2016年3月托福考試必做真題

　　以下是小編整理的2016年2月27日托�？荚嚨恼骖}，希望對(duì)參加3月份及之后的考生提供到幫助。

　　閱讀部分

　　第一篇

　　題材劃分：動(dòng)物類(lèi)

　　主要內(nèi)容：動(dòng)物滅絕

　　講的是大型動(dòng)物的滅絕。第一題問(wèn)哪里的動(dòng)物滅絕率高。文章講到兩個(gè)可能的因素。第一點(diǎn)說(shuō)可能是因?yàn)闅夂虻淖兓�，但是有反駁說(shuō)不對(duì)，動(dòng)物都能遷徙到適合的地方，但事實(shí)是有些動(dòng)物沒(méi)走。舉了一個(gè)例子，這里也有題。第二點(diǎn)說(shuō)可能是人類(lèi)的捕殺，但是有證據(jù)表明人類(lèi)比較少，居住也很分散，而且大多證據(jù)都是小型動(dòng)物，沒(méi)有大型動(dòng)物。也舉了個(gè)例子，是澳大利亞，也有題。然后這段末尾有個(gè)詞匯題。最后一段總結(jié)概括說(shuō)其實(shí)可能兩種因素都有，需綜合考慮，可能是共同作用的結(jié)果。

　　相似TPO練習(xí)推薦：

　　Official Model Exam-MeteoriteImpact and Dinosaur Extinction

　　TPO-8 Extinction of the Dinosaurs

　　TPO-15 Mass Extinctions

　　相關(guān)背景知識(shí)：

　　Habitat degradation is currently the mainanthropogenic cause of species extinctions. The main cause of habitatdegradation worldwide is agriculture, with urban sprawl, logging, mining andsome fishing practices close behind. The degradation of a species' habitat mayalter the fitness landscape to such an extent that the species is no longerable to survive and becomes extinct. This may occur by direct effects, such asthe environment becoming toxic, or indirectly, by limiting a species' abilityto compete effectively for diminished resources or against new competitorspecies.

　　Habitat degradation through toxicity can killoff a species very rapidly, by killing all living members through contaminationor sterilizing them. It can also occur over longer periods at lower toxicitylevels by affecting life span, reproductive capacity, or competitiveness.

　　Habitat degradation can also take the form ofa physical destruction of niche habitats. The widespread destruction oftropical rainforests and replacement with open pastureland is widely cited asan example of this; elimination of the dense forest eliminated theinfrastructure needed by many species to survive. For example, a fern thatdepends on dense shade for protection from direct sunlight can no longersurvive without forest to shelter it. Another example is the destruction ofocean floors by bottom trawling.

　　Diminished resources or introduction of newcompetitor species also often accompany habitat degradation. Global warming hasallowed some species to expand their range, bringing unwelcome competition toother species that previously occupied that area. Sometimes these newcompetitors are predators and directly affect prey species, while at othertimes they may merely outcompete vulnerable species for limited resources.Vital resources including water and food can also be limited during habitatdegradation, leading to extinction.

　　There have been at least five massextinctions in the history of life on earth, and four in the last 350 millionyears in which many species have disappeared in a relatively short period ofgeological time. A massive eruptive event is considered to be one likely causeof the "Permian–Triassic extinction event" about 250 million yearsago, which is estimated to have killed 90% of species then existing. There isalso evidence to suggest that this event was preceded by another massextinction, known as Olson's Extinction. The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinctionevent occurred 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, andis best known for having wiped out non-avian dinosaurs, among many otherspecies.

　　第二篇

　　題材劃分：藝術(shù)類(lèi)

　　主要內(nèi)容：活字印刷

　　活字印刷，第一段說(shuō)活字印刷的前提有一點(diǎn)是造紙術(shù)，然后說(shuō)造紙術(shù)從中國(guó)引進(jìn)到意大利 (有題)，然后講在意大利這個(gè)雖然紙?jiān)斐鰜?lái)容易受損(詞匯題)，但是很方便。后面講了制作的方法(有題)，之后講了這個(gè)技術(shù)傳到了德國(guó)，并產(chǎn)生一些影響。舉了一個(gè)例子(有題)，然后，活字印刷發(fā)明出來(lái)了，對(duì)這些造書(shū)有影響(有題)。然后說(shuō)有一個(gè)圣經(jīng)特別貴，只有有錢(qián)人有地位的人才能買(mǎi)(有題)一共只生產(chǎn)了187本。

　　相似TPO練習(xí)推薦：

　　TPO34-Islamic Art and the Book

　　相關(guān)知識(shí)背景：

　　Movable type is the system ofprinting and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elementsof a document (usually individual letters or punctuation).

　　The world's first known movable type system for printingwas made of ceramic materials and created in China around A.D 1040 by Bi Sheng(990–1051) during the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127). In 1377, the firstmetallic types were invented in Goryeo Dynasty in Korea, which were used toprint Jikji, which is the oldest extant movable metal print book. The diffusionof both movable-type systems was, however, limited. They were expensive, andrequired an enormous amount of labour involved in manipulating the thousands ofceramic tablets, or in the case of Korea, metal tablets, required for scriptsbased on the Chinese writing system, which have thousands of characters.

　　Around 1450 Johannes Gutenberg made a mechanical metalmovable-type printing press in Europe, along with innovations in casting thetype based on a matrix and hand mould. The more limited number of charactersneeded for European languages was an important factor. Gutenberg was the firstto create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony—and thesematerials remained standard for 550 years.

　　For alphabetic scripts, movable-type page setting wasquicker than woodblock printing. The metal type pieces were more durable andthe lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and fonts. The highquality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established thesuperiority of movable type in Europe and the use of printing presses spreadrapidly. The printing press may be regarded as one of the key factors fosteringthe Renaissance and due to its effectiveness, its use spread around the globe.

　　The 19th-century invention of hot metal typesettingand its successors caused movable type to decline in the 20th century.

　　第三篇

　　題材劃分：自然環(huán)境

　　主要內(nèi)容：海洋和大氣的形成

　　講的是海洋和大氣的形成。第一段是引入部分，有個(gè)句子插入題。講到了很久以前地球基本是液體，后來(lái)慢慢固化。從第一段末尾開(kāi)始有題。然后說(shuō)海洋和大氣層可能是一起形成的，但是有反駁觀點(diǎn)說(shuō)溫度太高吧。后來(lái)又說(shuō)整個(gè)水的循環(huán)大概一百萬(wàn)年循環(huán)一次吧。地下水其實(shí)比海洋水要多，這里也有題。最后一段說(shuō)的是會(huì)有地下水慢慢出來(lái)變成海洋水，這里也有題。但是科學(xué)家并不知道到底地下水有沒(méi)有循環(huán)過(guò)。

　　相似TPO練習(xí)推薦：

　　TPO-23 UrbanClimates

　　相關(guān)知識(shí)背景：

　　Oceancurrents greatly affect Earth's climate by transferring heat from the tropicsto the polar regions. Transferring warm or cold air and precipitation tocoastal regions, winds may carry them inland. Surface heat and freshwaterfluxes create global density gradients that drive the thermohaline circulationpart of large-scale ocean circulation. It plays an important role in supplyingheat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation. Changes in thethermohaline circulation are thought to have significant impacts on Earth'senergy budget. In so far as the thermohaline circulation governs the rate atwhich deep waters reach the surface, it may also significantly influenceatmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

　　For adiscussion of the possibilities of changes to the thermohaline circulationunder global warming, see shutdown of thermohaline circulation.

　　It isoften stated that the thermohaline circulation is the primary reason that theclimate of Western Europe is so temperate. An alternate hypothesis claims thatthis is largely incorrect, and that Europe is warm mostly because it liesdownwind of an ocean basin, and because atmospheric waves bring warm air northfrom the subtropics.

　　TheAntarctic Circumpolar Current encircles that continent, influencing the area'sclimate and connecting currents in several oceans.

　　One ofthe most dramatic forms of weather occurs over the oceans: tropical cyclones(also called "typhoons" and "hurricanes" depending uponwhere the system forms).

　　Atmosphericcirculation is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and themeans (with ocean circulation) by which heat is distributed around Earth. Thelarge-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year,but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined byEarth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equatorand poles.

　　聽(tīng)力部分

　　Conversation 1

　　有個(gè)女生幫他們宿舍咨詢一個(gè)non credit art class，那女生本來(lái)以為不要錢(qián)，結(jié)果前臺(tái)說(shuō)其實(shí)是要收費(fèi)的，一個(gè)40刀一個(gè)100刀，因?yàn)椴牧弦�收費(fèi)，學(xué)生可以打折，然后其中一個(gè)課是在學(xué)校外面，是一個(gè)退休老教授授課，由于校內(nèi)要供學(xué)生們上課，一直沒(méi)空，所以只能在校外上。前臺(tái)問(wèn)女生是自己要來(lái)上課嗎，女生說(shuō)不是，她是幫他們寢室問(wèn)的。最后就是關(guān)于schedule的一些信息，女生說(shuō)她正好值日，干脆拿一些poster回去，讓室友得到信息。

　　-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考 (TPO26-C1)

　　Lecture 1

　　心理學(xué)，講大腦結(jié)構(gòu)和行為的關(guān)系。先說(shuō)蝙蝠，靠聽(tīng)力而不是視力捕食，所以大腦管聽(tīng)力部分發(fā)達(dá)。然后說(shuō)一種鳥(niǎo)藏食物到很多地方，但是每個(gè)地方都找得到，研究表明它大腦中管特殊記憶的地方比較大，然后又說(shuō)同一種類(lèi)的鳥(niǎo)管特殊記憶的部分有大有小，提出是否后天行為影響大腦結(jié)構(gòu)。于是做了一組實(shí)驗(yàn)，同一種鳥(niǎo)分成兩組，實(shí)驗(yàn)組沒(méi)有足夠食物，鳥(niǎo)需要收集然后找地方藏，對(duì)照組有很多食物，不需要藏食物，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)組鳥(niǎo)的大腦中特殊記憶部分長(zhǎng)大了。然后又提出人的大腦是不是也是這樣受行為影響大腦結(jié)構(gòu)，舉了個(gè)倫敦出租車(chē)司機(jī)的例子，說(shuō)出租車(chē)司機(jī)因?yàn)橐�認(rèn)路，所以特殊記憶的地方大。又做了另一組實(shí)驗(yàn)，出租車(chē)司機(jī)和普通人，共同點(diǎn)是都是右撇子，都是年紀(jì)相仿的人，并不是說(shuō)有記憶天賦的人去當(dāng)出租車(chē)司機(jī)就越好，而是當(dāng)司機(jī)的時(shí)間越久，這一塊就越發(fā)達(dá)，是后天形成的。

　　-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考(TPO10-L4;TPO15-L1;)

　　Lecture 2

　　天文學(xué)，關(guān)于Mars上水的問(wèn)題，開(kāi)始在一個(gè)Valley看到了兩種有水的特征，其中一個(gè)是delta。但是科學(xué)家一直記得是N不是P，因?yàn)镹 warm and wet, P cold and dry，但是實(shí)際是P。一個(gè)女生問(wèn)為什么變成冰升華的那么快，教授覺(jué)得這個(gè)不重要，重要的是，有水就有生命，因?yàn)榈厍蚓褪且郧斑@樣，期待火星的發(fā)現(xiàn)。-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考(OGTEST2; TPO19-L2)

　　Conversation 2

　　男生想以后當(dāng)writer想要參加一個(gè)比賽，professor開(kāi)始還擔(dān)心說(shuō)報(bào)告兩周前就結(jié)束了，男生說(shuō)他報(bào)了，而且過(guò)了初審，問(wèn)professor能不能給他建議，professor說(shuō)不行啊，她是評(píng)委不能這么干，但是建議他去找她以前的同事，這個(gè)人的方法很特別把日常對(duì)話融入演講中，特別nature，跟觀眾有互動(dòng)。

　　-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考(TPO10-C1)

　　Lecture 3

　　生物學(xué)，講美國(guó)曾經(jīng)有片大草原，現(xiàn)在長(zhǎng)滿了針葉林，為什么會(huì)這樣，因?yàn)檫@種針葉樹(shù)有特殊的細(xì)胞，耐旱，根很發(fā)達(dá)，會(huì)找水源。曾經(jīng)有野火少，但是因?yàn)檗r(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，cattle把草都吃了所以火燒不起來(lái)了，人類(lèi)也有意識(shí)防止森林火災(zāi)，野火被控制后，這樹(shù)又瘋長(zhǎng)，抵死了另一種灌木林，說(shuō)了這種樹(shù)對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，提到某種鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)，鳥(niǎo)少了是因?yàn)闃?shù)木代替了shrub，而shrub是它筑巢吃飯的依靠，而且樹(shù)為predator提供庇護(hù)，所以鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)數(shù)量有所減少。最后出題了，說(shuō)人們現(xiàn)在在采取行動(dòng)限制樹(shù)木生長(zhǎng)，而這個(gè)代價(jià)是值得的。

　　-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考(TPO32-L3)

　　Lecture 4

　　電影歷史，盧米埃兩兄弟。說(shuō)電影是他們發(fā)明的，但是之前愛(ài)迪生發(fā)明了西洋鏡。他們老爸是開(kāi)照相館的，有一天買(mǎi)回了一臺(tái)西洋鏡，可以播放會(huì)動(dòng)的圖片，但只能一個(gè)人看而且時(shí)間短。他們爸說(shuō)，不妨在里面加上電源，于是第一臺(tái)projector發(fā)明了。然后盧米埃開(kāi)始拍電影，但是只拍貓啊狗啊馬啊火車(chē)之類(lèi)的，自己不想去控制電影的發(fā)展，是不可預(yù)測(cè)的，觀眾新奇了一會(huì)兒表示很無(wú)聊。這個(gè)時(shí)候另一個(gè)叫喬治的出來(lái)了，他拍的電影有意思多了，大受歡迎。然而盧米埃兄弟堅(jiān)持只拍教育、記錄之類(lèi)的影片，而不做娛樂(lè)片。

　　-TPO部分對(duì)應(yīng)參考(TPO3-L2)

　　口語(yǔ)部分

　　Task1

　　Question: One of your friends is usually exhausted forhis work. What suggestions will you give to him if he wants to cultivate somepersonal interests?

　　Well, I wouldlike to give him advice from several aspects.

　　Firstly, hecould be stressed mentally to some extend. I may suggest him to go for a walkafter work everyday before going to finish or prepare stuff as often to refreshhis mind, like pressing the reset button on him.

　　Secondly, hisdaily routine could be a factor that causes his exhaustion after or duringwork. I would more likely to accompany him to workout in a gym to see if he canstrengthen his muscle groups to be resistant to his painstaking job.

　　Task 2

　　Question:Some people believe that it is the innate talents make a person an artist.While others think that it is the efforts a person put in that make the personan artist. Which do you prefer and why?

　　In terms ofthe nature or nurture problem, I may say it’s the mutual influence that makes aperson an artist. However, I think the inborn talent is more crucial than thatof the effort.

　　Firstly, artappreciation requires an advanced value and an appreciation system, which arenot frequently seen among the public and it is different from other tasks thatthe experiences could be accumulated over the course of lifetime.

　　Secondly, theprimitive attitude toward art and ability in approaching an art piece cannot beacquired in a systematical learning.

　　Task 3

　　Listening: School is planning to open a 24-7 store toprovide commodities that students actually need. The boy agrees that it is agreat idea to open a 24h store for he could buy drugs like aspirin when had aheadache otherwise it is going to be troublesome to see a store closed at thattime. Besides, what if the printer is out of printing ink? They can go straightto get what the urgently need.

　　Task 4

　　The lectureillustrates the relationship between a group of migrating animals and a kind ofplant named nectar corridor over the course of migration.

　　The bat areeager to find food supplements during the migration stage of dessert whilethere is a plant which could provide the bat with its dew so as to let the batspread its pollen to further places.

　　Task 5

　　The problemof the boy is that he is going to have a group project on the night where hisfather’s 5o year birthday is and he is now irresolute.

　　The firstsolution to the problem is to ask his group members to help to finish theproject since the boy has already done enough work in the group. However it iskind of unfair for the rest of the group the take the burden of his.

　　The secondsolution is to finish the group project earlier so as to celebrate his father’s50th birthday later but it will probably let his father down.

　　I personallywould suggest him to finish the project beforehand. Though he is going to be alittle bit late for his father’s birthday celebration, I believe his fatherwould understand if he could tell the truth in advance.

　　Task 6

　　Thesephotographers’ attitudes toward industrialization are changing graduallythrough time between 19th century and 20th century.

　　A photo presents a picture offarmers working on the field without machineries. While another photo shows ascenery of an alignment of machineries stand inside of a factory under thesunlight.

　　It turns out that photographers arechanging from praising the harmony between men and nature to sing for themodern industrialization.

　　寫(xiě)作部分

　　綜合寫(xiě)作 是否應(yīng)該保護(hù)土撥鼠

Topic 議題whether  people should protect prairie dogs
	Reading	Listening
Thesis 總論點(diǎn)	There are three reasons to  illustrate the bad effects brought by those prairie dogs.	The messages mentioned in  the reading are misleading.
Sub-point1 分論點(diǎn)1	They are agricultural pests  because they will compete with cattle for grass.	The agricultural pests view  is outdated. On the one hand, prairie dogs have changed their diets. On the  other hand, cattle now feed on some specific areas. So there is no competitive  relation between them. What’s more, the burrowing of prairie dogs does not  harm the growth of grass, but in fact makes the land fertile, which facilitates  the grass growth.
Sub-point2 分論點(diǎn)2	The fleas they carry can cause  bacterial disease.	The incidence of a disease  is very low. In the past 15 years, only 10 people got infected.
Sub-point 3 分論點(diǎn)3	Protecting them hardly  brings benefits to the ecosystem, so it is more worth protecting large  mammals.	They do goods to the  ecosystem. First, The burrows underground prairie dogs big are habitats of  other animals such as snakes. Second, they are also food resources of large  animals such as foxes. The disappearing of prairies dogs will endanger those  species.

　　Sample answer:

　　The reading puts forward threereasons to illustrate the bad effects brought by those prairie dogs. However, theprofessor refutes these three strongly.

　　Firstly, the reading claims prairiedogs are agricultural pests because they will compete with cattle for grass. Incontrast, the professor argues that the agricultural pests view is outdated. Onthe one hand, prairie dogs have changed their diets. On the other hand, cattlenow feed on some specific areas. So there is no competitive relation betweenthem. What’s more, the burrowing of prairie dogs does not harm the growth ofgrass, but in fact makes the land fertile, which facilitates the grass growth.

　　Secondly, in the reading, itsuggests the fleas they carry can cause bacterial disease. However, theprofessor disagrees, for the incidence of a disease is very low. In the past 15years, only 10 people got infected.

　　Finally, the reading suggeststhat protecting them hardly brings benefits to the ecosystem, so it is moreworth protecting large mammals. But the professor argues that they do goods tothe ecosystem. First, the burrows underground prairie dogs big are habitats ofother animals such as snakes. Second, they are also food resources of largeanimals such as foxes. The disappearing of prairies dogs will endanger thosespecies.

　　獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作：

作文題目：	High school  students should be required to study many different subjects at same time or  they should study only three or four subjects at a time.
題型類(lèi)別:	利弊類(lèi)
題材類(lèi)別：	二選一
相關(guān)舊題：	無(wú)
寫(xiě)作思路：	高中生應(yīng)該同時(shí)學(xué)多門(mén)課還是每次只學(xué)幾門(mén)課，如果選前者可以從不同科目間都是相互相成的等角度學(xué)；如果選后者，可以從個(gè)人注意力有限、學(xué)習(xí)的效率、學(xué)習(xí)講究循序漸進(jìn)及課外活動(dòng)的重要性等角度出發(fā)。
寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)：	選擇同時(shí)學(xué)多門(mén)課： 盡管有人會(huì)說(shuō)同時(shí)學(xué)多門(mén)課會(huì)讓學(xué)生分散精力（distract from），不能學(xué)好每科（low efficiency）。但我認(rèn)為事實(shí)與此相反(contradict)，因?yàn)楦鱾�(gè)學(xué)科之間都是有聯(lián)系和交叉的(interweave)，同時(shí)學(xué)多門(mén)課其實(shí)能更好地促進(jìn)知識(shí)的吸收(facilitate the assimilation of knowledge)，例如物理化學(xué)科目都涉及數(shù)學(xué)，這三者的學(xué)習(xí)能相互促進(jìn)（reciprocate）；中文和英文有類(lèi)似的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，所以兩者也能互利( mutually beneficial)。即使是文科和理科之間也有交叉，如語(yǔ)言學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)，語(yǔ)言學(xué)中其實(shí)有數(shù)學(xué)規(guī)律。 同時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)廣泛的科目有助于引起學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，而局限于（be confined ot）少數(shù)領(lǐng)域會(huì)導(dǎo)致厭倦心理從而厭學(xué)。興趣是最好的老師，涉及多種不同學(xué)科可以開(kāi)拓他們的思維。同時(shí)，當(dāng)他們一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)了科目之間自然而然的聯(lián)系，他們的熱情會(huì)隨即被激發(fā)（motivate／stimulate）。 培養(yǎng)學(xué)生合理安排規(guī)劃時(shí)間的能力。如果學(xué)習(xí)科目少，學(xué)生的課業(yè)壓力就少，很多學(xué)生會(huì)慵懶度日。而同時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)多個(gè)科目就意味著學(xué)生要花更多的時(shí)間在學(xué)習(xí)上，同時(shí)也要協(xié)調(diào)（coordinate）好各科之間的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間以及娛樂(lè)休閑時(shí)間。這對(duì)于學(xué)生以后的進(jìn)入社會(huì)很有幫助。
詞匯拓展：	distract from 分散 low efficiency 低效 contradict 矛盾 interweave 交織 facilitate the assimilation of knowledge 促進(jìn)知識(shí)吸收 reciprocate 互惠 mutually beneficial 互利的 be confined to 局限于 motivate／stimulate 激發(fā) coordinate 使協(xié)調(diào)

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