高考英語備考 高考英語非謂語動49題整理
高考英語備考 高考英語非謂語動詞49題(三)
高考臨近,以下是有關(guān)高考英語非謂語動詞的一些重要?dú)w納,希望對大家有所幫助!
31. After describing the planned improvements, she went on _______ how much they would cost.
A. to explain B. explaining
C. to be explaining D. having explained
32. Please excuse me _______ your letter by mistake.
A. to open B. to have opened
C. for opening D. in opening
33. Please remember _______ the plants while I’m away.
A. watering B. to be watering
C. to water D. being watering
34. Certainly I posted your letter — I remember ______ it.
A. posting B. to post
C. to be posting D. have posted
35. Stop _______ me to hurry up. I can only go so fast.
A. to tell B. telling
C. to have told D. having told
36. Remember _______ off the light when _______ to bed.
A. turning, going B. to turn, to go
C. turning, to go D. to turn, going
37. _______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give
C. Giving D. Given
38. _______ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A. Being founded B. It was founded
C. Founded D. Founding
39. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the ________.
A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain
C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars
40. The picture _______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
A. having hung B. hanging
C. hangs D. being hung
41. With a lot of difficult problems ________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. setting
C. to settle D. being settled
42. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen
C. seeing D. seen
43. Tony was very unhappy for _______ to the party.
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
44. “Good morning. Can I help you?” “I’d like to have this package _______.”
A. be weighed B. to be weighed
C. to weigh D. weighed
45. What have we said _______ her so happy?
A. makes B. to make
C. made D. has made
46. What worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.
A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed
C his being not allowed D. having not being allowed
47. “Which sweater is yours?” “The one _______ No. 9.”
A. that marked B. was marked with
C. which marked D. marked with
48.If the car won’t start, _____ it.
A. try push B. try pushing
C. to try pushing D. to try to push
49. They stayed up until midnight _____ the old year out and the new year in.
A. and saw B. to see
C. seeing D. for seeing
高考狀元經(jīng)驗談:高一英語的學(xué)習(xí)方法
編者按:小編為大家收集發(fā)布了高中英語學(xué)習(xí)方法:高考狀元經(jīng)驗談:高一英語的學(xué)習(xí)方法,希望對大家有所幫助。
高考狀元經(jīng)驗談:高一英語的學(xué)習(xí)方法
英語學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)從聽、說、讀、寫四個方面入手。
1、 聽什么
聽錄音。要想提高英語聽力,僅靠課堂上的錄音是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,課下也要大量聽錄音。錄音不應(yīng)該選擇過于難的,最好是和英語教科書配套的錄音資料。要選擇原聲材料,這樣可以糾正發(fā)音。
聽英代節(jié)目。電視有英語新聞,收音機(jī)有英代講座,這都是相當(dāng)好的聽力材料,而且它們的發(fā)音都比較純正,比如英國的 BBC 英代廣播等,經(jīng)常聽這些英語節(jié)目,對學(xué)習(xí)英語是大有裨益的。剛開始可能聽不懂,但不要著急,只要堅持不懈,就會逐漸聽懂的。
另外,如果條件允許,還可以多和外國人進(jìn)行交談,這樣對提高聽力的幫助更大。
2、 怎樣說
語言的最重要的作用之一就是交流,說是交流最常用的方式。要學(xué)好英語,一定要多說多練,要敢于用英語同別人進(jìn)行交流。交流時,注意美式英語和英式英語的區(qū)別,注意語勢、詞調(diào)等,還要特別注意自己的發(fā)音。
英語課上要盡量說英語,少說漢語。
日常生活中也要多說。為什么我們的漢語說得這么流暢哪?因為我們天天在說,時時在用,學(xué)習(xí)英語也一樣,一定要多說、勤說、抓住一切機(jī)會說。
3、讀什么
讀是英語四大基本技能之一,被很多專家和有經(jīng)驗的英代學(xué)者視為最有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法。
多讀單詞、短語、句型,多讀課代。在多讀的基礎(chǔ)上背誦課代是比較好的。書讀百遍,其義自見,講的就是這個道理。
多讀是英語學(xué)習(xí)比較有效的方法,它可以使你熟悉單詞、短語、句型、增加詞匯,能夠提高判斷能力、聽說能力和閱讀速度,同時能夠加強(qiáng)口語,培養(yǎng)語感。
4、怎樣寫
抄寫課代是比較好的英語學(xué)習(xí)方法。抄的時候,眼、耳、口、手、腦全要工作,眼睛看著,耳朵聽著,口里念著,手下寫著,腦袋里思考著。同時用英代寫日記、記隨感,也能提高我們的英語水平。
英語學(xué)習(xí)要將聽、說、讀、寫四種能力綜合起來,才更見效。
淺談英語自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的培養(yǎng)
摘要:終身學(xué)習(xí)是社會每個成員為適應(yīng)社會發(fā)展和實現(xiàn)個體發(fā)展的需要,為此,每個社會成員都應(yīng)學(xué)會并掌握自主學(xué)習(xí)、自我教育的能力。新課程改革也強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變,倡導(dǎo)構(gòu)建以學(xué)生為主體的自主學(xué)習(xí)模式。因此,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的自主性、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力,是我們當(dāng)前應(yīng)積極探究的一個重要課題。本文結(jié)合作者的英語教學(xué)實踐,認(rèn)為學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣、學(xué)習(xí)信心、學(xué)習(xí)方法、學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,是培養(yǎng)、構(gòu)建學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的重要因素,并就此作一些初步的探索。
關(guān)鍵詞:英語自主學(xué)習(xí)興趣信心方法習(xí)慣
21世紀(jì)科技不斷發(fā)展,新知識、新技術(shù)不斷涌現(xiàn),學(xué)會學(xué)習(xí)、終身學(xué)習(xí)成為人們生存和發(fā)展的需要。因此,我們基礎(chǔ)教育階段的學(xué)校教育重點(diǎn)在于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)、自我教育的能力,使之學(xué)會學(xué)習(xí)。
新課程改革也強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變,倡導(dǎo)構(gòu)建以教師為主導(dǎo)、學(xué)生為主體的“自主學(xué)習(xí)”模式,在《基礎(chǔ)教育課程改革綱要》中提出了“……教學(xué)過程中應(yīng)……注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的獨(dú)立性和自主性……促進(jìn)學(xué)生在教師指導(dǎo)下主動地、富有個性地學(xué)習(xí)”,英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也明確規(guī)定,基礎(chǔ)教育階段英語課程的任務(wù)是“激發(fā)和培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣,使學(xué)生樹立自信心,養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣和形成有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略,發(fā)展自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力和合作精神……為他們終身學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展打下良好的基礎(chǔ)”。
作為世界通用語言,英語在我國有成千上萬的人在學(xué)習(xí),然而因為缺乏良好的交際使用環(huán)境,難以“習(xí)得”,主要還是通過“學(xué)習(xí)”這一方式。因此英語的教與學(xué)相當(dāng)關(guān)鍵,特別是學(xué)習(xí)者的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力,對英語的學(xué)習(xí)效果至關(guān)重要——正如著名外語教學(xué)專家M .韋斯特所說:“外語是學(xué)會的,不是教會的”。
綜上所述,英語教學(xué)過程中,重點(diǎn)不在于我們教會了學(xué)生多少單詞或幾個語言點(diǎn),而在于如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力。當(dāng)然,自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的養(yǎng)成,不是一朝一夕的事情,需要不斷地進(jìn)行科學(xué)的“教育干預(yù)”,更需要符合學(xué)習(xí)者自身的學(xué)習(xí)策略的指導(dǎo)。結(jié)合英語教學(xué)實踐,我認(rèn)為激發(fā)興趣、樹立信心、傳授方法、培養(yǎng)習(xí)慣是促成學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力發(fā)展的有效手段。
一、學(xué)習(xí)興趣的激發(fā)
興趣是一種帶有情緒色彩的認(rèn)識傾向,是推動人去認(rèn)識事物、探索真理的一種重要動機(jī)。當(dāng)學(xué)生對某一學(xué)科產(chǎn)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣時,他就會產(chǎn)生力求掌握知識的理智感,使大腦感官處于最活躍狀態(tài) 高三,引起學(xué)習(xí)中的高度注意,使思維更加活躍、想象更加豐富、記憶更加牢固,能抑制疲勞,產(chǎn)生愉快情緒,能夠最佳地接受教學(xué)信息。因此,新課程十分關(guān)注學(xué)生的情緒生活和情感體驗,課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更把激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣,使學(xué)生嘗到學(xué)習(xí)的樂趣作為重要的目標(biāo)提了出來。
那么,在教學(xué)過程中如何激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣、使學(xué)生感興趣地進(jìn)行自主學(xué)習(xí)呢?我認(rèn)為,有趣的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容、快樂的學(xué)習(xí)過程是激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣的重要因素——有樂趣,才會有興趣,正如英語的一句諺語"Education must be fun"。因此,新課程在教材內(nèi)容上盡量遴選學(xué)生喜聞樂見的事件,同時注意教材的開放性和彈性,在合理安排基本課程內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,給地方、學(xué)校、老師留有選擇、開發(fā)的空間和余地,允許教師根據(jù)需要自由刪減、補(bǔ)充、替換教材教學(xué)內(nèi)容。此外,教學(xué)過程中,教師也應(yīng)注意采取靈活多樣、生動有趣的教學(xué)方法、手段,講講笑話、做做游戲、排演小品、觀摩影視作品等。例如,在給學(xué)生講英語的同音詞two/too/to的時候,我給學(xué)生講了這么一個故事:
話說有個英語初學(xué)者,剛剛學(xué)完one two three four five。一天上街坐公交車,不小心踩了一老外的腳,于是趕緊說了一句:"I am sorry"。老外心想公交這么擠,踩踏難免的,禮節(jié)性地回了一句:"I am sorry too"。這人一聽"sorry two"?,嘿,跟我較勁比客氣?于是沖口就來:"I am sorry three!"老外一愣,懵了:"What are you sorry for?"這人一聽"sorry four",心想,four都出來了,咱中國禮儀之邦,可不能輸給他,于是趕緊更誠懇地說:"ok,I am sorry Five!!! "
通過這個笑話,學(xué)生在歡笑之余也知道了two/too,four/for這兩組同音詞,課堂氛圍隨之活躍,學(xué)習(xí)興趣也被調(diào)動起來。
二、學(xué)習(xí)信心的樹立
自信亦稱自信心,是一個人相信自己的能力的心理狀態(tài),是對自己實力的正確估計和積極肯定,是心理健康的一種表現(xiàn),是學(xué)習(xí)、事業(yè)成功的有利心理條件。
做任何事情,僅僅有興趣是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,如果缺乏信心,那么,這樣的興趣是不能持久的,學(xué)習(xí)更是如此。很多人可能都有這樣的學(xué)習(xí)體驗:對于一門學(xué)科,在我們剛剛接觸并學(xué)習(xí)它的時候并不會討厭它,對某個學(xué)科的厭煩甚至抵觸的心理是在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中逐漸產(chǎn)生并惡化的。教學(xué)內(nèi)容枯燥乏味,課堂教學(xué)單調(diào)沉悶是造成這一問題的原因之一。而另一個主要的原因在于學(xué)生感到學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)過重,對學(xué)習(xí)失去了信心。
因此,我們應(yīng)注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的自信心。當(dāng)學(xué)生對學(xué)習(xí)充滿自信,學(xué)習(xí)對其而言,將不再是種負(fù)擔(dān),學(xué)習(xí)也才能更積極、更主動。
那么,如何培養(yǎng)、增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)自信呢?在英語教學(xué)過程中,我認(rèn)為應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn):
1. 包容錯誤,不過度糾偏
鼓勵是幫助初學(xué)者克服學(xué)習(xí)英語困難的良好方法,在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語言過程中,出現(xiàn)語法錯誤是難免的,對此老師要給予包容,不要輕易責(zé)備學(xué)習(xí)有困難的學(xué)生,不要生硬地糾正學(xué)生的錯誤,就像我們每個人牙牙學(xué)語時父母對我們的鼓勵讓我們最終學(xué)會說話,老師的包容能夠讓學(xué)生有更好的勇氣和信心學(xué)好英語。因此,在情景對話或者書面表達(dá)中,當(dāng)學(xué)生出現(xiàn)"I go to school yestoday"、"He did not asks me"這樣的表達(dá)錯誤時,我沒有當(dāng)場生硬地打斷或特別揪出來做更正,只是稍加提示;因為對于這類錯誤,學(xué)生能明白也能糾正,只是沒有養(yǎng)成正確的使用習(xí)慣而已。當(dāng)然,發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生始終出現(xiàn)這種錯誤時,則應(yīng)結(jié)合具體語境讓學(xué)生有更多的機(jī)會去操練,直到他們在使用的過程中形成正確的語言習(xí)慣。
2. 重視學(xué)生已有的知識經(jīng)驗
蘇霍姆林斯基的最近發(fā)展區(qū)理論告訴我們,教學(xué)過程中要注意學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)上的最近發(fā)展區(qū),形象地說就是要讓學(xué)生"跳一跳,夠得著",這也正是新課程改革所強(qiáng)調(diào)的,教學(xué)要重視學(xué)生已有的知識經(jīng)驗,并在此基礎(chǔ)上實現(xiàn)學(xué)生知識的"正遷移",促成學(xué)生掌握新的知識。
因此,在英語教學(xué)過程中,我反復(fù)教育學(xué)生,要學(xué)會用學(xué)習(xí)語文的成功經(jīng)驗來學(xué)習(xí)英語,畢竟語言有很多地方是共通的。例如,在教學(xué)國際音標(biāo)時,我就引導(dǎo)學(xué)生將其與小學(xué)學(xué)過的漢語拼音對照著學(xué)習(xí),先回顧朗讀拼音字母,讓學(xué)生掌握每個拼音字母的發(fā)音,并參照著學(xué)習(xí)掌握英語音標(biāo)的發(fā)音(如下圖)。
漢語拼音 (英語)國際音標(biāo) 例詞
【韻母】 【元音】
aˉ
a?
aˇ--------------------------/a:/------------- dark
a?--------------------------/∧/------------- duck
【聲母】 【輔音】
b /b/ --------------- big back
p ----音標(biāo)發(fā)音近似拼音發(fā)音去/u?/音---- /p/ ---------------- pig pack
m /m/
再比如音標(biāo)的拼讀,也引導(dǎo)學(xué)生借鑒漢語拼音的拼讀方法,如借鑒漢語"嘿hei"、"嗨hai"學(xué)會英語單詞"hey /hei/"、"Hi /hai/"的拼讀。同時,為了讓學(xué)生感受到英語音標(biāo)發(fā)音與漢語拼音拼讀的共同點(diǎn),我給學(xué)生講了下面的這個笑話:
話說有兩個乞丐沿街乞討,一個是四肢健全的瞎子,一個是腿腳殘疾的明眼人,兩人都深感殘疾給他們乞討帶來的不便。為此兩人決定進(jìn)行合作,由瞎子背著腿腳殘疾的那個,腿腳殘疾的那個給瞎子乞丐指路,兩人四處游走乞討,兩個人的乞討收入比以前好多了。一天兩人正沿街乞討,收獲頗豐,走著走著,忽然聽到背上的那個乞丐急促的唱到”gou gou gou”,背人的那個瞎子乞丐心想,伙伴今天心情不錯嘛,還唱起歌”go go go”來了,于是他馬上接唱道:“Go, go, go,Ale, ale, ale”。背上的那個乞丐更急了,“gou gou gou”,背人的那個瞎子乞丐繼續(xù)接唱“GoGoGoGo,Here we go!” 結(jié)果,兩人撲通一聲一起掉溝【gou】里去了。這就是英語單詞Go /g?u/與漢字‘溝’(gou)同音帶來的誤會。
三、(老師)學(xué)習(xí)方法的指導(dǎo)
中國有句古話叫“授之以魚不如授之以漁”,說的是傳授給人既有的知識,不如傳授給人學(xué)習(xí)知識的方法。我們要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行自主學(xué)習(xí),培養(yǎng)其自主學(xué)習(xí)、終身學(xué)習(xí)的能力,平時在教學(xué)過程中就要加強(qiáng)對其進(jìn)行方法指導(dǎo)。當(dāng)他們掌握了方法、掌握自主學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)具備的基本功,他們才能夠真正有效地進(jìn)行自主學(xué)習(xí)。
例如,很多學(xué)生背記單詞都是采用字母拼讀法,比如,背記book這個單詞,他們往往是"b-o-o-k,book"這樣記,當(dāng)單詞數(shù)量放大之后,這種記憶方法的弊端馬上顯現(xiàn)出來,很容易出現(xiàn)增減字母或者字母次序混淆的現(xiàn)象,而英語單詞,細(xì)微的字母差別,可能單詞天差地別。比如,"god"和"dog",如果字母拼讀法,單詞量一多,學(xué)生很可能都分不清到底哪個單詞是"上帝"哪個是"狗"。因此,我反復(fù)和學(xué)生講,背記單詞要采用發(fā)音拼讀法,即根據(jù)發(fā)音規(guī)律去掌握單詞的拼寫。此外,我還告訴學(xué)生,英語單詞的學(xué)習(xí)要注意融入語境,因為英語有很多約定俗成的表達(dá),剝離了具體得語言環(huán)境,很容易出現(xiàn)謬誤。比如,你不能把"How are you"、"How old are you?"當(dāng)中的單詞一個一個剝離開來,自己逐個查單詞,翻譯成"怎么是你?"、"怎么老是你?",看似很通,其實謬矣。再比如,rain cats and dogs 的含意為"下傾盆大雨" 而不是什么"下雨貓和狗"。
讓學(xué)生做情景對話時,有的學(xué)生擔(dān)心自己發(fā)音不準(zhǔn)、表達(dá)不流暢而推說“我不會”,我就和他們講:“你不會,所以才要學(xué)、要練,你說得不夠好,是因為你還練得不夠,像"how are you " 、"how do you do" 、 "sorry, I don’t know" 你們就可以說得很好,而你們的父母可能一句都說不出來,因為這些你們覺得簡單的句子你們已經(jīng)操練過多變遍。我們中國自古有云"書讀百遍,其義自見",這道出了語言學(xué)習(xí)的真諦,那就是多練習(xí)朗讀,用不了100遍,你就會有語感了,自然而然你就掌握了相關(guān)的表達(dá)方法。如鸚鵡學(xué)舌,模仿重復(fù)、多講多練,就是學(xué)習(xí)英語的不二法寶,鸚鵡能夠都學(xué)會說人話,難道我們還比不上一只鳥,學(xué)不好英語?”。
四、(學(xué)生)學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成
在自主學(xué)習(xí)模式下,學(xué)生是自我指導(dǎo)、自我調(diào)節(jié)、自我激勵的學(xué)習(xí)者,因此,良好的`學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣對促進(jìn)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)至關(guān)重要。學(xué)生由于其年齡身心發(fā)展特點(diǎn),其習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成,需要教師不懈地指導(dǎo)、監(jiān)督,促使學(xué)生自我對照檢查、強(qiáng)化。以下幾個方面的習(xí)慣是英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中要努力養(yǎng)成的:
、耪n前預(yù)習(xí)的習(xí)慣。
預(yù)習(xí)是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的最有效的手段。預(yù)習(xí)可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察能力、思維能力、想象能力和發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、分析問題、解決問題的能力。
⑵及時復(fù)習(xí)的習(xí)慣。
課后復(fù)習(xí)是進(jìn)一步消化理解,鞏固記憶,把所學(xué)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行條理化、系統(tǒng)化的過程,也是與遺忘作斗爭的過程,是搞好學(xué)習(xí)的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)。
、仟(dú)立作業(yè)的習(xí)慣。
獨(dú)立完成作業(yè)是學(xué)生經(jīng)過自己獨(dú)立思考,自覺靈活地分析問題和解決問題,進(jìn)一步加深和鞏固對新知識的理解和對新技能的掌握的過程。
、日n外自學(xué)的習(xí)慣。
課外自學(xué)是一種內(nèi)容可以自由選擇、方式靈活多樣的學(xué)習(xí)方式,是對學(xué)生課內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)的補(bǔ)充和延續(xù)。特別是英語這種課程,課堂上的知識容量、練習(xí)機(jī)會畢竟有限,更需要從課后自己通過電視、廣播、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等媒體創(chuàng)設(shè)相關(guān)的語言環(huán)境和實踐練習(xí)機(jī)會。
、捎⒄Z思維的習(xí)慣
英語學(xué)習(xí)最最重要的是英語思維習(xí)慣的培養(yǎng)。學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語過程中最大的障礙不是詞匯,不是語法,不是句型結(jié)構(gòu),而是英語的思維習(xí)慣。如果我們在學(xué)習(xí)英語過程中無法領(lǐng)會英語思維的話,而用我們的中國人思維去遣詞造句,必然只能說出來讓老外摸不著頭腦,只有中國人能聽得懂的Chinglish。
比如,"我和湯姆將去看電影"我們不能直譯成" I and Tom will go to see a film. "
再比如,面對別人的表揚(yáng)和贊美,我們不能按照中國的思維習(xí)慣,表達(dá)謙虛,直譯成"where,where(哪里,哪里) "或"No,No(不,不) ",而應(yīng)遵循英語思維的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,回應(yīng)一句"Thank you"。
結(jié)語
蘇霍姆林斯基說過:“只有能夠激發(fā)學(xué)生去進(jìn)行自我教育的教育,才是真正的教育”。我們教育學(xué)生最終就是要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自我教育、自我發(fā)展的能力。因此,世紀(jì)之初,面對新課程改革的要求,我們應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮教師的主導(dǎo)作用,在教學(xué)過程中利用多種策略去激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣、信心,指導(dǎo)他們養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,培養(yǎng)、發(fā)展他們的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力,從而讓每一個人都能夠適性發(fā)展,更好地適應(yīng)社會、時代發(fā)展的要求。
參考文獻(xiàn)
①朱慕菊.走進(jìn)新課程—與課程實施者對話[M].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2002
、诮逃炕A(chǔ)教育司. 基礎(chǔ)教育課程改革綱要(試行)[M].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2001
、劢逃炕A(chǔ)教育司.全日制義務(wù)教育普通高級中學(xué)英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[S]. 北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2001
、荦嬀S國.論學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)[M].北京:教育科學(xué)出版社,2001
英語高考寫作備考 “三十六計”的英文表達(dá)
高考臨近,以下是“三十六計”的英文表達(dá),希望對大家有所幫助!
瞞天過海crossing the sea under camouflage
圍魏救趙relieving the state of Zhao by besieging the state of Wei
借刀殺人killing someone with a borrowed knife
以逸待勞waiting at one’s ease for the exhausted enemy
趁火打劫plundering a burning house
聲東擊西making a feint to the east and attacking in the west
無中生有creating something out of nothing
暗渡陳倉advancing secretly by an unknown path
隔岸觀火watching a fire from the other side of the river
笑里藏刀covering the dagger with a smile
李代桃僵palming off substitute for the real thing
順手牽羊picking up something in passing
打草驚蛇beating the grass to frighten the snake
借尸還魂resurrecting a dead soul by borrowing a corpse
調(diào)虎離山luring the tiger out of his den
欲擒故縱letting the enemy off in order to catch him
拋磚引玉giving the enemy something to induce him to lose more valuable things
擒賊擒王capturing the ringleader first in order to capture all the followers
釜底抽薪extracting the firewood from under the cauldron
混水摸魚muddling the water to catch the fish; fishing in troubled waters
金蟬脫殼slipping away by casting off a cloak; getting away like the cicada sloughing its skin
關(guān)門捉賊catching the thief by closing / blocking his escape route
遠(yuǎn)交近攻befriending the distant enemy while attacking a nearby enemy
假途伐虢attacking the enemy by passing through a common neighbor
偷梁換柱stealing the beams and pillars and replacing them with rotten timbers
指桑罵槐reviling/ abusing the locust tree while pointing to the mulberry
假癡不癲feigning madness without becoming insane
上屋抽梯removing the ladder after the enemy has climbed up the roof
樹上開花putting artificial flowers on trees
反客為主turning from the guest into the host
美人計using seductive women to corrupt the enemy
空城計presenting a bold front to conceal unpreparedness
反間計sowing discord among the enemy
苦肉計deceiving the enemy by torturing one’s own man
連環(huán)計coordinating one stratagem with another
走為上decamping being the best; running away as the best choice
高中英語學(xué)習(xí)方法:高中英語經(jīng)典句型
【摘要】鑒于大家對高中頻道十分關(guān)注,小編在此為大家搜集整理了此文“高中英語學(xué)習(xí)方法:高中英語經(jīng)典句型”,供大家參考!
高中英語學(xué)習(xí)方法:高中英語經(jīng)典句型
高考英語經(jīng)典句型幫你闖過寫作和語法關(guān)
1、as 句型:
(1) as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句句型:“按照……;正如……”
例:We do farm work as the old peasant teaches us.
As(it is)in your country, we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south. 正如(像) 你們國家一樣,我們北方種植小麥,南方種植水稻。
(2) as+形容詞/副詞原級+(a /an)+名詞+as ;
否定式:not as/so --- as
例:He is as good a player as his sister.
他和他姐姐一樣是位優(yōu)秀的運(yùn)動員。
(3) such + n. + as to do 如此……以致于……
例:She is such a fool as to believe what he said.
她是一個如此的一個笨蛋以致相信了他所說的話。
(4) so + adj./adv. + as to do sth 如此……以致于……
例:He was so strong as to carry the heavy box.
他是如此的強(qiáng)壯以致于能提起那重箱子。
(5) such --- as--- 象……之類的…… (接名詞或定語從句)
例:He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.
他希望成為一個像雷鋒這樣的人。
(6) the same +名詞+as 和……一樣的…… (接名詞或定語從句)
例:He is not the same man as he used to be 他不是從前的那樣子了。
(7) as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句
例:As is known to us, knowledge is power.眾所周知,知識就是力量。
(8)引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。與while意義相近
例:We get wiser as we get older. 隨著我們長大,我們也變得越來越聰明。
(9) 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,與because的用法相近
例:As it was getting very late, we soon turned back.
因為越來越遲了,所以我們不久就回來了。
(10) 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句
例:Child as he is, he knows much about science.
盡管他是一個小孩,但他對科學(xué)了解得很多。
2、prefer 句型:
(1) prefer to do sth
例:I prefer to stay at home. 我寧愿呆在家里。
(2) prefer doing sth
例:I prefer playing in defence. 我喜歡打防守。
(3) prefer sb to do sth
例:Would you prefer me to stay? 你愿意我留下來嗎?
(4) prefer to do sth rather than do sth ……寧愿…...而不愿.…".
例句:I prefer to stay at home rather than go out
我寧愿呆在家里而不愿出去.
(5) prefer doing sth to doing sth
例:I prefer watching football to playing it.
我喜歡看籃球,不喜歡打籃球。
(6) prefer sth to sth
例:I prefer tea to coffee. 我要茶不要咖啡。
3、when 句型:
(1) be doing sth ---- when ---
例:He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
他正笑著的時候門突然開了,他妻子走了進(jìn)來。
(2) be about to do sth --- when ---
例:We were about to start when it began to rain.
我們剛要出發(fā),天就開始下雨了。
(3) had not done sth --- when ---/ hardly --- when ---
例: He had not fallen asleep when the telephone rang.
他剛要入睡電話就響了。
(4) had just done ---- when ---
例:I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang.
在勞累了一天之后我剛剛就寢,電話鈴就響了。
4、seem 句型:
(1) It +seems + that從句
例:It seemed that everyone was satisfied. 看來好像每個人都很滿意。
(2) It seems to sb that ---
例:It seems to me that she is right. 我看她是對的,
(3) There seems to be ----
例:There seems to be a heavy rain. 看上去要有一場大雨。
(4) It seems as if ----
例:It seemed that she couldn't come to class.看樣子她不能來上課了。
5、表示“相差……;增加了……;增加到……”句型:
(1) She is taller than I by three inches. 她比我高三英寸
(2) There is one year between us. 我們之間相差一歲。
(3) She is three years old than I 她比我大三歲。
(4) They have increased the price by 50%. 他們把價格上漲了50%
6、what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句
(1) what 引導(dǎo)主語從句
例:What surprised me is that everybody seemed to be very indifferent to her.
讓我吃驚的是每個人似乎對她都很冷淡.
[ indifferent adj.不關(guān)心的;冷漠的]
(2) what 引導(dǎo)賓語從句
例:We can learn what we do not know. 我們能學(xué)會我們不懂的東西。
(3) what 引導(dǎo)表語從句
例:That is what I want. 那正是我所要的。
(4) what 引導(dǎo)同位語從句
例:I have no idea what they are talking about. 我不知道他們正在談?wù)撌裁?
7、too句型:
(1) too...to do sth.
例:Politics is too important to be left to the politicians.
(=Politics is so important that it can't be left to the politicians.)
政治太重要了,不能由政治家來決定。
(2) only too --- to do sth
例:I shall be only too pleased to get home. 我要回到家里就非常高興。
(3) too + adj + for sth
例:These shoes are much too small for me. 我穿這雙鞋太小了。
(4) too + adj + a + n.
例:This is too difficult a text for me. 這篇課文對我來說太難了。
(5) can't … too +形容詞 無論……也不為過
例:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我們再怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)眼睛的重要性也不為過。
8、where 句型:
(1) where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句
例:This is the house where he lived last year. 這就是他去年住過的房子。
(2) where 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句
例:Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。
He left his key where he could find.他將鑰匙放在易找到的地方。
I will go where I want to go.我要去我想去的地方。
(3) where 引導(dǎo)的表語從句
例:This is where you are wrong. 這正是你錯的地方。
注:引導(dǎo)狀語從句的where= 介詞+the place where (定語從句)
例:Go where(ver) you are most needed.到最需要你的地方去。
9、wish 句型
(1) wish that sb did sth 希望某人現(xiàn)在做某事
例:I wish I were as strong as you. 我希望和你一樣強(qiáng)壯。
(2) wish that sb had done sth 希望某人過去做某事
例: I wish you had told me earlier 要是你早點(diǎn)告訴我就好了。
(3) wish that sb would/could do sth 希望某人將來做某事
例:I wish you would succeed this time. 我希望你這次會成功。
10、would rather 句型:
(1) would rather do sth than do sth 寧愿做……而不愿做……
例:She would rather die than turn against his motherland.
她寧可死也不去背叛祖國。
(2) would rather have done sth 寧愿過去做過某事
例:I would rather have taken his advice. 我寧愿過去接受他的意見。
(3) would rather sb had done sth 寧愿某人過去做過某事
例:I would rather I had passed the examination last week.
我真希望通過上星期的考試
(4) would rather sb did sth 寧愿某人現(xiàn)在或?qū)碜瞿呈?/p>
例: Who would you rather went with you? 你寧愿誰和你一起去?
11、before 句型:
(1) before sb can/ could … 某人還沒來得及……
例:Before I could get in a word ,he had measured me.
我還沒來得及插話,他就給我量好了尺寸
(2) It will be +時間+ before + 還有多長時間……
例:It will be 4 years before he graduates. 他還有四年時間變畢業(yè)了。
(3) had done some time before (才……)
例:We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.
我們航行了四天四夜才見到陸地。
(4) had not done --- before --- 不到……就……
例:We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.
我們還沒走到一英里路就覺得累了。
(5) It was not +一段時間+ before 不多久就……
例:It wasn’t two years before he left the country.
還沒到兩年他們離開了那國家。
12、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:
(1) It is /was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who)...
例:It was I who wrote to my uncle yesterday.
是我昨天給我叔叔寫信的。
(2) Is/was it + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that (who) ...
例:Was it your brother that you met in the street?
在街上你遇見的是你兄弟嗎?
(3) Where/who/what/how等特殊疑問詞 + is/was it that ...
例:How is it that you will go to visit her tomorrow?
明天你究竟怎樣去看望她?
(4) do +謂語動詞 (強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語)
例:They do know the place well. 他們的確很熟悉那個地方。
13、用于表示過去未實現(xiàn)的希望和計劃的句型:
(1) should like to/ would like to/ would love to have done sth.
例:You should like to have written to your mother.
你本應(yīng)當(dāng)給你母親寫信。
(2) was / were going to do sth.(用過去將來時態(tài)表示原打算做什么)
例:Lucy was going to watch a basketball match.
Lucy 原打算看一場籃球比賽。
(3) was / were going to have done sth. 表示未完成原來的計劃和安排
例:Lily was going to have cleaned her bedroom, but she had no time.
Lily 原打算清理她的臥室,但她沒時間。
(4) expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, suppose, think,
want, wish ...
常用過去完成時態(tài),在這些詞后接賓語從句或者接不定式的一般形式;
或者用一般過去時態(tài)后面接不定式的完成形式表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望
例:She had supposed him to be very rich. 她原以為他很有錢。
(5) wish that …h(huán)ad done sth.表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望.
例:I wish he had been here yesterday. 要是他昨天在這兒就好了。
(6) 情態(tài)動詞should ,would, could, might, ought to等后接不定式的完成時,
表示過去本該做,打算做,想做而未做的事情.
should have done =ought to have done 本應(yīng)該做而沒做
would have done = 本來就會去做某事而沒做
could have done = 本可以做某事而沒做
might have done 本可以做而沒做
例:They ought to have apologized. 他們本該道歉的。
14、倍數(shù)句型:
(1)倍數(shù)+比較級+than...,
例:The room is twice larger than that one.這個房間是那個房間的兩倍大。
There is 30 times greater chance of being hit by lightening than being attacked by a shark.
(2)倍數(shù)+as+原級+as...,
例:The room is three times as large as that one.
這個房間是那個房間的三倍。
(3)倍數(shù)+the size /height/length /weight /width of...
例:The room is three times the size of that one.
這個房間是那個房間的3倍大。
15、 It is ------ that ---- 句型
(1) It is + 名詞 + 從句
It is a fact/an honour --- that +陳述語氣從句
例:It is a fact that the earth moves around the sun.
地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)是事實。
It is a pity/shame/no wonder that + 虛擬語氣從句
例:It is a pity that he should not come. 他若不來可真是遺憾。
(2) It is + 形容詞 + 從句
It is natural/important/necessary/strange that + 虛擬語氣從句
例:It is important that enough money be collected to fund the project.
重要的是募集足夠的錢,為這個項目提供資金。
It is obvious/apparent/clear that + 陳述語氣從句
例:It is clear that she doesn't like the dress at all.
這很清楚她一點(diǎn)兒也不喜歡這條裙子。
(3) It + 過去分詞 + 從句
It is generally/commonly believed /accepted/thought/held that ...
+陳述語氣從句
例:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道樹木對我們是不可或缺的。
It is suggested/ordered/desired/requested/decided that +虛擬語氣從句
例句:It is suggested that we should hold a meeting next week.
建議我們下周開上會。
16、It + 不及物動詞 + 從句
(1) It seems that
例:It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
看來Alice根本就不準(zhǔn)備來參加聚會了。
(2) It happened that...……很偶然.
例:It happened that I won the football lottery last week.
我上星期偶然中了足彩
(3) It occurred to sb that...
例句:It suddenly occurred to me that I knew how to solve that problem.
我突然想起我知道怎樣解決那個問題.
(4) It appears that....
例: It appears that Tom might change his mind. 看來湯姆會改變主意。
17、比較句型:
(1)原級比較:
例:English is not so difficult a subject as Russia.
英語不是和像俄語一樣難的科目。
Their bones are not as thick as adults’.
他們的骨頭和成年人的不一樣厚。
(2)一方超過另一方:
例:The weather of this year is a lot hotter than that of last year.
今年的氣候比上一年的氣候要熱得多。
(3)一方不如另一方:
例:The restoration was so bad that it made some of the buildings less secure than they had been before.
修復(fù)工作是如此的糟,以致于它使得一些建筑沒有以前安全了。
(4) The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~
(愈...愈...)
例:The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你愈努力,你愈進(jìn)步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我們書讀愈多,我們愈有學(xué)問。
(5) more…. than…與其說…倒不如說
例:Smith is more diligent than intelligent.
與其說Smith聰明倒不如說他勤奮。
(6) no +形容詞比較級+ than = as +形容詞的反義詞+ as
例:I am no better at English than you. 我的英語不比你好。
(7) that 在前后比較中代替不可數(shù)名詞和特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
例:The traditional picture of St Nicholas is quite different from that
of Father Christmas.
(8) one 在前后比較中代替泛指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
例:I prefer a flat in Beijing to one in Nanjing, because I want to live near
my Mom's. 與南京相比我更喜歡在北京有一套公寓,因為我想跟我媽媽住一起。
(9) those 在前后比較中代替 特指的復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
例:Salaries are higher here than those in my country.
這兒的工資比我們國家的高。
(10) ones 在前后比較中代替泛指的復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
例:Cars do cause us some health problems --- in fact far more serious ones
than mobile phones do.汽車確實給我們的身體健康帶來問題,事實上比手機(jī)造成的問題更嚴(yán)重。
18、感嘆句型:
(1) What a + Adj + N + S + V!
例:What an important thing it is to keep our promise!
信守我們的諾言是多么的重要啊!
(2) How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...!)
例:How important a thing it is to keep our promise!
遵守諾言是多么重要的事!
(3) How + S + V!
例句:How I want to go to Beijing. 我多么想去北京啊!
19、表法猜測的句型:
(1) must have done sth 一定做過某事 否定形式:can't have done
例:She must have come here last night. 她一定是昨晚來的。
She can't have gone there 她不可能到那兒去。
(2) may have done sth 可能做過某事 否定形式:may not have done
例:Philip may have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip 可能在這次車禍中傷得很嚴(yán)重。
(3) might have done sth 或許做過某事 否定形式: might not have done
例:She might have known what the bottle contained.
她或許知道這個瓶子里裝的是什么。
(4) should have done sth 估計已經(jīng)做了某事
否定形式:should not have done
例:She should have arrived in her office by now.
她此刻估計已經(jīng)到達(dá)辦公室了。
20、動詞不定式常用句型:
(1) It takes / took / will take sb. some time / money to do sth.
某人花/花了/將花多長時間/多少錢做某事.
例句:It took me years of hard work to speak good English.
為了講一口流利的英語,我花了多年時間刻苦操練.
(2) It is + adj +for/of sb to do sth
例:Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the
Union. 林肯說南方脫離聯(lián)邦是不對的。
It was careless of Tom to break the cup.
(3) Sb. have / has / had no choice but to do... 某人除了做……別無選擇.
例句:We had no choice but to take a taxi for we'd missed the last bus.
由于錯過了最后一班公共汽車,除了乘坐的士,我們別無選擇.
(4) It's not /just like sb. to do sth.……的行為不/正像某人的一貫作風(fēng).
例:lt's not like Jim to be late for class. He regards time as the most
important thing in life.
上課遲到不像吉姆的一貫作風(fēng),他把時間看作是生命中最重要的.
(5) ....形容詞/副詞+enough to do sth.
例:I was fortunate enough to travel to South Africa..
(6) It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。)
例句:It pays to help others. 幫助別人是值得的。
(7) It cost sb some time/money to do sth
例:It must cost a good deal to live here.住這兒一定會花很多錢的。
(8) do all he could to do sth
do what he could to do sth
do everything he could to do sth
例:They were doing everything they could to help the fatherland.
他們在盡最大努力去幫助祖國。
(9) It is hard to imagine/ say … 很難想象/說……
例:It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each
day. 很難想象愛迪生每天是怎樣工作20小時的。
It's hard to say whether the plan is practical.
這個計劃是否實際很難說。
21、動名詞常用句型:
(1) ...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing sth.
(有困難做某事)
例:People from the two countries do not have any difficulty in
understanding each other.
來自那兩個國家的人們在相互理解上是沒有困難的。
(2) upon/on doing sth, 一……就……
例:Upon / On hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he
couldn't say a word.
一聽到這個出乎意料的消息,他驚訝到說不出話來。
(3) There is no/some difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
例:There is no difficulty in solving this social problem.
解決這個社會問題毫無困難。
(4) There is no need/use harm/hurry in doing sth
例:There is no need in sending such expensive present.
沒有必要送這樣貴重的禮物。
(5) spend some time/money (in) doing sth
例:They say children spend too much time chatting and playing games instead of focusing on their school work.
他們說孩子們花太多的時間在閑聊和玩游戲上,而不是集中在學(xué)習(xí)上。
(6) It's no use / good/ worth doing sth
例:It’s no use talking with him. He won’t listen to you.
跟他談沒用,他不會聽你的。
(7) It's a waste of time/money/energy doing
例:It's a waste of time watching TV programme as this.
22、as if/though 句型:
例:He spoke to me as if I were deaf.
他那樣給我說話,就像我是聾子似的。
The new students talked as though they had been friends for years.
新來的學(xué)生們說話很親熱,就像多年的老朋友似的。
23、‘IF’虛擬條件句
(1) 與過去事實相反
例:If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.
在Brunei,如果那人用第一個手指指著的話,那人人都會認(rèn)為他很不禮貌。
(2) 與現(xiàn)在事實相反
例:If I were in your position, I would call the police immediately.
如果我處在你的位置,我會立即打電話給警察。
(3) 與將來事實相反
例:If I had (should have) time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.
如果我明天有空的話,我當(dāng)然會幫助你的。
(4) 虛擬條件句中的倒裝:
例:Should it rain, the crops would grow better.
如果天下雨的話,莊稼會長得更好。
Were I your father, I would not give you the money.
如果我是你父親的話,我就不會給你那錢了。
Had it not been for the captain, the ship would have sunk
如果不是那船長的話,那船就會沉沒了。
24、Not --- until 句型
(1) 陳述句 not --- until --- 直到……才
例:Last night I didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock. 昨晚我11點(diǎn)鐘才睡覺。
(2) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句 It wasn't until…that... 直到……才…….
例:It wasn't until yesterday that I got your letter.
我直到昨天才收到你的來信.
(3) 倒裝句 Not until...did... 直到……才…….
例:Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我開始工作,我才意識到我已蹉跎了很多歲月.
25、since 句型:
(1) Since + S + 過去式,S + 現(xiàn)在完成式
例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.
自從他上高中,他一直很用功。
(2) It is + --- + since S +持續(xù)性謂語動詞(表否定)
例:It is three years since she lived here. 她已三年不住這兒了。
(3) It is + --- + since S + 瞬間謂語動詞(表肯定)
例:It is years since I stopped smoking).我戒煙已經(jīng)數(shù)年了。
26、If only...! 真希望……!若是……那該多好啊!
(1) 謂語動詞用過去式表現(xiàn)在:如:
例:If only I knew his name! 要是我知道他的名字就好了。
(2) 謂語動詞用過去完成時表過去:如:
例:If only we had followed your advice! 我們要是采納你的意見就好了。
(3) 謂語動詞用could/would表將來:如:
例:If only I could see him again! 要是我能再看到他多好啊!
If only she would accept my invitation!
要是她接受我的邀請該多好啊1
27、讓步狀語從句:
(1) Adj./n./adv. + as/ though+ Subject(主詞)+ be, S + V~~~ (雖然...)
例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means
satisfactory.
雖然我們的國家富有,我們的生活品質(zhì)絕對令人不滿意。
(2) No matter what等特殊疑問詞... …無論什么…….
例句:No matter what happens, I'll always stand by you.
不論發(fā)生什么事,我都永遠(yuǎn)支持你.
(3) However + adj/adv + S + V, 盡管……
例:You won't be able to do it alone, however much you try.
不論你多努力,你一個人也做不來。
(4) whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever + S + V,無論什么/哪里……
例:Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都會想到你。
(5) whether … or not
例:Whether you like it or not, you'll have to do it.
不管你喜歡不喜歡,你必須做這件事。
(6) even if/though
例:Even if/Even though the exercise is very difficult, you must do it.
即使那練習(xí)很難,你都必須做。
28、違反常規(guī)的冠詞位置句型:
(1) so/as/that/too/how +adj. + a/an + n.
例:He is as good a student as you. 他和你一樣是個好學(xué)生。
This is too difficult a problem for me.對我來說這是一個太難的問題。
You can hardly imagine how clever a boy he is.
你幾乎想象不到那孩子有多聰明。
(2) quite/rather/what/such/many + a/an +(adj) +n
例:She sang quite a beautiful song. 她的歌唱得很漂亮。
He was such a fool as to believe what she said.
他是這樣的一個笨蛋以致于相信了她說的話。
(3) all/both/half/twice the + n
例:All the students in her class like her very much.
她班上所有的學(xué)生都喜歡她。
29、表示最高級的句型:
(1) Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V
Nothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V
例:Nothing is more important than to receive education.
沒有比接受教育更重要的事。
(2) no one (nobody, nothing)+so/as+原級+as
例:Nobody is so blind as those who will not see.
沒有人像那些視而不見的人如此的瞎了。
(3) 比較級+than+any other +名詞單數(shù)
比較級+than +anything(anyone)else
比較級+than + any of the others
例:Bamboo probably has more uses than any other plant in the world.
(4) 否定詞 +比較級
例:It can’t be worse. 這是最糟的
I can’t agree any more.我非常同意。
(5) be the last ----
例:This is the last thing I want to do. 這是我最不想干的事。
30、more --- than 句型:
(1) more --- than 與其……不如……
例:He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
在工作上與其說他慢不如說他懶。
(2) more than 超過;不僅僅是;非常
例:These flags are more than just colorful pieces of cloth and thread sewn together. 這些旗子不只是不同顏色的布料和絲線逢在一起。
(3) not more than 最多,不超過
例:They finished the project in not more than one year.
在不超過一年的時間內(nèi),他們完成了那項工程。
(4) no more than 僅僅
例:The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
那些官員能看到的僅僅是皇帝。
31、形式賓語與賓語補(bǔ)語句型:
(1) 形式賓語代動詞不定式
例:I think it necessary to explore the space. 我認(rèn)為探索太空是有必要的。
(2) 形式賓語代從句
例:They found it strange that no one would take the money.
他們感到很奇怪誰也不要這一筆錢。
(3) 過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)語表示賓語被動的動作:
例:I had my pen stolen. 我的筆被偷了。
(4) 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)語表示賓語正在進(jìn)行的動作。
例:They found her lying in bed reading a novel.
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)她躺在床上看小說。
(5) 以名詞(間或可用代詞)作賓語補(bǔ)足語:
例:In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his
revolutionary work.
1849年他到了英國,并且把倫敦作為他的革命工作的基地。
I think him an honest man.我認(rèn)為他是一個誠實的人。
(6) 介詞短語做賓語補(bǔ)語:如:
例:I can't find him in the office.我在辦公室外沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)他。
(7) What do you find the hardest in... 你覺得……最大的困難是什么
例句:What do you find the hardest in learning English
你覺得學(xué)英語最大的困難是什么
32、特殊的條件句:
(1) Suppose/ Supposing ---, 假如……
例:Suppose/Supposing he is absent, what shall we do?
假如他缺席,我們怎么辦?
(2) On condition that只要……;如果……
例:I'll come on condition that John is invited, too.
如果約翰也被邀請,我就來。
(3) provided (that)/ providing ----- 只要……
I will come provided (that) I am well enough. 只要我身體好,我一定來。
You may go out providing you do your homework first.
只要你先做作業(yè),你便可以外出。
(4) so/as long as
例:As/So long as you work hard, you'll succeed in the end.
只要你好好干,終究會成功的。
(5) 祈使句+and + 陳述句(表肯定)
例:Give him an inch and he’ll take a mile.
(= If you give him an inch, he’ll take a mile. ) 他會得寸進(jìn)尺的。
(6) 祈使句+ or/otherwise +陳述句 (表否定)
例:Start at once, or / otherwise you’ll miss the train.
(= If you don’t start at once, …)
(= Unless you start at once, you’ll miss the train.)
立即動身,否則你會錯過那班火車的。
(7) …won't...unless... 除非……否則我不會…….
例句:I won't write to him unless he writes to me first.
我不會寫信給他的,除非他先寫給我.
33、特殊的比較句型:
(1) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)
例:She differs from her sister in the colour of her eyes.
她眼睛的顏色跟她姐姐不同。
(2) ...varies from person to person(……是因人而異的)
例:The opinion of the problem varies from person to person.
對這個問題的看法是因人而異的。
(3) A is superior(inferior) to B. A 優(yōu)越于B
例:The modal is technically superior to its competitors.
這一款式在技術(shù)上優(yōu)越于與之競爭的產(chǎn)品。
Some consider digital TV to be superior to satellite TV.
(4) be different from
例:Its meaning can be completely different from the meaning of its components. 它的意思有時候跟它的合成的意思完全不一樣。
(5) be inferior to
例:Modern music is often considered inferior to that of the past.
現(xiàn)代音樂常被人認(rèn)為不如過去的。
(6) A and B have sth in common. A 和B 有共同點(diǎn)。
例:The Japanese and Chinese cultures have a lot in common.
日本與中國的文化具有許多相同點(diǎn)。
34、必須背誦的There be 句型:
(1) There is no immediate solution to the problem .
對于這個問題沒有立即的解決的方案。
(2) There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否認(rèn)的...)
例:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad
to worse. 不可否認(rèn)的,我們的生活品質(zhì)已經(jīng)每況愈下。
(3) There is no doubt that... 毫無疑問,…….
例句:There is no doubt that health is better than wealth.
毫無疑問,健康勝于財富.
(4) There's no point in... ……是無意義的.
例句:There's no point in getting angry when things have happened.
對已發(fā)生的事生氣是沒有意義的.
(5) There's no way... ……絕不可能.
例句:There's no way one could succeed without hard work.
一個人不努力絕不可能成功.
(6) There is no one but ~~~ (沒有人不...)
例句:There is no one but longs to go to college.
沒有人不渴望上大學(xué)。
(7)There is no need/use/harm/hurry in doing sth
例:There is no need in spending money mending the broken car.
沒有必要花錢去修理那破車了。
There is no use in regretting when time passed by.
時間過去了再后悔就沒有用了。
There is no harm in using the environmentally friendly products.
用環(huán)保產(chǎn)品是沒有害處的。
There is no hurry in running to school for time is still enough.
沒有必要匆匆忙忙上學(xué)校,因為時間還充足呢。
(8) There no/some difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth
例:There is no trouble in selling our car.
我們毫不費(fèi)力地賣了我們的車。
35、time 句型:
(1) the first time 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句
例:I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.
第一次我見到她時,覺得她很誠實。
(2) (the) next time 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句
例:The harvest will have been got in (the) next time you come.
你下次來時,莊稼已收好了。
(3) the last time 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句
例:What was the name of the hotel he had stayed in the last time he was
in Cairo? 他上次來開羅時往的那家旅館叫什么來著?
(4) each time/every time 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句
例:Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.
每次夜間回來,你總是把你的靴子朝地上一扔。
(5) It is /was the first/last/second /third time +從句(完成時態(tài))
例:This is the first time I have been here 這是我第一次到這兒。
(6)It is high time that sb did (should do) sth 該……的時候了。
例句:It is high time that we went to the classroom.
該我們進(jìn)教室的時候了。
(7) by the time + 從句 就在……時候;到……時候為止
例:We'll be ready by the time you get back.
你回來的時候,我們將準(zhǔn)備好了。
(8) It's time for sb to do sth
例:It’s time for me to log off. 我該關(guān)機(jī)/下線了。
(9) It's time for sth
例:It's time for lunch. 午餐的時間到了。
36、幾種重要的表語從句句型:
(1) The point is that ... 重點(diǎn)/關(guān)鍵是…….
例句:The point is that you have to keep your promise to help her with
her English. 關(guān)鍵是你得遵守諾言,幫她學(xué)習(xí)英語.
(2) The chance is that … 有可能……
例:The chance is that he will succeed. 他很有可能成功。
(3) The fact is that … 事實是……
例:The fact is that he hasn’t yet recover from illness.
事實是他還沒有康復(fù)呢。
(4) The problem/question is that … 問題是……
例:The question is whether we should ask them for help.
問題是我們是否應(yīng)該向他請求幫助。
(5)That is ---
例:That is where Lu Xun used to live. 這是魯迅過去住過的地方。
37、幾種重要的倒裝句型:
(1) only 倒裝句
例:Only with hard work can you expect to get a pay rise.
只有靠努力的工作你才能指望提高工資。
Only when he told me about the news did I know the truth.
僅僅當(dāng)他告訴了我這消息我才知道真相。
(2) so 倒裝句
例:So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.
時間是如此珍貴,我們經(jīng)不起浪費(fèi)它。
(3) such 倒裝句
例:Such was the story he told. 這就是他講的故事。
Such a well-known man is he that everyone wants to take a photo
with him.他是如此出名的人以致于人人都想和他拍照片。
(4)含有否定意義的詞組提前
例:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我們絕對不能忽略知識的價值。
(5)介詞短語提前
例:Outside the classroom stood an old man. 在教室的外面站著一位老人。
(6) 分詞提前
例:Seated on the ground are a group of young men playing cards.
坐在地面上的是一群年輕人在打牌。
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen.
躺在地板上的是一個17歲的男孩。
(7) not only --- but also 倒裝句
例:Not only was the city polluted but the streets were crowded.
不僅那城市被污染了,街道也很擁擠。
Not only has aspirin saved many people’s lives by reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with. 通過消熱止痛,阿斯片林不僅拯救了許多人的生命,而且還幫助了許多其它的事情。
38、so/such that句型
(1) so that (引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)結(jié)果……
例:We were late so that the teacher was angry.
我們遲到,使得教師生氣了。
(2) so that = in order that (目的狀語從句)以便,為了
例:I hurried so that I wouldn't be late for class.
為了上課不遲到,我匆忙起來。
In order that he should not be late, his mother woke him at 6.
為了使他不致遲到,他母親在6點(diǎn)鐘叫醒了他。
(3) so +形容詞+(或a/an+ 名詞)+that 如此……以致于……
例:I've been working so hard recently that I haven't had any time for
collecting new stamps. 我近來一直很忙,沒時間搜集新郵票。
(4) such +名詞(或an/a+形容詞 + 名詞)+--- that
例:It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it
這是一個異乎尋常的藝術(shù)作品,人人都想看一看。
39、表示“也、同樣”的句型
(1) too 用于肯定
例:I like the book, too. 我也喜歡這本書。
(2) also 用于陳述句
例:She also speaks a little Italian. 她也會說一點(diǎn)意大利語。
(3) either 用于否定句
例:Peter can't go and I can't either. Peter 不能去,我也不能。
(4) so 用于肯定的倒裝句
例:You speak English well, so does he.
你的英語講得很好,他講得也不錯。.
(5) neither/nor 用于否定的倒裝句
例:I have never heard of such a thing, Neither has she.
我從來沒有聽說這件事,她也沒有。
Tom didn’t finish his homework. Nor did Jane.
湯姆沒有完成作業(yè),Jane 也沒有。
(6) as well 用于句末
例:He knows German as well. 他也懂德語。
(7) so it is/was with = so it is/was the same with 用于包含不同種類的動詞
例:Jack is a student and studies in China. So it is with Green.
Jack是一個學(xué)生,在中國學(xué)習(xí), Green也是如此。
(8) The same is true of……,
例:The music is dull and uninspiring, and the same is true of the acting.
那音樂單調(diào),缺少激情;那表演也是如此。
(9) The same can be said of…… (……也是如此).
例:The same can be said of our country, also a developing one.
我們的國家也是如此,一個發(fā)展中國家。
40、幾種重要的同位語從句:
(1) 由where 引導(dǎo)
例:The suggestion where we should build our new factory should be
considered. 那個我們應(yīng)該在哪兒建造廠房的建議應(yīng)該給予考慮。
(2) 由what引導(dǎo)
例:I have no idea what he did. 我不知道他做了什么。
(3) 由whether 引導(dǎo)
例:The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is not decided.
他是否會參加會議這個問題還沒決定。
(4) 由who引導(dǎo)。
例:The question who will go abroad needs considering.
誰將去國外這個問題需要考慮。
(5) 由when 引導(dǎo)
例:I have no idea when they will be back and settle down.
我不知道他們什么時候回來定居。
(6) 由that 引導(dǎo)
例:The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very
good. 學(xué)生應(yīng)該有很多練習(xí),這個建議不錯。
(7) 由how 引導(dǎo)
例:He can’t answer the question how he got the money.
他是怎樣得到那錢的,他不能回答這個問題。
(8) 由why 引導(dǎo)
例: We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.
我搞不懂這個問題,為什么這是最好的選擇。
41、whether 句型:
(1) It doesn't matter whether 是否……并沒有關(guān)系
例:It doesn’t matter whether it is fine or not.
天氣是否不錯并有關(guān)系。
(2) It makes no difference whether 是否……沒關(guān)系
例:It makes no difference whether you go today or tomorrow.
你是今天去還是明天去沒多大區(qū)別。
(3) It is not made clear whether 是否……還不清楚
例:It is not made clear whether Lily will pass the exam.
還不清楚Lily是否會通過那場考試。
(4) It is still a question whether 是否……仍然是一個問題
例:It is still a question whether they are able to get enough coal this winter.
今年冬天他們是否能夠得到足夠的煤還是一個問題。
(5) It is not decided whether 是否……還沒決定
例:It is not decided whether the sports meeting will be put off.
運(yùn)動會是否會被推遲還沒決定。
(6} It is to be found out whether 是否……有待于發(fā)現(xiàn)
例:It is to be found out whether there is other oil resources underground.
地下是否有石油資源還有待于發(fā)現(xiàn)。
(7) It is to be decided whether 是否……有待于決定
例:It is to be decided whether this idea can be put into practice.
這個想法是否能夠?qū)嵤┻有待于決定。
(8) I doubt/wonder whether 我懷疑是否……
例:I doubt whether the new one will be any better.
我懷疑這個新的是否會好一點(diǎn)。
(9) have no idea/don't know whether 不知道是否……
例:I have no idea whether the traffic is terrible on that way.
我不知道那條路上的交通是否很糟。
(10) It depends on whether... 這取決于……是否…….
例句:It depends on whether you are determined to do it or not.
這取決于你是否決心要做這件事情.
42、with復(fù)合賓語句型
(1) with + n + adj.
例:He stared at me with his mouth open. 他張著嘴凝視著我。
(2) with + n + adv
例:The boy stood there, with his head down. 這男孩低著頭站在那。
(3) with + n + 介詞短語
例:He stood with his hand in his pocket. 他站著,一手插在衣袋里。
(4) with + n + 動詞不定式
例:With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.
由于沒有可談話的人,John覺得很悲傷。
(5) with + n + 現(xiàn)在分詞
例:With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries.
由于物價迅猛上漲,我們買不起高當(dāng)商品。
(6) with + n + 過去分詞
例:With her eyes fixed on the opposite wall, she did not answer
immediately. 她的眼睛盯著對面的墻壁,她沒有立即回答。
43、have 復(fù)合賓語句型:
(1) have sb do sth
例:I won't have you say such things. 我絕不會讓你說這樣的話。
(2) have sb doing
例:She will have you doing all the housework if you are're not carefully.
如果你再不小心的話,她就讓你做全部家務(wù)。
(3) have sth done
例:I have my hair cut every six weeks. 我每六個星期剪一次頭。
44、幾個重要的目的狀語從句句型:
(1) in case
例:He left early in case he should miss the last train.
他動身得早,以免誤了最后一班火車。
(2) for fear (that)
例:He handled the instrument with care for fear (that) it should be
damaged. 他小心翼翼地擺弄那儀器,以防把它弄壞。
(3) so that
例:Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.
讓我們坐到前面的座位上,以便能看得更清楚些。
(4) in order that
例:He got up very early so that/in order that he might/could catch the
early bus. 為了趕上早班車,他起了個大早。
45、幾個難掌握的主語從句和賓語從句
(1) You may take whatever(=anything/everything that)you like.
你喜歡什么就拿什么。
(2) You may take whichever(=any) seat you like.
你想坐哪個位置就坐哪個位置。
(3) Whoever(=Anyone who) cuts the trees down must be punished.
任何一個砍樹的人都必須受到懲罰。
(4) You may give the note to whomever(=anyone whom) you meet at the
office.
你可以把條子給你在辦公室看到的任何一個人。
46、使用現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時的常用句型:
(1) since句型:主句用完成時
例:My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
從1949年,我嬸嬸就一直在一家診所工作。
(2) since when +完成時
例:Since when have you planted so many young trees?
從什么時候你種植了這么多小樹的?
(3) This/it is the first (third...) time sb have done sth
例:This is the first time I have been here.這是我第一次到這兒。
(4) by…(到……為止)到過去某個時候為止用過去完成時,到現(xiàn)在為止
用現(xiàn)在完成時,到將來某個時候為止用將來完成時。
例:She will have finished the book by my next birthday.
到我下一個生日為止,我將完成那本書。
By eleven o'clock yesterday, we had arrived at the airport.
到昨天十一點(diǎn)止我們就已經(jīng)到達(dá)機(jī)場了。
但比較:By the time the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners were seated.
就在主講者進(jìn)入大廳的時候,所有的聽眾都坐好了。
(5) in the past time( two days/years...) +完成時
例:In the past 10 years, there have been great changes in our family life.
在過去的十年里,我們的家庭生活發(fā)生了很大的變化。
(6) hardly ... when.... (no sooner ... than)句型用過去完成時
例:Hardly had I reached the school when the bell rang.
我一到學(xué)校,鈴子就響了。
No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.
我們剛坐到桌子旁邊電話就響了。
(7) 未實現(xiàn)的愿望打算等等用過去完成時
例:I had thought I could pass the final examination but I failed.
47、幾種特殊的狀語從句句型:
(1) everywhere 引導(dǎo)
例:Everywhere they went, they were kindly received / warmly welcomed.
他們每到一處就收到熱烈的歡迎。
(2) anywhere 引導(dǎo)
例:We’ll go anywhere the Party directs us.黨指向哪我們就去哪。
(3) the way 引導(dǎo)
例:She is doing her work the way I like it done.
她在用她喜歡的方法做她的工作。
(4) like 引導(dǎo)
例:The landlord was watching him like (= just as) a cat watches a mouse.
那地主監(jiān)視著他就像貓監(jiān)視老鼠一樣。
(5) immediately引導(dǎo)
例:I didn’t wait a moment, but came immediately you called.
我一刻也沒停留,你一打電話我就來的。
48、有關(guān)it的幾個特殊句型 :
(1) owe it to sb. that…把…歸功于…
例:I owe it to you that I finished my work in time.
虧你幫忙,我才及時完成了工作。
(2) take it for granted that …想當(dāng)然
例:I take it for granted that they will support this idea.
我認(rèn)為他們會支持這個提議是理所當(dāng)然的。
(3) keep it in mind that…
例:It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work.
一定要記住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。
(4) It can be seen from the statistics that ...從這個統(tǒng)計可看出……
例句:It can be seen from the statistics that exercise is good for us.
從這個統(tǒng)計可以看出,練習(xí)對我們是有好處的。
(5). It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動詞后面,尤其是表示好惡的動詞后,
enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like,
see to, appreciate, stand 賓語從句緊跟it之后
例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.
我妒嫉你游泳那么好,而我不能。
I would appreciate it if you call me back this evening.
如果你晚上給我回電話,我會非常感激.
I can't stand it when people talk with their mouth full.
我無法忍受別人說話的時候滿嘴食物.
(6). It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面,賓語從句緊跟it之后
(except that例外)
例:I'm for it that you will follow their advice.
我贊成你采納他們的意見。
(7) It must be pointed out that 必須指出的是
例句:It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to
control population growth while raising the quality of the population.
一定要指出的是國家基本政策之一是在提高人口質(zhì)量的同時控制
人口增長。
(8) It has been proved that… 有人已經(jīng)證實……
例:It has been proved that his theory is right.
已經(jīng)證明,他的理論是對的。
49、列舉、說明句型:
(1) on the one hand --- ; on the other hand
(2) For one thing ---; for another thing ---
例:For one thing, these shoes don't suit you. For another, they are too
expensive. 一方面,這雙鞋子并不適合你;另一方面,這太貴了.
(3) It is one thing to...; it is another to...
做這件事是一回事;做那件事是另一回事
(4) what's more ---; morever ---; furthermore ---
(5) Firstly ---; secondly ---; finally ---
(6) In the first place ---; in the second place ---
(7)First of all/to begin with ---; in addition/besides ---
50、總結(jié)句型:
(1) Through the above analysis(分析)
例:Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative ones.
通過以上分析,我認(rèn)為積極因素大于消極因素。
(2) To sum up,總而言之, …
例:To sum up, there are three ways of solving the problems.
決而言之,解決這個問題的方法有三條。
(3) In short... 總之……
例:In short, the students have not arrived at any agreement yet.
總之,學(xué)生們還沒有達(dá)成一致的意見。
(4) In a word , it is clear that… 總之,很明顯……
例:In a word, it is clear that smoking does harm to our health.
總之,很明顯,抽煙對我們健康有害。
(5) On account of this we can find that … 由此我們可以知道…
例:On account of this we can find that it is not suitable for middle school students to have cell phones.
由此我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)中學(xué)生持有手機(jī)是不合適的。
(6) In conclusion … 結(jié)論之, …
例:In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants’ lives.
結(jié)論之,我們必須理性地考慮這個問題,對農(nóng)民的生活應(yīng)給予更多的重視。
(7) All in all, it is obvious that …..總之,很明顯……
例:All in all, it is obvious that the government should set up different kinds of schools to meet the demands of different children.
總之,很明顯,政府應(yīng)該建立多種不同的學(xué)校去滿足不同孩子的需要。
(8) From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these
factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion
that ...
從以上所討論的東西來看/考慮到所有這些因素,我們完全可以得出這樣
的結(jié)論……
例:From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.
從以上所討論的東西來看/考慮到所有這些因素,我們完全可以得出這樣的結(jié)論,隨著現(xiàn)代社會的進(jìn)步,閑暇的生活方式正在減少,這未必是一件壞事。
【總結(jié)】2013年已經(jīng)到來,高中寒假告示以及新的工作也在籌備,小編在此特意收集了寒假有關(guān)的文章供讀者閱讀。
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淺談高中英語教學(xué)中學(xué)生創(chuàng)造思維的培養(yǎng)
摘要:本文受陶行知先生“處處是創(chuàng)造之地,天天是創(chuàng)造之時,人人是創(chuàng)造之人”的啟發(fā),試圖從營造創(chuàng)新環(huán)境、放飛學(xué)生心靈、變革材料內(nèi)容、改變評價觀念、開展課外活動等方面入手,談新課改實踐中學(xué)生創(chuàng)造思維的培養(yǎng)途徑。
關(guān)鍵詞:英語創(chuàng)造思維培養(yǎng)
推進(jìn)新課程,實施素質(zhì)教育,應(yīng)以學(xué)生的發(fā)展為宗旨,以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新思維能力實踐為重點(diǎn)。以提高學(xué)生的整體素質(zhì),著重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言為目的。而教學(xué)活動的所有形式都與學(xué)生的智力發(fā)展,首先是與創(chuàng)造性的發(fā)展聯(lián)系在一起。教師不再是單一的知識的傳播者、發(fā)號施令的權(quán)威,而是共同學(xué)習(xí)的參與者和幫助者;是教學(xué)活動的設(shè)計者、指導(dǎo)者,學(xué)生心靈的探索者;更重要的是學(xué)生創(chuàng)造能力的開發(fā)者。學(xué)生成為學(xué)習(xí)的主體,學(xué)生不再是外部刺激的被動接受者和知識灌輸?shù)膶ο,而是成為信息加工的主體,意義的構(gòu)造者。那么,在英語教學(xué)中如何實施創(chuàng)新教育,開創(chuàng)新局面呢?下面是筆者的探索與思考。
一、營造創(chuàng)新環(huán)境,激發(fā)創(chuàng)新欲望。
從心理學(xué)的角度,羅杰斯提出,有利于創(chuàng)造性思維的一般條件是心理安全和心理自由。從本質(zhì)上講,創(chuàng)造性思維必定是異樣的,當(dāng)學(xué)生在心理上感到安全時,他就不會害怕表現(xiàn),他可以在進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性思維時無須處于保守狀態(tài),從而保持“心理的自由”,充分表現(xiàn)而無須拘束。
在注重營造創(chuàng)新環(huán)境方面,羅伯特·麥瑞克(Robert Myrick)則認(rèn)為,教學(xué)中有利于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的因素有以下六種:關(guān)懷、理解、認(rèn)同、尊重、友情和信任(Lynda Fielstein & Patrica Phelps, 2001)。
按照新課程對教師角色的要求,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助學(xué)生制定適當(dāng)?shù)膶W(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),并確認(rèn)和協(xié)調(diào)達(dá)到目標(biāo)的最佳途徑,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生形成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,掌握學(xué)習(xí)策略。創(chuàng)造豐富的教學(xué)環(huán)境,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)。以平等的心態(tài)面對學(xué)生,以豁達(dá)、開朗、睿智、幽默去接受學(xué)生、感染學(xué)生。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,為學(xué)生提供多種便利,為學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)服務(wù),努力建立一個接納性的、寬容性的課堂氣氛。
輕松、愉快、民主、和諧的學(xué)習(xí)氣氛和環(huán)境對學(xué)習(xí)者的精神面貌、學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)、自我形象會產(chǎn)生積極的影響。而積極、肯定的情緒會使學(xué)生的主動性、創(chuàng)造性得到發(fā)展,學(xué)生的思維會更活躍。因此,在教學(xué)中,教師要努力培養(yǎng)自身的心理素質(zhì),把真摯的愛用親切、鼓勵、信任、尊重的情感信息傳遞給學(xué)生,使學(xué)生體會到師生共同享有一片陽光的平等。使學(xué)生在積極參與教學(xué)活動中感受到自己是學(xué)習(xí)的主人。尤其要鼓勵那些具有差異性、發(fā)展性的學(xué)生,使人人處在創(chuàng)造性思維的火花之中。
二、放飛學(xué)生心靈,培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新思維。
創(chuàng)造性思維是以解決學(xué)習(xí)中所提出的疑難問題為前提,用獨(dú)特新穎的思維方式,創(chuàng)造出新觀點(diǎn)、新知識、新方法等心理過程。在英語教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性思維,必須改變單一發(fā)展學(xué)生聚合思維的做法,突破思維定勢的束縛,以發(fā)散思維為切入點(diǎn)和突破口,喚醒學(xué)生的問題意識,激勵學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新思維。
1. 教師巧設(shè)問題。在閱讀教學(xué)中,筆者常常對材料的主旨大意、作者的意圖與態(tài)度、人物的性格、文中暗含的意義等巧設(shè)問題,以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生通過已有知識進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造思維。如:在“Modern Architecture”過程中,筆者穿插提問:
、 What are the difference between ancient architecture and modern architecture?
、 Why can we regard Antonio Gaudi as a modern architect?
、 If you were free to design your own dream house,what would that house look like?
2. 學(xué)生巧提問題。教師借助課文內(nèi)容,把提問的權(quán)力交給學(xué)生,讓學(xué)生展示其創(chuàng)造性思維能力的機(jī)會。如有的課文學(xué)了以后,讓學(xué)生就課文內(nèi)容互提互答問題,鼓勵學(xué)生提思考性強(qiáng)、富有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的問題。如:在學(xué)習(xí)了 “Making a difference”一文后,學(xué)生提了許多問題,現(xiàn)摘錄如下:
、 Who is greater,Galileo or Zhang Heng?
、 How did the discoveries of Galileo and Zhang Heng help us better understand the world?
、 What can we learn from the scientists?
、 If you were a scientist several hundred years ago,what would you do?
三、變革教材內(nèi)容,運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造思維。
變革教材內(nèi)容就是從給定的情境遷移到新的情境中,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把對某個問題的理解從課文中跳出來,在時間和空間上作出拓展性的延伸,注重聯(lián)系實際來談?wù)J識、說看法。如:學(xué)習(xí)了“Saving the earth”一文后,讓學(xué)生結(jié)合我國長江、黃河流域的情況以及周邊地區(qū)空氣污染、水污染和噪聲污染的情況,拿出自認(rèn)為切實可行的改善環(huán)境的措施,使學(xué)生運(yùn)用聯(lián)系的觀點(diǎn)透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)的分析問題的能力逐步提高。又如:在學(xué)了“No smoking,please!”一文后,要求學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)的smoking 各方面危害的知識,給老師、父親或親朋好友寫一封勸說戒煙的信。
四、改變評價觀念,發(fā)展創(chuàng)新個性。
創(chuàng)新教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)評價要具賞識性、激勵性,要著眼于學(xué)生的成長與發(fā)展,對學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過程和結(jié)果給予更多的肯定、贊賞、表揚(yáng)與鼓勵。樹立激勵性評價的觀念,能使教師對學(xué)生恰如其分地進(jìn)行評價,創(chuàng)造出一種善意的環(huán)境,使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生熱情向上的信心,從內(nèi)心產(chǎn)生對學(xué)習(xí)的愉快的情感體驗,如:在討論式教學(xué)和開放性的作文評價中,我善于理解學(xué)生在討論和作文中的思想和行為,捕捉其中的閃光點(diǎn),欣賞他們的個性,鼓勵他們發(fā)表新穎、獨(dú)到的見解,為學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新個性的養(yǎng)成提供廣闊空間。
五、開展課外活動,提高創(chuàng)新活力。
英語教學(xué),亟待打開教室的大門,縮小課堂與生活的距離,讓“源頭活水”流進(jìn)課堂。實踐中筆者從以下幾方面進(jìn)行了嘗試:
1. 演短劇。在學(xué)習(xí)了 “The Merchant of Venice”后,讓學(xué)生自導(dǎo)、自演短劇。幾人一組,寒暑假期間,讓學(xué)生自找搭檔、自編、自導(dǎo)、自演短劇,開學(xué)后進(jìn)行匯報演出。通過短劇表演,學(xué)生體會了人物的性格和命運(yùn),培養(yǎng)了對文學(xué)藝術(shù)的審美能力和鑒賞能力,發(fā)展了自己的想象力和創(chuàng)造力。
2. 搞辯論。智慧只有在和智慧的碰撞中才會發(fā)出動人的火花,創(chuàng)造性思維也是如此。因此當(dāng)一批富有個性的學(xué)生走到一起的時候,由于每個學(xué)生的起點(diǎn)不同,觀察的角度不同,進(jìn)行研究的方法不同,以及分析問題的水平不同,就必然會產(chǎn)生不同的,甚至對立的看法。因此每個學(xué)生個體間的切磋辯論使每個學(xué)生的大腦處于高度興奮狀態(tài)之中,每個參與者都能充分表達(dá)自己的意見,他們可以從各個方面、各個角度進(jìn)行思路接觸,每個學(xué)生個體都受到其他學(xué)生提到意見信息的刺激與啟發(fā),有利于激勵創(chuàng)造性的設(shè)想,從而達(dá)到鍛煉創(chuàng)造性思維的目標(biāo)。為此,筆者經(jīng)常組織學(xué)生舉行辯論賽。如在學(xué)了“A new car factory”一文后,筆者出了這樣一個辯題:Is it 高中物理 good or bad to build such a new car factory? Give your reasons. 又如學(xué)了“The secret is out!”后,把男女生分成正、反兩方,對辯題 “Boy students study better than girl students”進(jìn)行辯論,以此打開學(xué)生的話匣子,引導(dǎo)他們放言高論,暢所欲言,讓學(xué)生說自己想說的話。
3. 搞調(diào)查。研究性學(xué)習(xí)是新課改倡導(dǎo)的學(xué)習(xí)方式。教材中涉及環(huán)境教育的題材很多。學(xué)習(xí)這方面的課文后,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生結(jié)合課文內(nèi)容,調(diào)查周圍環(huán)境污染的狀況。自選角度、自擬題目,寫出調(diào)查報告,提出自己的見解和構(gòu)想。開展“我與自然”英語征文比賽。目的是放開學(xué)生的手腳,引導(dǎo)他們到生活的廣闊天地去尋找“源頭活水”,積累生活經(jīng)驗、豐富情感、擴(kuò)大視野、增長見識、開闊襟懷、引發(fā)想象。
4. 編故事。編故事是有利于開發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維的活動。學(xué)完一個單元后老師給出常用的詞和詞組,讓學(xué)生用這些詞和詞組編一個故事,啟開發(fā)學(xué)生心扉。中學(xué)生是一群生龍活虎、情感豐富的人,他們懂得觀察當(dāng)今豐富多彩的生活,因此其故事也是豐富多彩的。
除此之外,還開展編報紙、續(xù)故事、辦晚會等課外實踐活動,引發(fā)學(xué)生豐富的聯(lián)想和想象,使創(chuàng)新充滿活力。
一代教育大師陶行知先生說得好:“處處是創(chuàng)造之地,天天是創(chuàng)造之時,人人是創(chuàng)造之人。”只要我們教師善于探索、重在引導(dǎo)、貴在開竅,學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性思維的火花一定會熠熠發(fā)光。
參考文獻(xiàn):
1. 中華人民共和國教育部制訂,英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實驗稿),北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2001 年;
2. Lynda fielstein & Patricia Phelps, 王建平等譯,Introduction to Teaching: Rewards and Realities. 中國輕工業(yè)出版社,2002 年。
學(xué)習(xí)高中英語口語的十大誤區(qū)
1、語法當(dāng)先
說話、寫作之前先想語法,惟恐語法有錯,此為學(xué)校課堂死板的英語教學(xué)給學(xué)生留下的最嚴(yán)重的后遺癥之一。
2、心理恐懼
聽不懂更不敢說話,讀不快也不敢寫,惟恐語法有錯導(dǎo)致心理上的畏懼,認(rèn)為英語是高深莫測的學(xué)問,認(rèn)為英語老師的思維方式才是惟一正確的思路,培養(yǎng)了許多考試高分,而真正運(yùn)用英語低能的畸形學(xué)生。
3、學(xué)無致用
學(xué)習(xí)英語不是為了運(yùn)用和表達(dá),而是為了考試和過關(guān),于是動機(jī)走偏結(jié)果是學(xué)得越多,丟得越多;沒有把英語變成自己表達(dá)自己,與人交流的真正工具,事倍功半,浪費(fèi)自己的時間和金錢。
4、落后陳舊
學(xué)了不少古董英語。任何語言都是“活”的語言,在每天發(fā)展新的詞匯/意向/用法等,在不斷豐富,不斷進(jìn)步,從這個意義上說,學(xué)習(xí)陳舊的語言毫無新鮮感不說,基本無處可用。
5、急用亂醫(yī)
不少人在急用英語的情形下,只好囫圇吞棗,有病亂投醫(yī),不管學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)方法是否適合自己,先上著再說,選擇缺乏理性分析與思考,效果也就可見能有多好?
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