大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作技巧
高考英文寫(xiě)作幾乎是所有同學(xué)在英語(yǔ)考試中最薄弱的一環(huán)。 許多同學(xué)花了大量的時(shí)間和精力，卻很難在這一項(xiàng)上有所突破。以下是小編整理的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作技巧，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
開(kāi)頭：
一、直接拋出觀點(diǎn)類
這一方法就是開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，直接了當(dāng)?shù)靥岢鲎约簩?duì)要討論的問(wèn)題的看法。模板句型：
1 、Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that...
2、Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ....
二、故事引出類
這種方法就是先講一個(gè)較短的、與文章內(nèi)容稍有關(guān)聯(lián)的故事來(lái)引發(fā)讀者的興趣，引出文章的主題。模板句型：
1 、I have a friend who ... Should he ....? Such a dilemma we are often confronted with in our daily life.
2、 Once upon a time, there lived a man who .... This story may be (unbelievable), but it still has a realistic significance now.
三、觀點(diǎn)對(duì)立引出類
這種開(kāi)頭是針對(duì)一個(gè)問(wèn)題先給出其他人的不同看法，然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法，適用于有爭(zhēng)議性的主題。模板句型：
1、 When asked about..., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that …. But I think/view a bit differently.
2 、Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that..... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....
四、引用名句類
這類開(kāi)頭是先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法，來(lái)引出文章要展開(kāi)論述的觀點(diǎn)，在實(shí)際寫(xiě)作中運(yùn)用還是比較多的。模板句型：
1、 "Education is not complete with graduation." This is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion.
2 、We often hear such traditional complains as this "...."
五、現(xiàn)象分析類
這一類開(kāi)頭是先引出要剖析的現(xiàn)象或者問(wèn)題，然后在進(jìn)行分析評(píng)論。
1、Recently the issue of the problem/phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus/into public attention.
2、 Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.
文中：
一、我的觀點(diǎn)(My view)
When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions... is no exception. Some people take it for granted that ... However, others hold that...
As for as I am concerned, that I am in favor for the second view. The reasons are as follows.
First, there is and elements of truth that ... But it doesn’t follow that... A case in point is that ...Therefore, the first view doesn’t hold water.
In conclusion...
二、優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)(Advantages and disadvantages)
Nowadays, ...plays an important part in ... Like everything else, ...has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows
Firstly, ... Besides ... Most important of all ...
But every coin has tow sides. The negative aspects are alse apparent. To begin with, ... To make matters worse of all ...
Through above analysis, I believe that the advantages aspects outweigh the disadvantages. Therefore...
三、怎么辦...
Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective. First of all ... Another way to solve the problem of ... is ... Finally...
There are not the best and only tow measures we can take. But it should be noted that if we take strong action to ...
四、選擇行動(dòng)
When you ... you will be faced with the choice between A and B. Before making the right choice, you had better make a close comparison and contrast of them.
First of all, A... Also, B... Second, A... likewise, B... Despite their similarities, A and B are also different in the following aspects. First, A... However, B... Besides, A... on the contrary, B...
Therefore, it depends with ... you should choose. If you ..., you should choose A; but if you ... you should turn to B.
五、為什么...
There are many reasons for... but in general, they come down to three major ones. For one thing... for another thing ... Perhaps the prime reason is that ... From the foregoing...
結(jié)尾：
1.For the reasons presented above，I strongly commit to the notion that __________ .
2.Given the factors I have just outlined，I Call only say that__________.
3.This is not to say that the argument/choice is neither rhyme nor reason.But in terms of __________ ，itis__________.
4.Therefore.it is safely to draw the conclusion that__________.
5.From what has been discussed above，we may safely draw the conclusion that__________.
6.Above all.I have supported the statement that it is better to__________because__________.
7.From what has been discussed above，we can draw the conclusion that__________.
8.It is necessary that steps should be taken to__________.
9.In conclusion，it is imperative that__________.
10.There is no easy memod，but__________might be ofsome help.
11.To solve the above mentioned problem，we must__________.
12.In summary,if we continue to ignore the above mentioned issue，more problems will crop up.
13.We might do more than identify the cause.It is important to take actions to__________.
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)的寫(xiě)作技巧
一、記敘文的定義
記敘文也稱敘述文，是一種以敘述的手法來(lái)呈現(xiàn)人物活動(dòng)及事件過(guò)程的體裁。故事、游記、通訊、新聞報(bào)道(消息)、歷史、 人物傳記、日記和回憶錄等都屬于記敘文的范疇。記敘文大致可以分為以記人為主的記敘文和以敘事為主的記敘文。前者主要是對(duì)人物的經(jīng)歷、活動(dòng)或者性格特征進(jìn)行敘述;后者則是對(duì)某一事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程和結(jié)果進(jìn)行敘述。
二、記敘文的六大要素
記敘文的寫(xiě)作涉及到六大要素，即五個(gè)W和一個(gè)H：時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、原因(why)和結(jié)果(how);也可以將這六大要素概括為時(shí)間(time)、地點(diǎn)(place)、 人物( character)、事件的原因(cause)、經(jīng)過(guò)(process)和結(jié)果( effect)。
三、記敘文的行文方式
一般來(lái)講，記敘文應(yīng)具有包括開(kāi)頭，主體和結(jié)尾在內(nèi)的完整結(jié)構(gòu), 尤其是必須有情節(jié)發(fā)展的過(guò)程。作者應(yīng)該像電影導(dǎo)演一樣盡可能安排起伏和精彩的內(nèi)容，在矛盾的產(chǎn)生和解決過(guò)程中凸現(xiàn)出誘發(fā)、發(fā)展到高潮的完整過(guò)程。此外，在敘述過(guò)程中為完整展現(xiàn)前面述及的六要素，還需要插入生動(dòng)活潑的人物場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)和清晰細(xì)致的動(dòng)作表情刻畫(huà)。
四、記敘文的寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)
基于英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法和詞匯特點(diǎn)，寫(xiě)作英語(yǔ)記敘文時(shí)應(yīng)掌握以下要領(lǐng)：
1. 時(shí)態(tài)
由于記敘文是描述過(guò)去的語(yǔ)境，記敘發(fā)生過(guò)的事件，所以比較多使用包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)在內(nèi)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。但是，在很多情況下由于客觀描述的需要，事件或人物描述的背景從過(guò)去轉(zhuǎn)到現(xiàn)在，現(xiàn)在時(shí)的使用不可避免。還有的時(shí)候，為了襯托人物的個(gè)性，直觀地表現(xiàn)人物的思想感情，需要運(yùn)用對(duì)話的方式。而人物對(duì)話需要用直接引語(yǔ)，時(shí)態(tài)的選擇又需要依托現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)境。這樣，事件的時(shí)間線索就顯得尤為重要，要求寫(xiě)作者有較強(qiáng)的“時(shí)間領(lǐng)悟能力”，駕馭寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中的時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：
Wang Nan, a world champion in ping-pong, is 1.62 meter tall with the weight of 54 kilograms. She was born in Liaoning Province in October 1978. She began to play ping-pong at the age of seven. She played in Liaoning Team for three years before she came to the national team in 1993. She trained hard and got along well with her teammates. Wang Nan has won scores of gold medals in international table-tennis games and won great honor for our motherland. She likes surfing theinternet, and enjoys chatting withfriends online.
在這篇短文中，第一句是客觀描述，介紹王楠的基本情況，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。第二、三句介紹她的成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷，用的是過(guò)去時(shí)。最后兩句敘說(shuō)她所取得的成就，又轉(zhuǎn)換到現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)境，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2. 人稱
人稱的運(yùn)用也是記敘文的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。第一人稱(First-person Narrator)是寫(xiě)作者以當(dāng)事人的口氣來(lái)敘述，是一種主觀表現(xiàn)手法，給讀者一種親切自然的感覺(jué)。由于作者是以敘述親身經(jīng)歷的方式表達(dá)自己的思想情感，更能引起讀者共鳴。例如：
The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it. It was really a bad day for me.
第三人稱(Third-person Narrator)是寫(xiě)作者從旁觀者的角度來(lái)敘述事件，是客觀的表現(xiàn)手法，能夠充分反映事件中各個(gè)人的感受與見(jiàn)解，從整體的視角來(lái)敘述事件。例如：
It was about nine o’clock on one Saturday evening in May. Sam was lying in bed, trembling with cold and having a cough. His head was aching so intensely that he kept groaning. His forehead felt very hot. We took his temperature. It was 38.5℃。
3. 動(dòng)詞使用的連貫性
為了刻畫(huà)人物個(gè)性，表現(xiàn)真情實(shí)感，記敘文經(jīng)常需要使用動(dòng)詞來(lái)突出過(guò)程與變化。在許多動(dòng)作交替出現(xiàn)的情況下，一定要注意動(dòng)詞使用的連貫性，使文字表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔明了，一氣呵成。下面一段接著上文記敘了薩姆生病后作者送他去醫(yī)院的過(guò)程，動(dòng)詞使用得相當(dāng)連貫。
Without hesitation, I dialed “120”. It was not long before an ambulance arrived. One roommate brought a blanket for him, and another helped him in the ambulance.
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)要求寫(xiě)作技巧
一、審題
1.審體裁(議論文，說(shuō)明文，描述文)
審題就是要審作文的題材和體裁。因?yàn)槭裁礃拥捏w裁就會(huì)用什么樣的題材去寫(xiě)。那么體裁包括那些呢?它包括議論文，說(shuō)明文和描述文。從近些年看，四級(jí)作文不是單一的體裁，而是幾種體裁的糅合體。例如：
Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to writea composition on the topic
Trying to Be A Good University Student.
You should write at least 100 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:
做合格大學(xué)生的必要性
做合格大學(xué)生的必備條件(可以從德智體方面談)
很多人說(shuō)這種類型的作文是議論文。這是片面的，因?yàn)椋?/p>
第一段要求寫(xiě)“必要性”，則是議論文;
第二段要求寫(xiě)“必備條件”，則要求寫(xiě)說(shuō)明文;
第三段要求寫(xiě)“這樣做”，則要求寫(xiě)描述文。所以在大多數(shù)情形下，四級(jí)作文是三種體裁的糅合體。
2.確定相應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方法
我們審題的目的就是根據(jù)不同體裁確定不同的寫(xiě)作方法。通過(guò)審題，我們可以看出四級(jí)作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段為議論體，第二段為說(shuō)明體，第三段為描述體。而各種文體又有不同的寫(xiě)作方式：議論文：要有論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)，而且往往從正反兩方面來(lái)論述。例如上面第一段的思路是：做合格大學(xué)生，會(huì)怎么樣(這是從正面論述);不能做合格的大學(xué)生，又會(huì)怎么樣(從反面論述);所以我們要做合格的大學(xué)生(結(jié)論)。說(shuō)明文：可以從幾方面來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)問(wèn)題，可以從德智體三方面來(lái)說(shuō)明合格大學(xué)生的必要性。描述文：以“人”為中心描述一個(gè)“做”的過(guò)程。與上兩段相比，本段的主語(yǔ)多為人稱代詞，他要與第二段相呼應(yīng)進(jìn)行描述。
二、確定主題句
審?fù)觐}后，接下來(lái)就是如何寫(xiě)的問(wèn)題。第一步就是確定主題句，主題句既能保證你不跑題，又能幫助你制定寫(xiě)作思路。而寫(xiě)主題句最保險(xiǎn)的方法就是直接翻譯中文提綱，如上述之段主題句為：
It is very necessary to be a good university student.(議論體的主題句)
There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student.(說(shuō)明體的主題句)
What I will do in the future is the following.(描述體的主題句)
三、組織段落
確定主題句后，接下來(lái)的工作就是展開(kāi)論述。許多考生真正犯難的也是這一步。最基本的解決辦法是擴(kuò)大詞匯量，豐富自己的語(yǔ)法存儲(chǔ)。在寫(xiě)作時(shí)，語(yǔ)法和詞匯都是最基本的。然而，組織段落的能力也是尤為重要的(接下來(lái)的連貫與銜接部分，我們更為詳細(xì)的為大家講解)。行文時(shí)，不只是提供一些information,還要學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用一些examples, personal experiences, comparisons, descriptions等等，只有這樣，才不會(huì)覺(jué)得無(wú)話可“寫(xiě)”。
四、連貫與銜接
1.列舉法
列舉的模式通常是
主題句
----example 1
----example 2
----example 3
列舉時(shí)常用for example, for instance, such as, like,thus, takeas an example, to illustrate 等詞語(yǔ)。
Nonverbal communication, or "body language，"is communication by facial expressions, head or eye movements, hand signals, and body postures. It can be just as important to understanding as words are. Misunderstandings are often amusing but sometimes serious ones can arise between peoplefromdifferent culture if they misinterpret nonverrbal signals. Take for example, the differences in meaning of gesture arevery common in the United States: a circle made with the thumb and index finger. To an American, it means that everything is Ok. To a Japanese, it means that you are talking about money. In France, it means that something is worthless, and in Greece, it is an obscene gesture. Therefore, an American could unknowingly offenda Greek by using that particular hand signal.
2.分類法
一般是在主題句之后，依次羅列段落指示詞所表達(dá)的幾個(gè)部分或幾個(gè)方面。然后，選用豐富的事例對(duì)所羅列的各個(gè)部分或各個(gè)方面進(jìn)行具體地說(shuō)明或解釋。
There are three basic kinds of materials that can be found in any good library.
First, there are books on all subjects, both in English and in many other languages. These booksare organized according to subject, title, and author in a central file canned the card catalog. Books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for a period of two to four weeks。
Second, there are reference works, which include encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliography, atlases, etc., and which generally must be used in the library itself.
Third, there are periodicals- magazines, newspapers, pamphlets-which are filed
alphabetically in racks, or which have been filmed to conserve space. Like reference works, periodicals cannot usually be removedfromthe library. 分類時(shí)常用：most of all， next，moreover， in addition，besides，furthermore，to begin with，to start with，first of all，first，second，third
3. 因果關(guān)系
在段落一開(kāi)頭，就用主題句點(diǎn)明其因果關(guān)系，然后選用有關(guān)材料，客觀的羅列某些原因或結(jié)果，以闡述中心思想。
Growing numbers of well-to-do Americans are making the decision to move abroad. They find it impossible in America to walk the streets at night without fear of being raped, mugged, or murdered, nor do they see a way to escape the poisonous air of the cities. They maintain that even American food hasbecome increasingly dangerous to eat. Last but not least, they insist that they are sick of the pace of American life, a pace that leaves no time for relaxation or pleasure。
因果關(guān)系常用語(yǔ)匯：
because of, so, owing to, thanks to, thus, as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in
4.比較法
主題句必須明確表明所要比較的對(duì)象和所要比較的范圍，實(shí)際上就是羅列兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上比較對(duì)象的相同點(diǎn)。
Learning English is like building a house. Laying a solid foundation is the first and most important step. In other words, you should read and speak English every day. Memorizing new words and phrases is also helpful. Like building a house, learning English takes some time.
So don’t be impatient. Remember, Rome wasn’t built in a day.
常用語(yǔ)匯：at the same time, similar to, accordingly, both, show a degree of similarity, similarly, the same as, and too, in the same way, in a like manner.
5.舉例法
列舉事實(shí)或舉出實(shí)例來(lái)說(shuō)明中心思想， 是簡(jiǎn)單易行、具有說(shuō)服力的寫(xiě)作方法。
Communicating with other people by telephone is very convenient,especially when you have something urgent. For example, if one of your family members is seriously ill at night, and you don’t know how to deal with it and where to find a doctor, what can you do? A telephone is the answer. Dial 120 and you will get servicesfromthe hospital very soon。
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