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如何攻克托福作文寫(xiě)作
一、閱讀材料：
In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.
在美國(guó)，職員一般執(zhí)行的一周五天，每天八小時(shí)工作制。然而，很多職員希望能夠改為四天工作制，如果能夠滿足需要可以接受薪水降低。要求企業(yè)提供薪水八成工作四天的工作方式供員工選擇對(duì)于國(guó)家整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)都是有好處的，同時(shí)獲益的還有個(gè)人，以及執(zhí)行這個(gè)政策的公司。
The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits.
減少工作日會(huì)提高公司的利潤(rùn)，因?yàn)閱T工們會(huì)感到很輕松和精神，這樣他們就會(huì)在工作中較少犯那些可能會(huì)帶來(lái)?yè)p 失的錯(cuò)誤。為了完成同樣的工作量將需要雇傭更多的人手，但是這不意味著需要支付更多的薪水，這是因?yàn)樗奶旃ぷ魅罩恍柚Ц督o每個(gè)員工80%的工資。這樣，公 司花同樣的錢(qián)，員工這會(huì)過(guò)于勞累和失誤連連了，這樣將會(huì)提高公司的利潤(rùn)。
For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate.
對(duì)于國(guó)家整體來(lái)說(shuō)，給職員提供這樣的選擇選擇的好處就是可以降低失業(yè)率。如果原來(lái)全職工作的人縮短了工作時(shí)間之后，他們的部分工作就需要轉(zhuǎn)給其他的員工。這樣，如果每個(gè)員工每周都只工作80%的時(shí)間，這樣就可以以同樣的工作時(shí)間來(lái)雇傭新員工了。
Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.
最后，這種四天工作日的選擇對(duì)于員工個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)也是有利的。那些可以接受用降低薪水來(lái)增加休息時(shí)間的員工可以提高他們的生活質(zhì)量，因?yàn)樗麄冇懈嗟臅r(shí)間陪家人、追求自己的興趣、以及享受一些休閑生活。
二、提取觀點(diǎn)
- Main point: A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.
- Sub point 1: The shortened workweek would increase company profits.
- Sub point 2: the country as a whole will benefits.
- Sub point 3: the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees.
三、觀點(diǎn)抽出方法
- 這篇文章沒(méi)有在觀點(diǎn)抽取的時(shí)候?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)O(shè)置障礙，Main point就乖乖地出現(xiàn)在首段段尾，sub points都是在段首出現(xiàn)的。但是需要提醒的是千萬(wàn)不要把support和detail作為point提取出來(lái)。在獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候，大家常犯的一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤 就是把support和detail作為point放在段首，在閱讀部分也還是難以壓抑對(duì)support和detail的重視。在提取point的時(shí)候不 要把細(xì)節(jié)攪和進(jìn)來(lái)。比如就不能說(shuō)第一個(gè)sub point是員工效率更高;第二個(gè)sub point是可以降低失業(yè)率，第三個(gè)sub point是可以提高生活質(zhì)量。如果用細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)point，就會(huì)在聽(tīng)力部分發(fā)現(xiàn)點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)對(duì)不上了，因?yàn)椴皇撬蓄}目都是會(huì)反駁閱讀部分的細(xì)節(jié)的。即便是，你貌 似對(duì)上了，但是邏輯層面不對(duì)還是錯(cuò)的。所以，真正的理解point的含義是非常重要的，point的是觀點(diǎn)，不提煉出來(lái)的態(tài)度，而不應(yīng)該是一些起支撐作用 的細(xì)節(jié)。
- 我們自查sub point的方法就是它是否是支持main point。有的時(shí)候sub point是main point 的一部分，這段就是一個(gè)典型，有的時(shí)候sub point從不同方面支持main point。但是如果抓到的是細(xì)節(jié)，那么就沒(méi)有這樣直接的邏輯關(guān)系，則不可用。這樣的視角也可以用在獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的自查上，看看自己找的sub point到底對(duì)不對(duì)。
在聽(tīng)力部分，我們可以預(yù)測(cè)到的就是這個(gè)四天工作制是沒(méi)有哪個(gè)方面可以從中獲益的，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候我們一定要注意那些表原因的詞匯，這樣我們才能找到重點(diǎn)。
Offering employees the option of a four-day workweek won’t affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.
給雇員提供四天工作日的選擇不會(huì)像閱讀部分上所說(shuō)的對(duì)企業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況和雇員個(gè)人的生活帶來(lái)積極的影響的。
First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.
首先，采用四小時(shí)工作制可能會(huì)對(duì)導(dǎo)致企業(yè)支出增加，甚至大幅增加。增加新的員工以為這要 再員工培訓(xùn)和醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)上花費(fèi)更多的錢(qián)。別忘了，無(wú)論是四天工作制還是五天工作制，每個(gè)人在諸如保健福利金方面的花費(fèi)是一樣的。而新增的員工統(tǒng)一也需要更多 的工位和更多的電腦。這些額外的支出很快就會(huì)影響到公司的利潤(rùn)。
Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn’t follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.
第二，至于整個(gè)社會(huì)的就業(yè)問(wèn)題，也不是像閱讀部分所說(shuō)的，只要有雇員選擇四天工作制，就會(huì)創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。鑒于我剛才說(shuō)的，雇傭新員工花費(fèi)頗多，很多 公司都另作選擇了。他們可能就是要求他們的員工加班已完成任務(wù)差額。甚至公司可能會(huì)提高它們對(duì)員工效率的預(yù)期。它們可能會(huì)要求改成四天工作制的員工完成過(guò) 去他們五天完成的任務(wù)。如果這樣，不但沒(méi)有新的工作機(jī)會(huì)，而且現(xiàn)有的工作也變得不那么令人愉快了。
Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees’ job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.
最后，雖然四天工作日給員工更多的空閑時(shí)間去安排他們的私人生活，但是他們也會(huì)冒有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這些 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)甚至可能會(huì)降低他們的生活質(zhì)量。時(shí)間較短的工作制將會(huì)降低雇員工作的穩(wěn)定性，同時(shí)阻礙他們事業(yè)的發(fā)展。在面臨經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的時(shí)候，選擇四天工作制的員工將 會(huì)首當(dāng)其沖地被裁掉。同時(shí)由于公司更傾向于把管理崗給那些五天工作的員工，這樣四天工作制的員工將會(huì)錯(cuò)失進(jìn)行集會(huì)。企業(yè)正陽(yáng)的考慮是為了保證在整個(gè)工作周 期中都有持續(xù)的管理覆蓋和持續(xù)的監(jiān)督機(jī)制。
四、詞匯補(bǔ)充：
閱讀部分表達(dá)方法：passage, material
聽(tīng)力部分表達(dá)方法：lecture, the professors says
同意: say, argue, claim, opinion, hold the view that, figure, deem, believe, reckon, consider, opinion, proposition,
反對(duì)：on contrary, by contrast, argue against, refute, object, hold a totally different view, oppose, be against.
TIP：在行文過(guò)程中，需要變化的是表示同意或者反對(duì)的功能性詞匯，而表示閱讀部分和聽(tīng)力部分的指代型詞匯請(qǐng)不要變化。就像你跟人介紹自己，不能在整個(gè)過(guò)程中就只說(shuō)自己的名字，這樣會(huì)讓聽(tīng)者或者讀者摸不到頭緒的，我們語(yǔ)言多樣性的表達(dá)要用在需要的地方。
五、文章結(jié)構(gòu)：
第一段：要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容有：passage部分的主觀點(diǎn)，lecture部分的主觀點(diǎn)，以及兩者之間的關(guān)系。
第二段：passage部分的sub point 1，lecture部分對(duì)應(yīng)的sub point，lecture里面相對(duì)應(yīng)的support和details。
第三段：passage部分的sub point 2，lecture部分對(duì)應(yīng)的sub point，lecture里面相對(duì)應(yīng)的support和details。
第四段：passage部分的sub point 3，lecture部分對(duì)應(yīng)的sub point，lecture里面相對(duì)應(yīng)的support和details。
TIP：沒(méi)有必要在文章中出現(xiàn)passage部分的support和details，或者說(shuō)不能出現(xiàn)。
綜合寫(xiě)作對(duì)語(yǔ)言的要求是清晰表達(dá)，準(zhǔn)確轉(zhuǎn)述即可(其實(shí)獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的要求也類(lèi)似)。沒(méi)有必要一味地追求語(yǔ)言的華麗，把話說(shuō)清楚最重要。有的同學(xué)語(yǔ)言使用的能 力還有一定局限的情況下，千萬(wàn)不要刻意追求句式的復(fù)雜化，因?yàn)檫@樣的后果就是寫(xiě)出來(lái)的句子個(gè)個(gè)都有錯(cuò)，個(gè)個(gè)都有表達(dá)不清。同時(shí)，那些語(yǔ)言能力好的同學(xué)也要 注意語(yǔ)言的簡(jiǎn)潔，無(wú)論是何種語(yǔ)言，總最好的詞表達(dá)最多的內(nèi)容都是很厲害的呀。從句套從句的句子，并不是一個(gè)明智的選擇。
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