選修8英語(yǔ)u2課文翻譯
英語(yǔ)課文翻譯對(duì)于學(xué)生倆說,要求比較高,難度比較大。以下是小編整理的選修8英語(yǔ)u2課文翻譯,歡迎閱讀。
一、Reading
CLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US?
Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg. The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.
Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts to clone mammals failed. But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cloning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure works like this:
On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dolly's illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal. Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected other species, such as cloned mice. The questions that concerned all scientists were: his be a major difficulty for all cloned animals? Would it happen forever? Could it be solved if corrections were made in their research procedure?
On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination. It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybody's eyes to the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings.
Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. Religious leaders also raised moral questions. Governments became nervous and more conservative. Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provide. However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.
【翻譯】
克隆:它將把我們引向何方?
克隆一直與我們同在,而如今它還要持續(xù)下去。這是一種用來生產(chǎn)與原型完全相同的動(dòng)植物的方法。當(dāng)園藝師從生長(zhǎng)著的植物上剪下枝條來培植新植物時(shí),就會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。這種現(xiàn)象也發(fā)生在動(dòng)物身上,從同一個(gè)原生卵子產(chǎn)生性別和相貌相同的雙胞胎也是克隆。實(shí)際上,這些都是自然克隆現(xiàn)象。
克隆技術(shù)有兩大用途。第一,園藝師一直用它生產(chǎn)大量的供商用的植物;第二,它在對(duì)新植物物種的研究以及對(duì)動(dòng)物的醫(yī)學(xué)研究方面都是很有價(jià)值的?寺≈参锖(jiǎn)單,但克隆動(dòng)物就比較復(fù)雜了,是一項(xiàng)很難完成的任務(wù)?寺〔溉閯(dòng)物的多次嘗試都失敗了。但是,科學(xué)家的決心和耐心最終得到了回報(bào),這就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊―多莉‖的誕生。它的程序如下圖所示:
1.母羊(A)提供一個(gè)卵細(xì)胞。
2.在卵細(xì)胞中取出細(xì)胞核。
3.卵細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)備接受新的細(xì)胞核。
4.母羊(B)提供一個(gè)供克隆的軀干細(xì)胞。該細(xì)胞核應(yīng)包含生產(chǎn)一頭新羊所需要的全部基因。
5.取出該細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核。
6.用電把母羊(B)的軀干細(xì)胞核和母羊(A)的卵細(xì)胞結(jié)合起來。
7.細(xì)胞分裂并生長(zhǎng)成胚胎。
8.把胚胎植入另外一頭母羊(C)體內(nèi),母羊(C)就是克隆羊的代*者。
9.這頭小羔羊就是母羊(B)所提,供的細(xì)胞核克隆而成的。 一方面,整個(gè)科學(xué)界都在關(guān)注著首例成功的克隆動(dòng)物多莉羊的成長(zhǎng)¨多莉看來是在正常地成長(zhǎng)著,這很令人鼓舞。接著傳來了多莉病重的壞消息。研究克隆的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)多莉得的病更容易發(fā)生在年老的羊身上.這讓他們很沮喪。多莉總共只存活了六年半,這是它的原型羊壽命的一半。可悲的是,同樣無(wú)法控制的命運(yùn)也在影響著其他物種,如克隆鼠。科學(xué)家的腦海里產(chǎn)生的問題是:―這是不是所有克隆動(dòng)物的一個(gè)主要困難呢?這種現(xiàn)象會(huì)不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)發(fā)生?如果改進(jìn)程序,問題會(huì)不會(huì)解決?
另一方面,多莉的出生引起了一陣強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì),對(duì),對(duì)媒體和公眾的想象力也產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。它引起了爭(zhēng)議,因?yàn)樗蝗淮蜷_了人們的眼界,看到了有可能:用克隆技術(shù)來治療重病,甚至克隆出人類。
盡管目前供克隆研究的人體卵細(xì)胞和胚胎還很難得到,但報(bào)紙報(bào)道說,有些邪惡頭目希望把自己克隆出來以實(shí)現(xiàn)他的野心。宗教領(lǐng)袖也提出了道德方面的問題。各國(guó)政府惶恐不安而且更加謹(jǐn)慎,有些政府開始改革司法制度,明令禁止進(jìn)行克隆人類的研究。但是其他國(guó)家如中國(guó)和英國(guó),則還在繼續(xù)收集克隆技術(shù)有可能提供豐富有的醫(yī)療救助的證據(jù)。然而,科學(xué)察們?nèi)詫?duì)克隆技術(shù)有助于人類還是有害于人類,以及克隆技術(shù)將把我們引向何處困惑。
二、Using Language
THE RETURN OF THE DINOSAURS?
The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals has always excited film makers. And they are not the only ones! The popularity of films such as Jurassic Park, in which a scientist clones several kinds of extinct dinosaurs, proves how the idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into people's hearts. But in fact we are a long way from being able to clone extinct animals. Scientists are still experimenting with cloning mammals. This is because the cloning of mammals is still a new science and its story only began seriously in the 1950s as this list shows: 1950s cloning of frogs 1996 first clone of a mammal: Dolly the sheep 1970s research using the embryos of mice 2000 cow gave birth to a bison 1979 work on embryos of sheep and mice 2001 China's first cloned twin calves 1981 first experimental clones of mice 2002 first cloned cats 1983 first experimental clones of cows 2005 first cloned dog …
From time to time people suggest that extinct animals like dinosaurs, can possibly be brought back to life through cloning. Unfortunately, with what we know now, this is either impossible or unsuitable. There are many reasons. ◎ The initial requirement is that you need perfect DNA (which gives information for how cellsare to grow).
◎ All efforts of cloning an animal will be in vain if there is not enough diversity in the group to overcome illnesses. Diversity in a group meanshaving animals with their genes arranged in different ways. The advantage is that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die,but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation. The great drawback to cloning a group ofanimals is that they would all have the same arrangement of genes and so might die of the same illness. Then none of them would be left tocontinue the species.
◎ It would be unfair to clone any extinct animals if they were to live in a zoo. A suitable habitat would be needed for them to lead a natural life.
Based on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct longer than 10,000 years. Actually, dinosaurs disappeared 65,000,000 years ago. So the chance of dinosaurs ever returning to the earth is merely a dream.
【翻譯】
恐龍的回歸?
克隆兇猛和滅絕的野生動(dòng)物的可能性一直使電影制片商感到興奮。然而他們并不是唯一對(duì)此感到興奮的人。在《侏羅紀(jì)公園》這部影片中,有一位科學(xué)家克隆了好幾種不同的絕種恐龍。類似這樣的`電影很受歡迎,證明了這一想法使人們感到既興奮又恐懼。但事實(shí)上,想要克隆絕種動(dòng)物,我們還要很長(zhǎng)的路程要走?茖W(xué)家們現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行克隆哺乳動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),這是因?yàn)榭寺〔溉閯?dòng)物仍然還是一門新的科學(xué),它是從20世紀(jì)50年代才開始進(jìn)行認(rèn)真研究的,如下表所示:
20世紀(jì)50年代:克隆青蛙 1996年:首次克隆哺乳動(dòng)物(多利羊) 20世紀(jì)70年代:用老鼠胚胎進(jìn)行研究 2000年:母牛生野牛
1979年:對(duì)羊和老鼠的胚胎進(jìn)行研究 2001年:中國(guó)首次克隆出雙胞胎小牛 1981年:首次對(duì)老鼠進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)性研究 2002年:首次克隆貓 1983年:首次對(duì)母牛進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)性研究 2005年:首次克隆狗
不時(shí)地會(huì)有人提議,克隆技術(shù)將有可能使地球上已經(jīng)消失的動(dòng)物(如恐龍)復(fù)活。不幸的是,據(jù)我們現(xiàn)在所知這是不可能的,也是不合適的。其原因有很多:
◎ 首先要求你有完好的,以提供有關(guān)細(xì)胞將如何生長(zhǎng)的信息。
◎ 如果某個(gè)動(dòng)物群體沒有足夠的多樣性以戰(zhàn)勝疾病,那么克隆這種動(dòng)物的所有努力都將是無(wú)用的。群體的多樣性是指這群動(dòng)物的基因要以不同的方式排列。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,如果發(fā)生了某種新的疾病,這類動(dòng)物中的一些可能會(huì)死去,而另外一些卻能存活下來,并且把這種免疫力傳給下一代。經(jīng)過克隆的動(dòng)物群體的最大缺點(diǎn)是:它們的基因排列有可能完全相同,因而它們有可能會(huì)死于同一種疾病,這樣它們也可能一個(gè)也留不下來傳種接代了。
◎你如果克隆出任何絕種動(dòng)物,而它們必須生活在動(dòng)物園里那是不公平的。它們需要適當(dāng)?shù)臈⒌剡^正常的野生生活。
就我們現(xiàn)在所知,你不可能克隆那些已經(jīng)絕種了一萬(wàn)年以上的動(dòng)物。事實(shí)上恐龍?jiān)?,500萬(wàn)年以前就已經(jīng)消失了,所以說恐龍回歸地球的可能性僅僅是個(gè)夢(mèng)想罷了!
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