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CR解析：GMAT - Method of Reasoning 方法類題型
Critical Reasoning (批判性推理)作為以邏輯能力為代表的典型題目，更是需要你時(shí)時(shí)刻刻保持清晰的思路。就CR而言，CR Bible邏輯圣經(jīng)給我們提供了一套很實(shí)用的思考體系。今天yjbys網(wǎng)小編將帶大家了解CR當(dāng)中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)題型：Method of Reasoning 演繹題。
Method of Reasoning的常見提問方式：
The method of the argument is to
The argument proceeds by
The argument drives its conclusion by
Which of the following describes the technique of reasoning used above?
Which of the following is an argumentative strategy employed in the argument?
The argument employed which one of the following reasoning techniques?
簡而言之，Method題型里面，作者會(huì)問你問你原文作者用了什么樣的論證手法(argumentative strategy, technique, method)
解這類型的題目，首先需要你去讀懂原文的論證過程，所以建議你首先去分析哪句話是conclusion，哪些句話是premises。并且，有時(shí)候即使我們分析完了conclusion和premises，也不一定能立刻就選出選項(xiàng)。通常選項(xiàng)會(huì)用一些抽象詞匯來替代原文的Premise和conclusion。而我們要做的，就是判斷這些抽象詞匯是否準(zhǔn)確地形容了premise和conclusion的性質(zhì)，如果原文的句子能夠和答案的說法對(duì)號(hào)入座，那么答案就是正確的。
以下例題摘自Prep12 Question Pack
Case Study 1
Sonya: The government of Copeland is raising the cigarette tax. Copeland's cigarette prices will still be reasonably low, so cigarette consumption will probably not be affected much. Consequently, government revenue from the tax will increase.
Raoul: True, smoking is unlikely to decrease, because Copeland's cigarette prices will stil not be high. They will, however, no longer be the lowest in the region, so we might begin to see substantial illegal sales of smuggled cigarettes in Copeland.
Raoul responds to Sonya's argument by doing which of the following?
A. Questioning the support for Sonya's conclusion by distinguishing carefully between no change and no decrease
B. Calling Sonya's conclusion into question by pointing to a possible effect of a certain change
C. Arguing that Sonya's conclusion would be better supported if Sonya could cite a precedent for what she predicts will happen
D. Showing that a cause that Sonya claims will be producing a certain effect is not the only cause that could produce that effect
E. Pointing out that a certain initiative is not bold enough to have the effect that Sonya predicts it will have
解析
原題解構(gòu)-邏輯釋義
Sonya:
Premise: C地政府準(zhǔn)備提高香煙稅收，但是該地香煙價(jià)格會(huì)依然較低。
Premise: 香煙的消耗量不會(huì)怎么受影響。
Conclusion: 政府從香煙方面的稅收也不會(huì)堅(jiān)守。
Raoul:
Premise: 香煙的消耗的確不會(huì)減少。
Premise: 可是政府的香煙卻不再是最低價(jià)，
Conclusion: 所以我們會(huì)看到C地出現(xiàn)很多非法運(yùn)輸香煙。
題目問Raoul(以下簡稱R)是如何反擊Sonya(以下簡稱S)的，即Raoul的反擊手法。R提到了提稅之后，雖然香煙價(jià)格不會(huì)上升(這里是贊同了S的推理)，但是會(huì)出現(xiàn)更多非法運(yùn)輸煙(這是第S忽略考慮到的)。非法運(yùn)輸煙出現(xiàn)之后擠占政府的份額，從而政府的香煙稅收會(huì)變少。
A. Questioning the support for Sonya's conclusion by distinguishing carefully between no change and no decrease
A. “通過區(qū)分no change和no decrease來質(zhì)疑S的支持證據(jù)。” 也就是說R去質(zhì)疑了S的premise。
逐項(xiàng)分析：實(shí)際上R是贊同了S提出的兩個(gè)premise的基礎(chǔ)上來weaken對(duì)方。所以選項(xiàng)內(nèi)說questioning the support說法錯(cuò)誤。
B. Calling Sonya's conclusion into question by pointing to a possible effect of a certain change
B. 通過提出這個(gè)改革的一個(gè)結(jié)果來質(zhì)疑S的結(jié)論。
逐項(xiàng)分析：出現(xiàn)非法運(yùn)輸煙這是提稅的一個(gè)結(jié)果，所以可以選B：by pointing to a possible effect of a certain change
C. Arguing that Sonya's conclusion would be better supported if Sonya could cite a precedent for what she predicts will happen
C. 提到S如果為自己的預(yù)測(cè)區(qū)原因?qū)嵗脑�，S的論證會(huì)更堅(jiān)固。
逐項(xiàng)分析：R并未去建議S要引入新的例子。排除
D. Showing that a cause that Sonya claims will be producing a certain effect is not the only cause that could produce that effect
D. 提出S提到的原因并不是造成該種結(jié)果的唯一原因。
逐項(xiàng)分析：R提到了某個(gè)原因(提稅)可能會(huì)有多個(gè)結(jié)果，而不是說一個(gè)結(jié)果會(huì)有多個(gè)原因。
E. Pointing out that a certain initiative is not bold enough to have the effect that Sonya predicts it will have
E. 指出某個(gè)措施沒有S預(yù)測(cè)的那么強(qiáng)力的效果。
逐項(xiàng)分析：其實(shí)S本身也預(yù)測(cè)提稅的效果比較弱，不會(huì)影響香煙價(jià)格，所以在這方面，S和R兩個(gè)人并沒有什么沖突。
Case Study 2
Correctly measuring the productivity of service workers is complex. Consider, for example, postal workers: they are often said to be more productive if more letters are delivered per postal worker. But is this really true? What if more letters are lost or delayed per worker at the same time that more are delivered?
The objection implied above to the productivity measure described is based on doubts about the truth of which of the following statements?
(A) Postal workers are representative of service workers in general.
(B) The delivery of letters is the primary activity of the postal service.
(C) Productivity should be ascribed to categories of workers, not to individuals.
(D) The quality of services rendered can appropriately be ignored in computing productivity.
(E) The number of letters delivered is relevant to measuring the productivity of postal workers.
解析
原題解構(gòu)-邏輯釋義
第一句話似乎概括了原文的conclusion:衡量服務(wù)工作者的效率是很復(fù)雜了。接著舉了一個(gè)例子：郵遞員遞送越多的信就會(huì)被認(rèn)為越有效率。接著作者提出了一些質(zhì)疑：如果遞送的越多，相應(yīng)的延誤和丟失的情況越多怎么辦呢?
先提了一個(gè)通常的觀點(diǎn)，接著對(duì)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反駁。提出了說：遞送數(shù)量越高的郵遞員“服務(wù)質(zhì)量”不一定高(延誤和丟件可能比較多)
簡化一下這個(gè)提問：the objection is based on doubt on which of following. objection就是最后一句，問我們這個(gè)objection是基于對(duì)哪句話的質(zhì)疑而提出的，也就是說這個(gè)Objection肯定和下面那句話是沖突的，我們只要找到?jīng)_突的那句話就好了。
A. Postal workers are representative of service workers in general.
A. 郵遞員能夠作為服務(wù)行業(yè)的代表。
逐項(xiàng)分析：Objection并未反對(duì)郵遞員的代表性，Objection甚至還順著郵遞員這個(gè)思路舉例子，說明Objection是贊同把郵遞員作為服務(wù)業(yè)代表的這種看法的。
B. The delivery of letters is the primary activity of the postal service.
B. 遞信是郵遞員的主要工作。
逐項(xiàng)分析：同樣的，Objection也承認(rèn)了這個(gè)看法，以郵遞工作的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量來代表郵遞員的productivity.
C. Productivity should be ascribed to categories of workers, not to individuals.
C. 生產(chǎn)效率應(yīng)該衡量一個(gè)工種，而不是一個(gè)個(gè)人。
逐項(xiàng)分析：這是無關(guān)答案，這里的Objection并未談到整個(gè)行業(yè)或者個(gè)人的效率。
D. The quality of services rendered can appropriately be ignored in computing productivity.
D. 在計(jì)算productivity的時(shí)候服務(wù)質(zhì)量可以被忽略。
逐項(xiàng)分析：這句話和Objection沖突。Objection提到了了說信件延遲和丟件怎么辦，是為了說明服務(wù)質(zhì)量應(yīng)該被考慮進(jìn)productivity。
E. The number of letters delivered is relevant to measuring the productivity of postal workers.
E. 遞信的數(shù)量和郵遞員的生產(chǎn)效率相關(guān)。
逐項(xiàng)分析：這是個(gè)迷惑答案，注意，Objection并未否認(rèn)“遞信數(shù)量和生產(chǎn)率的相關(guān)性", Objection是否認(rèn)“只關(guān)注遞信數(shù)量的行為”。也就是說Objection認(rèn)為，衡量productivity的話，不僅要看郵遞數(shù)量還要看郵遞質(zhì)量。
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