮不已。我們剛剛交談過。我們總是很好地交換我們的研究結(jié)果�！�
兩位科學(xué)家的發(fā)現(xiàn)使得小型大容量硬盤得到廣泛應(yīng)用。費爾說，“能夠看到我們的發(fā)
現(xiàn)所產(chǎn)生的威力實在是太棒了１
彼得·格林貝格爾在接受瑞典電臺采訪時說：“有人告訴我，如果有從斯德哥爾摩來的電話，那只能是諾貝爾獎（通知）�！彼f，“正有一大群人站在我門外”，他打算跟他們“來一杯香檳
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記者：你現(xiàn)在感覺怎樣？
切哈諾沃：我似乎還無法消化這個來得突然的獎項，好像要被它淹沒了一樣，一時還找不到合適的語言來表達(dá)自己的心情。
記者：你預(yù)料到今年獲此殊榮的將是自己嗎？
切哈諾沃：不，完全沒有。當(dāng)時我正要出門，是我兒子接的電話。我想，即使自己會獲獎的話，也應(yīng)該是醫(yī)學(xué)或生理學(xué)的獎項，完全沒料到會是化學(xué)獎。
記者：得知自己獲獎后，你的第一反應(yīng)是什么？
切哈諾沃：那種感覺當(dāng)然是美妙的。諾貝爾獎是全世界科學(xué)家們夢寐以求的事業(yè)巔峰。我并不否認(rèn)我為自己、我的家人和我的科學(xué)事業(yè)感到驕傲。
記者：獲得諾貝爾獎會給你今后的事業(yè)帶來什么樣的影響？
切哈諾沃：我真誠地希望這件事對我將來的科研毫無影響。我熱愛我的實驗室、我的學(xué)生和我的科學(xué)事業(yè)。目前我正進(jìn)行著一項激動人心的研究，還將取得更多的新發(fā)現(xiàn)。
記者：你認(rèn)為你現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生中有可能產(chǎn)生諾貝爾獎獲得者嗎？
切哈諾沃：這個很難預(yù)料。我的學(xué)生都很優(yōu)秀。
記者：你對有志于科研的青年們有什么建議呢？
切哈諾沃：我不知道人們能從我們的經(jīng)驗中學(xué)到多少東西。我們的國家(以色列)進(jìn)
行科研的方式與美國乃至現(xiàn)在的歐洲很不一樣。以色列頻繁地處于動亂中，科研經(jīng)費極其有限，政府也并不把科研放在國家戰(zhàn)略的首要位置。因此，在選擇課題方面，我們不必去隨大流，跟著所有人一起去搞蛋白質(zhì)合成、DNA或者研究基因組，而是更應(yīng)該從本質(zhì)上去發(fā)現(xiàn)真正值得研究的課題。對以色列人來說，不隨大流才是取得競爭力的關(guān)鍵。而一旦選定方向后就應(yīng)該相信自己的選擇。
記者：你現(xiàn)在感覺怎么樣？
赫什科：我為我的家庭、我的研究所和我的祖國感到高興。
記者：獲得諾貝爾獎是你預(yù)料之中的事嗎？
赫什科：不。那天剛好放假，我和4個孫女野餐。
記者：獲得諾貝爾獎會給你今后的事業(yè)帶來什么樣的影響？
赫什科：我將繼續(xù)我的實驗室工作。但或多或少地總會受一些影響。我將不可避免地接受到更多的邀請。但即便如此，我相信自己仍能做出一些貢獻(xiàn)。
記者：20年前當(dāng)你做這項工作的時候有沒有意識到它會使你獲得諾貝爾獎？
赫什科：我知道這項工作的影響力是巨大的。但我從來沒有等待榮譽的降臨。要知道20年前全世界每年只有10多篇關(guān)于蛋白質(zhì)降解的論文，而現(xiàn)在這個數(shù)字已經(jīng)上升到了四位數(shù)。
記者：你對那些有志于摘取諾貝爾獎的青年們有什么建議？
赫什科：應(yīng)該說是對那些有志做科研的人們，而不是為了摘取諾貝爾獎的人們。我希望他們能夠用獨特的新奇的眼光發(fā)掘真正重要的問題，盡管這些問題并不一定是該學(xué)科當(dāng)前的熱點。然后就需要堅持不懈地努力。
諾貝爾獎獲獎感言——英文
THEPRESIDENT:YourMajesties,YourRoyalHighnesses,distinguishedmembersoftheNorwegianNobelCommittee,citizensofAmerica,andcitizensoftheworld:Ireceivethishonorwithdeepgratitudeandgreathumility.Itisanawardthatspeakstoourhighestaspirations--thatforallthecrueltyandhardshipofourworld,wearenotmereprisonersoffate.Ouractionsmatter,andcanbendhistoryinthedirectionofjustice.
AndyetIwouldberemiifIdidnotacknowledgetheconsiderablecontroversythatyourgenerousdecisionhasgenerated.(Laughter.)Inpart,thisisbecauseIamatthebeginning,andnottheend, http://emrowgh.com paredtosomeofthegiantsofhistorywhovereceivedthisprize--SchweitzerandKing;MarshallandMandela--myaccomplishmentsareslight.Andthentherearethemenandwomenaroundtheworldwhohavebeenjailedandbeateninthepursuitofjustice;thosewhotoilinhumanitarianorganizationstorelievesuffering;theunrecognizedmillionswhosequietactsofcourageandcompassioninspireeventhemosthardenedcynics.Icannotarguewiththosewhofindthesemenandwomen--someknown,someobscuretoallbutthosetheyhelp--tobefarmoredeservingofthishonorthanI.
ButperhapsthemostprofoundissuesurroundingmyreceiptofthisprizeisthefactthatIamtheCommander-in-Chiefofthemilitaryofanationinthemidstoftwowars.Oneofthesewarsiswindingdown.TheotherisaconflictthatAmericadidnotseek;oneinwhichwearejoinedby42othercountries--includingNorway--inanefforttodefendourselvesandallnationsfromfurtherattacks.
Still,weareatwar,andImresponsibleforthedeploymentofthousandsofyoungAmericanstobattleinadistantland.Somewillkill,andsomewillbekilled.AndsoIcomeherewithanacutesenseofthecostsofarmedconflict--filledwithdifficultquestionsabouttherelationshipbetweenwarandpeace,andourefforttoreplaceonewiththeother.
Nowthesequestionsarenotnew.War,inoneformoranother,appearedwiththefirstman.Atthedawnofhistory,itsmoralitywasnotquestioned;itwassimplyafact,likedroughtordisease--themannerinwhichtribesandthencivilizationssoughtpowerandsettledtheirdifferences.
Andovertime,ascodesoflawsoughttocontrolviolencewithingroups,sodid
philosophersandclericsandstatesmenseektoregulatethedestructivepowerofwar.Theconceptofa“justwar”emerged,suggestingthatwarisjustifiedonlywhencertainconditionsweremet:ifitiswagedasalastresortorinself-defense;iftheforceusedisproportional;andif,wheneverpossible,civiliansaresparedfromviolence.
Ofcourse,weknowthatformostofhistory,thisconceptof“justwar”wasrarelyobserved.Thecapacityofhumanbeingstothinkupnewwaystokilloneanotherprovedinexhaustible,asdidourcapacitytoexemptfrommercythosewholookdifferentorpraytoadifferentGod.Warsbetweenarmiesgavewaytowarsbetween1
http://emrowgh.com hespanof30years,suchcarnagewouldtwiceengulfthiscontinent.AndwhileitshardtoconceiveofacausemorejustthanthedefeatoftheThirdReichandtheAxispowers,WorldWarIIwasaconflictinwhichthetotalnumberofcivilianswhodiedexceededthenumberofsoldierswhoperished.
Inthewakeofsuchdestruction,andwiththeadventofthenuclearage,itbecamecleartovictorandvanquishedalikethattheworldneededinstitutionstopreventanotherworldwar.Andso,aquartercenturyaftertheUnitedStatesSenaterejectedtheLeagueofNations--anideaforwhichWoodrowWilsonreceivedthisprize--Americaledtheworldinconstructinganarchitecturetokeepthepeace:aMarshallPlanandaUnitedNations,mechanismstogovernthewagingofwar,treatiestoprotecthumanrights,preventgenocide,restrictthemostdangerousweapons.
Inmanyways,theseeffortssucceeded.Yes,terriblewarshavebeenfought, http://emrowgh.com mercehasstitchedmuchoftheworldtogether.Billionshavebeenliftedfrompoverty.Theidealsoflibertyand
self-determination,equalityandtheruleoflawhavehaltinglyadvanced.Wearetheheirsofthefortitudeandforesightofgenerationspast,anditisalegacyforwhichmyowncountryisrightfullyproud.
Andyet,adecadeintoanewcentury,thisoldarchitectureisbucklingundertheweightofnewthreats.Theworldmaynolongershudderattheprospectofwarbetweentwonuclearsuperpowers,butproliferationmayincreasetheriskof
catastrophe.Terrorismhaslongbeenatactic,butmoderntechnologyallowsafewsmallmenwithoutsizedragetomurderinnocentsonahorrificscale.
Moreover,warsbetweennationshaveincreasinglygivenwaytowarswithinnations.Theresurgenceofethnicorsectarianconflicts;thegrowthofsecessionistmovements,insurgencies, http://emrowgh.com odayswars,manymoreciviliansarekilledthansoldiers;theseedsoffutureconflictaresown,economiesarewrecked,civilsocietiestornasunder,refugeesamassed,childrenscarred.
Idonotbringwithmetodayadefinitivesolutiontotheproblemsofwar.WhatIdoknowisthatmeetingthesechallengeswillrequirethesamevision,hardwork,andpersistenceofthosemenandwomenwhoactedsoboldlydecadesago.Anditwillrequireustothinkinnewwaysaboutthenotionsofjustwarandtheimperativesofajustpeace.
Wemustbeginbyacknowledgingthehardtruth:Wewillnoteradicateviolent
conflictinourlifetimes.Therewillbetimeswhennations--actingindividuallyorinconcert--willfindtheuseofforcenotonlynecessarybutmorallyjustified.
ImakethisstatementmindfulofwhatMartinLutherKingJr.saidinthissame2
ceremonyyearsago:“Violenceneverbringspermanentpeace.Itsolvesnosocialproblem:itmerelycreatesnewandmorecomplicatedones.”AssomeonewhostandshereasadirectconsequenceofDr.Kingslifework,Iamlivingtestimonytothemoralforceofnon-violence.Iknowtheresnothingweak--nothingpassive--nothingna?ve--inthecreedandlivesofGandhiandKing.
Butasaheadofstatesworntoprotectanddefendmynation,Icannotbeguidedbytheirexamplesalone.Ifacetheworldasitis,andcannotstandidleinthefaceofthreatstotheAmericanpeople.Formakenomistake:Evildoesexistintheworld.Anon-violentmovementcouldnothavehaltedHitlersarmies.NegotiationscannotconvincealQaedasleaderstolaydowntheirarms.Tosaythatforcemaysometimesbenecessaryisnotacalltocynicism--itisarecognitionofhistory;theimperfectionsofmanandthelimitsofreason.
Iraisethispoint,Ibeginwiththispointbecauseinmanycountriesthereisadeepambivalenceaboutmilitaryactiontoday,nomatterwhatthecause.Andattimes,thisisjoinedbyareflexivesuspicionofAmerica,theworldssolemilitarysuperpower.
Buttheworldmustrememberthatitwasnotsimplyinternationalinstitutions--notjusttreatiesanddeclarations--thatbroughtstabilitytoapost-WorldWarIIworld.Whatevermistakeswehavemade,theplainfactisthis:TheUnitedStatesofAmericahashelpedunderwriteglobalsecurityformorethansixdecadeswiththebloodofourcitizensandthestrengthofourarms.TheserviceandsacrificeofourmenandwomeninuniformhaspromotedpeaceandprosperityfromGermanytoKorea,andenableddemocracytotakeholdinplacesliketheBalkans.Wehavebornethisburdennotbecauseweseektoimposeourwill.Wehavedonesooutofenlightenedself-interest--becauseweseekabetterfutureforourchildrenandgrandchildren,andwebelievethattheirliveswillbebetterifotherschildrenandgrandchildrencanliveinfreedomandprosperity.
Soyes,theinstrumentsofwardohavearoletoplayinpreservingthepeace.Andyetthistruthmustcoexistwithanother--thatnomatterhowjustified,warpromiseshumantragedy.Thesoldierscourageandsacrificeisfullofglory,expressing
devotiontocountry,tocause,tocomradesinarms.Butwaritselfisneverglorious,andwemustnevertrumpetitassuch.
Sopartofourchallengeisreconcilingthesetwoseeminglyinreconcilabletruths--thatwarissometimesnecessary, http://emrowgh.com ncretely,wemustdirectourefforttothetaskthatPresidentKennedycalledforlongago.“Letusfocus,”hesaid,“onamorepractical,moreattainablepeace,basednotonasuddenrevolutioninhumannaturebutonagradualevolutioninhumaninstitutions.”Agradualevolutionofhumaninstitutions.
Whatmightthisevolutionlooklike?Whatmightthesepracticalstepsbe?3
Tobeginwith,Ibelievethatallnations--strongandweakalike--mustadheretostandardsthatgoverntheuseofforce.I--likeanyheadofstate--reservetherighttoactunilaterallyifnecessarytodefendmynation.Nevertheless,Iamconvincedthatadheringtostandards,internationalstandards,strengthensthosewhodo,andisolatesandweakensthosewhodont.
TheworldralliedaroundAmericaafterthe9/11attacks,andcontinuestosupportoureffortsinAfghanistan,becauseofthehorrorofthosesenseleattacksandtherecognizedprincipleofself-defense.Likewise,theworldrecognizedtheneedtoconfrontSaddamHusseinwhenheinvadedKuwait--aconsensusthatsentaclearmessagetoallaboutthecostofaggression.
Furthermore,America--infact,nonation--caninsistthatothersfollowtherulesoftheroadifwerefusetofollowthemourselves.Forwhenwedont,ouractionsappeararbitraryandundercutthelegitimacyoffutureinterventions,nomatterhowjustified.Andthisbecomesparticularlyimportantwhenthepurposeofmilitaryaction
extendsbeyondself-defenseorthedefenseofonenationagainstanaggressor.Moreandmore,weallconfrontdifficultquestionsabouthowtopreventtheslaughterofciviliansbytheirowngovernment,ortostopacivilwarwhoseviolenceandsufferingcanengulfanentireregion.
Ibelievethatforcecanbejustifiedonhumanitariangrounds,asitwasintheBalkans,orinotherplacesthathavebeenscarredbywar.Inactiontearsatourconscienceandcanleadtomorecostlyinterventionlater.Thatswhyallresponsiblenationsmustembracetherolethatmilitarieswithaclearmandatecanplaytokeepthepeace.Americascommitmenttoglobalsecuritywillneverwaver.Butinaworldinwhichthreatsaremorediffuse,andmissionsmorecomplex,Americacannotactalone.Americaalonecannotsecurethepeace.ThisistrueinAfghanistan.ThisistrueinfailedstateslikeSomalia,whereterrorismandpiracyisjoinedbyfamineandhumansuffering.Andsadly,itwillcontinuetobetrueinunstableregionsforyearstocome.
TheleadersandsoldiersofNATOcountries,andotherfriendsandallies,demonstratethistruththroughthecapacityandcouragetheyveshowninAfghanistan.Butinmanycountries,thereisadisconnectbetweentheeffortsofthosewhoserveandtheambivalenceofthebroaderpublic.Iunderstandwhywarisnotpopular,butIalsoknowthis:Thebeliefthatpeaceisdesirableisrarelyenoughtoachieveit.Peacerequiresresponsibility.Peaceentailssacrifice.ThatswhyNATOcontinuestobeindispensable.ThatswhywemuststrengthenU.N.andregionalpeacekeeping,andnotleavethetasktoafewcountries.ThatswhywehonorthosewhoreturnhomefrompeacekeepingandtrainingabroadtoOsloandRome;toOttawaandSydney;toDhakaandKigali--wehonorthemnotasmakersofwar,butofwagers--butaswagersofpeace.
Letmemakeonefinalpointabouttheuseofforce.Evenaswemakedifficult4
decisionsaboutgoingtowar,wemustalsothinkclearlyabouthowwefightit.TheNobelCommitteerecognizedthistruthinawardingitsfirstprizeforpeacetoHenryDunant--thefounderoftheRedCross,andadrivingforcebehindtheGenevaConventions.
Whereforceisnecessary,wehaveamoralandstrategicinterestinbindingourselvestocertainrulesofconduct.Andevenasweconfrontaviciousadversarythatabidesbynorules,IbelievetheUnitedStatesofAmericamustremainastandardbearerintheconductofwar.Thatiswhatmakesusdifferentfromthosewhomwefight.Thatisasourceofourstrength.ThatiswhyIprohibitedtorture.ThatiswhyIorderedtheprisonatGuantanamoBayclosed.AndthatiswhyIhavereaffirmedAmericascommitmenttoabidebytheGenevaConventions.Weloseourselveswhenwe
compromisetheveryidealsthatwefighttodefend.(Applause.)Andwehonor--wehonorthoseidealsbyupholdingthemnotwhenitseasy,butwhenitishard.
Ihavespokenatsomelengthtothequestionthatmustweighonourmindsandourheartsaswechoosetowagewar.Butletmenowturntoourefforttoavoidsuchtragicchoices,andspeakofthreewaysthatwecanbuildajustandlastingpeace.
First,indealingwiththosenationsthatbreakrulesandlaws,Ibelievethatwemustdevelopalternativestoviolencethataretoughenoughtoactuallychangebehavior--forifwewantalastingpeace,thenthewordsoftheinternationalcommunitymustmeansomething.Thoseregimesthatbreaktherulesmustbeheldaccountable.
http://emrowgh.com ransigencemustbemetwithincreasedpressure--andsuchpressureexistsonlywhentheworldstandstogetherasone.
Oneurgentexampleistheefforttopreventthespreadofnuclearweapons, http://emrowgh.com hemiddleofthelastcentury,nationsagreedtobeboundbyatreatywhosebargainisclear:Allwillhaveaccetopeacefulnuclearpower;thosewithoutnuclearweaponswillforsakethem;andthosewithnuclearweaponswillworktowardsdisarmament.Iamcommittedtoupholdingthistreaty.Itisa
centerpieceofmyforeignpolicy.AndImworkingwithPresidentMedvedevtoreduceAmericaandRussiasnuclearstockpiles.
ButitisalsoincumbentuponallofustoinsistthatnationslikeIranandNorthKoreadonotgamethesystem.Thosewhoclaimtorespectinternationallawcannotaverttheireyeswhenthoselawsareflouted.ThosewhocarefortheirownsecuritycannotignorethedangerofanarmsraceintheMiddleEastorEastAsia.Thosewhoseekpeacecannotstandidlybyasnationsarmthemselvesfornuclearwar.
Thesameprincipleappliestothosewhoviolateinternationallawsbybrutalizingtheirownpeople.WhenthereisgenocideinDarfur,systematicrapeinCongo,repressioninBurma--theremustbeconsequences.Yes,therewillbeengagement;yes,therewillbediplomacy--buttheremustbeconsequenceswhenthosethingsfail.Andthecloserwestandtogether,thelelikelywewillbefacedwiththechoicebetweenarmedinterventionandcomplicityinoppression.
Thisbringsmetoasecondpoint--thenatureofthepeacethatweseek.Forpeaceisnotmerelytheabsenceofvisibleconflict.Onlyajustpeacebasedontheinherentrightsanddignityofeveryindividualcantrulybelasting.
http://emrowgh.com hewakeofdevastation,theyrecognizedthatifhumanrightsarenotprotected,peaceisahollowpromise.
Andyettoooften,thesewordsareignored.Forsomecountries,thefailuretoupholdhumanrightsisexcusedbythefalsesuggestionthatthesearesomehowWesternprinciples,foreigntolocalculturesorstagesofanationsdevelopment.AndwithinAmerica,therehaslongbeenatensionbetweenthosewhodescribethemselvesasrealistsoridealists--atensionthatsuggestsastarkchoicebetweenthenarrowpursuitofinterestsoranendlecampaigntoimposeourvaluesaroundtheworld.
Irejectthesechoices.Ibelievethatpeaceisunstablewherecitizensaredeniedtherighttospeakfreelyorworshipastheyplease;choosetheirownleadersorassemblewithoutfear.Pent-upgrievancesfester,andthesuppressionoftribalandreligiousidentitycanleadtoviolence.Wealsoknowthattheoppositeistrue.OnlywhenEuropebecamefreediditfinallyfindpeace.Americahasneverfoughtawaragainstademocracy,andourclosestfriendsaregovernmentsthatprotecttherightsoftheircitizens.Nomatterhowcallouslydefined,neitherAmericasinterests--northeworlds--areservedbythedenialofhumanaspirations.
Soevenaswerespecttheuniquecultureandtraditionsofdifferentcountries,Americawillalwaysbeavoiceforthoseaspirationsthatareuniversal.WewillbearwitnetothequietdignityofreformerslikeAungSangSuuKyi;tothebraveryof
Zimbabweanswhocasttheirballotsinthefaceofbeatings;tothehundredsof
thousandswhohavemarchedsilentlythroughthestreetsofIran.Itistellingthattheleadersofthesegovernmentsfeartheaspirationsoftheirownpeoplemorethanthepowerofanyothernation.Anditistheresponsibilityofallfreepeopleandfree
nationstomakeclearthatthesemovements--thesemovementsofhopeandhistory--theyhaveusontheirside.
Letmealsosaythis:Thepromotionofhumanrightscannotbeaboutexhortationalone.Attimes,itmustbecoupledwithpainstakingdiplomacy.Iknowthat
engagementwithrepressiveregimeslacksthesatisfyingpurityofindignation.ButIalsoknowthatsanctionswithoutoutreach--condemnationwithoutdiscussion--cancarryforwardonlyacripplingstatusquo.Norepressiveregimecanmovedownanewpathunleithasthechoiceofanopendoor.
InlightoftheCulturalRevolutionshorrors,NixonsmeetingwithMaoappearedinexcusable--andyetitsurelyhelpedsetChinaonapathwheremillionsofitscitizenshavebeenliftedfrompovertyandconnectedtoopensocieties.PopeJohnPaulsengagementwithPolandcreatedspacenotjustfortheCatholicChurch,butforlaborleaderslikeLechWalesa.RonaldReaganseffortsonarmscontrolandembrace
ofperestroikanotonlyimprovedrelationswiththeSovietUnion,butempowereddissidentsthroughoutEasternEurope.Theresnosimpleformulahere.Butwemusttryasbestwecantobalanceisolationandengagement,pressureandincentives,sothathumanrightsanddignityareadvancedovertime.
Third,ajustpeaceincludesnotonlycivilandpoliticalrights--itmustencompaeconomicsecurityandopportunity.Fortruepeaceisnotjustfreedomfromfear,butfreedomfromwant.
Itisundoubtedlytruethatdevelopmentrarelytakesrootwithoutsecurity;itisalsotruethatsecuritydoesnotexistwherehumanbeingsdonothaveaccetoenoughfood,orcleanwater,orthemedicineandsheltertheyneedtosurvive.Itdoesnotexistwherechildrencantaspiretoadecenteducationorajobthatsupportsafamily.Theabsenceofhopecanrotasocietyfromwithin.
Andthatswhyhelpingfarmersfeedtheirownpeople--ornationseducatetheir
childrenandcareforthesick--isnotmerecharity.Itsalsowhytheworldmustcometogethertoconfrontclimatechange.Thereislittlescientificdisputethatifwedonothing,wewillfacemoredrought,morefamine,moremadisplacement--allofwhichwillfuelmoreconflictfordecades.Forthisreason,itisnotmerelyscientistsandenvironmentalactivistswhocallforswiftandforcefulaction--itsmilitary
leadersinmyowncountryandotherswhounderstandourcommonsecurityhangsinthebalance.
Agreementsamongnations.Stronginstitutions.Supportforhumanrights.
Investmentsindevelopment.AllthesearevitalingredientsinbringingabouttheevolutionthatPresidentKennedyspokeabout.Andyet,Idonotbelievethatwewillhavethewill,thedetermination,thestayingpower,tocompletethisworkwithoutsomethingmore--andthatsthecontinuedexpansionofourmoralimagination;aninsistencethattheressomethingirreduciblethatweallshare.
Astheworldgrowssmaller,youmightthinkitwouldbeeasierforhumanbeingstorecognizehowsimilarweare;tounderstandthatwereallbasicallyseekingthesamethings;thatweallhopeforthechancetoliveoutourliveswithsomemeasureofhappineandfulfillmentforourselvesandourfamilies.
Andyetsomehow,giventhedizzyingpaceofglobalization,theculturallevelingofmodernity,itperhapscomesasnosurprisethatpeoplefeartheloofwhattheycherishintheirparticularidentities--theirrace,theirtribe,andperhapsmost
powerfullytheirreligion.Insomeplaces,thisfearhasledtoconflict.Attimes,itevenfeelslikeweremovingbackwards.WeseeitintheMiddleEast,astheconflictbetweenArabsandJewsseemstoharden.Weseeitinnationsthataretornasunderbytriballines.
Andmostdangerously,weseeitinthewaythatreligionisusedtojustifythemurder
ofinnocentsbythosewhohavedistortedanddefiledthegreatreligionofIslam,andwhoattackedmycountryfromAfghanistan.TheseextremistsarenotthefirsttokillinthenameofGod;thecrueltiesoftheCrusadesareamplyrecorded.ButtheyremindusthatnoHolyWarcaneverbeajustwar.Forifyoutrulybelievethatyouarecarryingoutdivinewill,thenthereisnoneedforrestraint--noneedtosparethepregnantmother,orthemedic,ortheRedCroworker,orevenapersonofonesownfaith.Suchawarpedviewofreligionisnotjustincompatiblewiththeconceptofpeace,butIbelieveitsincompatiblewiththeverypurposeoffaith--fortheonerulethatliesattheheartofeverymajorreligionisthatwedountoothersaswewouldhavethemdountous.
Adheringtothislawoflovehasalwaysbeenthecorestruggleofhumannature.Forwearefallible.Wemakemistakes,andfallvictimtothetemptationsofpride,andpower,andsometimesevil.Eventhoseofuswiththebestofintentionswillattimesfailtorightthewrongsbeforeus.
Butwedonothavetothinkthathumannatureisperfectforustostillbelievethatthehumanconditioncanbeperfected.Wedonothavetoliveinanidealizedworldtostillreachforthoseidealsthatwillmakeitabetterplace.Thenon-violencepracticedbymenlikeGandhiandKingmaynothavebeenpracticalorpossibleinevery
circumstance,butthelovethattheypreached--theirfundamentalfaithinhumanprogre--thatmustalwaysbetheNorthStarthatguidesusonourjourney.
Forifwelosethatfaith--ifwedismiitassillyorna?ve;ifwedivorceitfromthedecisionsthatwemakeonissuesofwarandpeace--thenwelosewhatsbestabouthumanity.Weloseoursenseofpossibility.Weloseourmoralcompass.
Likegenerationshavebeforeus,wemustrejectthatfuture.AsDr.Kingsaidatthisoccasionsomanyyearsago,“Irefusetoacceptdespairasthefinalresponsetotheambiguitiesofhistory.Irefusetoaccepttheideathattheisneofmanspresentconditionmakeshimmorallyincapableofreachingupfortheeternaloughtnethatforeverconfrontshim.”
Letusreachfortheworldthatoughttobe--thatsparkofthedivinethatstillstirswithineachofoursouls.(Applause.)
Somewheretoday,inthehereandnow,intheworldasitis,asoldierseeshesoutgunned,butstandsfirmtokeepthepeace.Somewheretoday,inthisworld,ayoungprotestorawaitsthebrutalityofhergovernment,buthasthecouragetomarchon.Somewheretoday,amotherfacingpunishingpovertystilltakesthetimetoteachherchild,scrapestogetherwhatfewcoinsshehastosendthatchildtoschool--becauseshebelievesthatacruelworldstillhasaplaceforthatchildsdreams.
Letuslivebytheirexample.Wecanacknowledgethatoppressionwillalwaysbewithus,andstillstriveforjustice.Wecanadmittheintractabilityofdepravation,andstillstrivefordignity.Clear-eyed,wecanunderstandthattherewillbewar,andstill
striveforpeace.Wecandothat--forthatisthestoryofhumanprogress;thatsthehopeofalltheworld;andatthismomentofchallenge,thatmustbeourworkhereonEarth.
Thankyouverymuch.