關(guān)于初三英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的用法
初三英語(yǔ)上冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：從后綴到派生詞
㈠動(dòng)詞+名詞性后綴→名詞派生詞
主要名詞性后綴有：
�、� -er，例如：painter(畫(huà)家);writer(作家)。
② -or，例如：actor(演員);sailor(水手)。
�、� -ant，例如：attendant(侍者);dependant (受贍養(yǎng)者)。
④ -ent，例如：resident(居民);propellent(推進(jìn)物)。
�、� -ist，例如：typist(打字員);copyist(謄寫(xiě)員)。
�、� -ment，例如：excitement(緊張);amazement(驚奇)。
�、� -t，例如restraint(控制);complaint(投訴)。
�、� -ture，例如：fixture(固定狀態(tài));mixture(混合物)。
�、� -ion/-tion，例如：celebration(慶祝);intention(意向)。
�、� -al，例如：renewal(更新);approval(贊許)。
㈡形容詞+名詞性后綴→名詞派生詞這類(lèi)名詞性后綴包括：
�、� -ness，例如：goodness, happiness.
② -y/ty/ity，例如：difficulty, certainty, majority.
③ -th，例如：truth, warmth.
�、� -ce/cy，例如：patience, urgency.
㈢名詞+形容詞性后綴→形容詞派生詞。主要形容詞性后綴有：
-ial, -n, -al, -ese, -ary, -ful, -ly, -y, -ous, -ish, -ic, -less 等。例如：industrial(工業(yè)的);Asian(亞洲的); emotional(情緒的);Chinese(華人的);disciplinary(紀(jì)律的);careful(小心的);friendly(友善的);stormy(有風(fēng)浪的);dangerous(危險(xiǎn)的);childish(幼稚的);economic(經(jīng)濟(jì)上的);useless(無(wú)用的)。
㈣動(dòng)詞+形容詞性后綴→形容詞派生詞
這里的形容詞后綴有“-ent/-ant, -able/-ible, -ive/-tive” 等。例如：dependent, observant; agreeable, sensible; attractive, attentive.
㈤名詞+動(dòng)詞性后綴→動(dòng)詞派生詞
常用的動(dòng)詞性后綴是：“-en, -ise/-ize, -fy, -ate”等。例如：frighten, threaten; apologise, standardise; classify, beautify; originate, motivate.
㈥形容詞+動(dòng)詞性后綴→動(dòng)詞派生詞
這里的后綴有兩個(gè)，即：-ise/-ize和-en,例如：modernise, realise; brighten, weaken.
㈦形容詞/名詞+副詞性后綴“-ly”→副詞派生詞
如：successfully, carefully, angrily, quickly; daily, monthly, yearly.
初三英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：在句尾出現(xiàn)的介詞
“I may give you financial aid. But it all depends on what the money is for .”
這句話的介詞“for”在句尾出現(xiàn)。如果把“for”移到賓語(yǔ)之前，就不合句法了：
*“……But it all depends on for what the money is.”
這么看來(lái)，英語(yǔ)介詞是可以放在句尾的。既然如此，在什么情況下，英語(yǔ)介詞才可以放在句尾呢?
常見(jiàn)的情況有下面 4 種：
㈠當(dāng)疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞作為介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，理論上要在介詞后面出現(xiàn)，但在實(shí)際用法上，它被轉(zhuǎn)移到疑問(wèn)句前頭，介詞則留在句尾。例如：
�、� What are you dreaming of?
② Where are you from?
�、俨荒芨臑椤癆re you dreaming of what?”也不能是“Of what are you dreaming?”②不是“Are you from where?”，更不是“ From where are you?”
㈡介詞不能移到限定性形容詞分句中的關(guān)系代詞(the relative pronoun in the restricted adjective clause)之前;因此，我們可以③表示心意，但不能用④這樣的句子：
�、� Is this the book that you asked me for?
*④ Is this the book for that you asked me?
同樣的，⑤是對(duì)的，⑥是錯(cuò)的：
�、� This is the goal that we are striving towards.
*⑥ This is the goal towards that we are striving.
㈢在不可分開(kāi)的片語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(the inseparable phrasal verb)里，如果介詞在句尾，也只好隨遇而安，不便移動(dòng)。例如：
�、� This is something which I refuse to put up with.
�、� Such a matter should be immediately dealt with.
�、� An 8% increase in salary is not to be sniffed at.
�、� The rising cost is really a thing to be reckoned with.
㈣當(dāng)帶介詞的不定式動(dòng)詞修飾名詞而又出現(xiàn)在句尾時(shí)，這介詞只好保留在原位。例如：
11. David is a nice person to work with.
12. I like to have someone to talk to.
13. This is not a comfortable place to live in.
14. Give me a good pen to write with.
15. Is this a box to put coins in?
16. There is some useful information for you to refer to.
綜上所述，英語(yǔ)介詞不但可以在句尾出現(xiàn)，有時(shí)還非在句尾不可!
除了所舉的'情況之外，盡量避免把介詞放在句尾。例如17-19雖沒(méi)有什么問(wèn)題，但不如20-22好和自然：
17. Can you tell me whom do you share your office with?
18. This is the last way which the idea can be pushed through.
19. What reason have you chosen this scheme for?
20. Can you tell me with whom do you share your office?
21. This is the best way through which the idea can be pushed.
22. For what reason have you chosen this scheme?
初三英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)比被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)直接而有力，多用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，可以使文章充滿朝氣，呈現(xiàn)活力。在下列兩組句子中， (b)比(a)有力：
(1) a.My first visit to New Zealand will always be remembered by me.
b. I will always remember my first visit to New Zealand.
(2) a.The crowing of cocks could be heard at dawn.
b. The cocks' crow came with dawn.
雖然如此，在某些情況下，非用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不可。前此已提過(guò)這事，這里不再重述。這里只有指出其中一點(diǎn)，就是有些動(dòng)詞，如 "base, schedule, expect, suppose" 等，通常以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式出現(xiàn)。
例如：
(1)This survey was based on facts.
(2)The last train is scheduled to leave at 9pm.
(3)You are expected to come on time.
(4)All are supposed to work hard.
除了上述這些動(dòng)詞之外，還有十種，幾乎都以被動(dòng)式出現(xiàn)。
(一)有關(guān)“疾病”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(1)Helen's left lung is infected.
(2)He is confined to the house by illness.
(3)The old man was seized with sudden chest pains.
(二)有關(guān)“疲乏”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(4) I am completely exhausted after the game.
(5)Tom was done up after the race.
(三)有關(guān)“喜樂(lè)”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(6)The children were fascinated by the toys.
(7)We were delighted to hear the good news.
(8) I am very pleased to see you here.
(四)有關(guān)“延遲”或“障礙”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(9)The workers were held up by the heavy rain.
(10)The road was blocked by ice.
(11)The train was delayed by 30 minutes.
(五)有關(guān)“慣性動(dòng)作”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(12)Tom is addicted to smoking.
(13)Foreign workers are quite used to hard work.
(六)有關(guān)“煩惱”或“焦急”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(14)Who was upset by John?
(15)Mother was annoyed to know this.
(七)有關(guān)“驚奇”或“震驚”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(16) I was surprised to see him here.
(17)All were shocked to hear the bad news.
(八)有關(guān)“包圍”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(18)The troops were surrounded.
(19)Troy was besieged.
(九)有關(guān)“沾污”或“污化”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(20)Judy's reputation is tarnished.
(21)The water was contaminated with oil.
(十)有關(guān)“害怕”或“混亂”的動(dòng)詞，如：
(22)All were frightened out of their wits.
(23)He was puzzled about what to do next.
要注意的一點(diǎn)是，上面這十類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有些已漸漸失去了動(dòng)詞力量，轉(zhuǎn)化為慣用語(yǔ)。
初三英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：連接詞及其用法
例如：(1) Air and water are indispensable to me.
(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.
(3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy.
從屬連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的分句，形成復(fù)雜句中的從屬分句。例如：
(4) He said that he did not want to go .
(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.
(6) You may come if you want to.
上述連詞的用法，看起來(lái)不難，但錯(cuò)誤也難免。下面是些好例子：
(1) This book may be used both as a text as well as a reference book.
這里的“as well as”和“both”不能搭配，應(yīng)該將“as well ”改為“and”，使“both……and……”變成關(guān)聯(lián)連詞( correlative conjunction)
(2) He not only speaks Mandarin but also English.
這里的“not only”應(yīng)該移到“speaks”后面，使這個(gè)動(dòng)詞兼顧兩個(gè)等立賓語(yǔ)：“Mandarin”和“English”。
(3) Although he is fat, but he is very weak.
英語(yǔ)里的“although”和“but”是不見(jiàn)面的 ，因此這句里的“ but”要去掉，不然“although”就要出來(lái)。
(4) Jim is not so strong like you.
這里的“not so”必須和“as”連成一體;介詞“l(fā)ike”是不適宜的。
(5) No sooner had we reached our destination, they left.
"No sooner"必須和"than" 配成關(guān)聯(lián)連詞，把"than" 省掉是不對(duì)的，應(yīng)該補(bǔ)上：
No sooner had we reached our destination than they left.
這句子的意思也可透過(guò)“as soon as”反映出來(lái)：
“As soon as we reached our destination, they left.”
(6) I took a taxi and which took me to the station.
這里的并列連詞“and”是多余的，必須去掉。如果要保留“and ”也可，但是形容詞分句里的關(guān)系代詞“Which”要改成主語(yǔ)“it” ，使整個(gè)句子變成并列分句如下：
I took a taxi and it took me to the station.
(7) My friend came up to me and held my hand, said good-bye excitedly.
這里的“and”應(yīng)該用來(lái)連接最后兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)才對(duì)：
My friend came up to me, held my hand, and said good-bye excitedly.
不然，就要把“said”改成“saying”。
My friend came up to me and held my hand, saying good-bye excitedly.
初三英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：義同形異”的常用詞
1.Over / above "Over"和"above"這兩個(gè)介詞的意思是在…….上面。“我們可以說(shuō)(1)The sky is above our heads,也可以說(shuō)(2)The sky is over our heads.我們也可以說(shuō)(3)He Spread his handkerchief over his face.但不能說(shuō)*(4)He spread his handkerchief above his face. 同樣的，可以說(shuō)(5)John has travelled all over the world以及 (6)The King reigns over a great empire，但是(5)和(6)里的 "over"卻不可以"above"取代。
2.bring / take "Bring"和"take"的意思相同，但用法并不一樣。 "Bring"指東西向說(shuō)話的人的方向去，如： (7) Bring me the book, please. "Take"指東西向說(shuō)話的人離去，如： (8)Take the dictionary away from me . 由此可見(jiàn)，"bring"和"take"都表示東西要移動(dòng)，只是方向不同："bring"向說(shuō)話者而來(lái);"take"向說(shuō)話者而去。
3.Certain / sure "Certain"和"sure"都含“確定”之意，只是在句中的用法有些不同。下列第九到十一的句子都對(duì)，但第十二的句子就不行了： (9) We are certain to come to the party. / Tom is sure to come today. (10) I am not certain whether I will be able to do it. / Are you sure that you will do it? (11) It is certain that Jason will leave me. *(12) It is sure that Jason will leave me.
4. rob / Steal 雖然這兩個(gè)字都是及物動(dòng)詞，但用法不同，不可互相取代。 "Steal"的賓語(yǔ)通常是被偷的東西，如“錢(qián)，手表”之類(lèi)。"Rob" 的賓語(yǔ)必須是“人”或“地方”。如： (13) A thief entered her house and stole her valuables. (14) A stranger robbed a passer-by. (15) Who robbed the bank last night? 5.chase / follow 這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，一個(gè)是“追逐”，另一個(gè)是“跟隨”，都是人家在前，他在后，但用起來(lái)不一樣;"chase"不但是動(dòng)詞，也是名詞，如： (16)The cat chased the mouse and caught it soon after. (17)The puplis followed the teacher to the classroom. (18)There was a thrilling car chase in the film. (19) Social unrest follows widespread unemployment. (20) I could not follow what he was saying.
初三英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：容易混淆的常用詞
兩句中各有一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，即：“It's”和“Beside”;應(yīng)該是“ Its”和“Besides”才對(duì)。“It's”是“it is”的縮寫(xiě)，“Its”才是所有代名詞“它的”�！癇eside”是“在旁邊”，而“Besides” 才是“除此之外”。
像這樣“形似義異”的字，在英語(yǔ)里相當(dāng)多，稍微粗心，便會(huì)混淆不清。
下面是些類(lèi)似的混淆詞，請(qǐng)大家注意：
⒈altogether(完全地)：all together(全部)
(a) Dr Zhang was not altogether pleased with his salary.
(b) Please go all together.
⒉complement(輔助)：compliment(恭維)
(a) Different transport means complement one another very well.
(b) Sam complimented Helen on her assistance.
⒊uninterested(不感興趣的)： disinterested(大公無(wú)私的)
(a) All were uninterested in the project.
(b) A good judge should be disinterested.
⒋formally(正式地)：formerly(以前)
(a) The guest was formally introduced to the host.
(b) Tom was formerly our class monitor.
⒌healthful(有利健康的)：healthy(身體健康)
(a) Villagers enjoy the healthful mountain air.
(b) Healthy people live happily.
⒍impractical(不切實(shí)際的)：impracticable(不易實(shí)行的)
(a) Such a plan is idealistic; it is impractical.
(b) No one will support an idea if it is impracticable.
⒎tasty(好吃的)：tasteful(有鑒賞力的)
(a) Many westerners like tasty Chinese Food.
(b) Helen made a tasteful arrangement of the furniture in the lobby.
⒏statue(雕像)：stature(身高)：statute(法令)
(a) There is a gigantic statue of Raffles in the park.
(b)Most basketball players are men of tall stature.
(c) It is necessary to remove an outdated statute or replace it with an up-to-date one.
⒐appreciable(明顯的;可感覺(jué)到的)：appreciative(欣賞的;感激的)
(a) There has been an appreciable increase in food prices./ There is an appreciable difference in the attitude of two new clerks.
(b) David was very appreciative of his colleagues' cooperation in the project.
�、篵urned：burnt(焚燒)
(a) The love of freedom burned in our hearts./ The candles have burned brightly since last night.(不及物動(dòng)詞)
(b) The boy burnt his thumb./ Betty has burnt all the letters from her former boy friend.(及物動(dòng)詞)
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