2017職稱英語《綜合A》補全短文試題及答案
完形填空題
part A
Einstein Named "Person of the Century"
Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel (解決) the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday.
A man whose very name is synonymous ( 同義的 ) with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific though that set the stage for the age of technology. "The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological—technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science," wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance. _________ (46)
Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon (象征) for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.
"What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom's fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying (象征，體現(xiàn)) the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom,"said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.
Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879_________ (47) He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams , In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. _________ (48) Everything else- mass,weight, space, even time itself--is a variable (變量). And he offered the world his now-famous equation (方程式): energy equals mass times the speed of light squared--E=mc2.
_________(49) "There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality " Einstein's famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did. _________(50) Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.
A. "Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics,"Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time's choices.
B. How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public's view about Albert Einstein
C. "Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Elnstel .
D. Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project" that secretly developed the first atomic weapon
E. In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become——
F. In his "Special Theory of Relativity," Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.
part B
Read with Greater Speed
Do you have difficulty reading in class? If so, a special reading program that helps match sounds with letters could speed up your brain.
At least one out of every five elementary school students in the US has trouble learning to read, even when the students are good at other subjects._________ (46)
Researchers from Yale University, US, studied a group of children from New York and Connecticut State. As part of the study, 37 struggling readers received special tutoring.
Every day, instructors worked with them on recognizing how written letters represent units of sound called phonemes (音素). _________(47)
By the end of the school year, these children could read faster than before. They also made fewer mistakes, and understood more of what they read than they could earlier in the year.
As part of their study, the researchers used a special machine to take action photos of the students' brains. _________(48) This is the same part of the brain that becomes active when good readers read. This activated brain area appears to include a structure that helps people recognize familiar written words quickly. In lower level readers, this structure remains inactive.
A year later, the brain structure was still working hard in the students who had gone through the special tutoring, and they continued to do well in reading tests._________ (49) However, some researchers still doubt the study. _________ (50)
A. Many adults are interested in matching sounds with letters.
B. The students also practiced reading aloud and spelling.
C. The biggest challenge for many of these kids, scientists say, is matching sounds with letters.
D. Another group in the study who went through a more traditional reading program didn't show the same progress.
E. The pictures showed all increase in activity in the back of the brain on the left side.
F. They believe that reading without making any noise or linking words to sounds is more efficient.
part C
The World'.s Longest Bridge
Rumor has it that a legendary (傳說的) six-headed monster lurks in the deep waters of the Tyrrhenian Sea between Italy and the island of Sicily._________ (46) When completed in 2010,the world's longest bridge will weigh nearly 300,000 tons--equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic-- and stretch 5 kilometers long. "That's nearly 50 percent longer than any other bridge ever built," says structural engineer Shane Rixon.
_________ (47) They're suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges (峽谷). A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure's mammoth ( 巨大的 )weight, thanks to hefty (高強度的)supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messina Strait Bridge will have two 54, 100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge' s load. The beefy (結(jié)實的 )cables of the bridge, each 1.2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built.
When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers. _________ (48) Getting these cables up will be something. It's not just their length -- totally 5.3 kilometers -- but their weight. _________ (49)
After lowering vertical "suspender" cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60 meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck--wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic.
The deck's weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank (拽) up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139,000 tons--equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. _________ (50)
A. Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds.
B. What do the world's longest bridges have in common?
C. If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼嘯而過) across the Messina Strait Bridge.
D. They're what will keep the bridge from going anywhere.
E. The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352 individual steel wires.
F. They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons--more than half the bridge's total mass.
part D
Why Would They Falsely Confess?
Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most
people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation (審訊) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible(易受影響的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盤問) is enormous. _________ (46) "The pressure is important to understand, because, otherwise, it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory to determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do._________ (47) The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility.
Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed._________(48) Of the 15-to- 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-to 13-year-olds.
"There's no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin, Professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. _________(49) Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation--not hours of aggressive questioning--and still, most participants falsely confessed.
Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. _________ (50)
A. In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems.
B. "In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision."
C. "It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental (牙齒的) drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley.
D. "But adults are highly vulnerable too."
E. How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do?
F. Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.
答案與解析
part A
46.C。本文主要講愛因斯坦為20世紀(jì)人類科學(xué)做出的重大貢獻(xiàn)。本段是理論物理學(xué)家史蒂芬•霍金在《時代》雜志上發(fā)表的一篇評價愛因斯坦所做貢獻(xiàn)的文章中的幾句話。
他說世界在過去的100年發(fā)生的變化比以往任何一個世紀(jì)都大得多，其原因不在于政治或經(jīng)濟，而在于技術(shù)——由于基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)的進(jìn)步而直接造就的新技術(shù)。兩句話并未提及愛因斯坦，因此此處選C最合適：“顯然，沒有一位科學(xué)家能比愛因斯坦更好地代表這些科學(xué)進(jìn)步。”those在此發(fā)揮了銜接作用。
47.E。本段簡要介紹了愛因斯坦的早年生平。E說：“愛因斯坦在小時候并未顯示日后會成為大科學(xué)家的任何天賦。”后一句話實際上是對E的詳細(xì)解釋。
48.F。本段主要介紹愛因斯坦提出的相對論。第一句話告訴我們l905年的時候愛因斯坦發(fā)表了人類歷史上最具奇巧想象力的理論。第三、四句話是具體解釋相對論，F(xiàn)說：“在‘特殊相對論’中，愛因斯坦描述了宇宙中為什么唯一恒定的是光速。”由此看來F放在此處最合適，其中constant和variable意思相反，構(gòu)成詞匯銜接。
49.A。本段是伊薩克森在《時代》雜志上的一篇文章中對相對論的深遠(yuǎn)意義所做的評述。他說：“相對論間接地為道德、藝術(shù)和政治領(lǐng)域中新相對主義的出現(xiàn)鋪平了道路。”后一句是對此的進(jìn)一步解釋。
50.D。本段主要講愛因斯坦與原子能和原子武器發(fā)展的關(guān)系。前一句告訴我們愛因斯坦于1939年在給羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)的一封信中敦促美國搶在納粹德國之前研制原子彈，并簽了名。D說：“羅斯福對這項建議十分關(guān)注，遂制定了秘密制造第一顆原子彈的‘曼哈頓計劃’。”后一句說愛因斯坦未參與這項計劃，其中the project指的就是the Manhattan Project。
part B
46.C。文章的題目是：用較快的速度閱讀。第二段的第一個句子說的是：在美國五個小學(xué)生中至少有一個在學(xué)習(xí)閱讀方面有困難，雖然這些學(xué)生其他科目都不錯。這是一個總的說明，接著的句子應(yīng)該具體說明。C就是進(jìn)一步的說明：科學(xué)家說，這些孩子中的許多人的最大困難是如何使得讀音和字母對應(yīng)起來。
47.B。第四段的第一句話說的是：每天老師幫助他們弄懂字母是如何表達(dá)被稱做音素的語音單位的。但光弄懂是不夠的，還需要實踐。所以選B：學(xué)生還練習(xí)朗讀和拼寫。
48.E。第六段說的是：作為研究的一部分，研究人員用一個特殊的機器拍攝學(xué)生大腦運動的照片。B說的是：照片顯示左大腦后部的活動增加了。
49.D。倒數(shù)第二段的第一句講的是試驗組的情況。D講的是用傳統(tǒng)方法的情況，放在一起可以構(gòu)成對比，很連貫。
50.F。最后一段的第一句說的是：然而，有些研究人員仍然不太相信這一研究。從提供的選項中的第一個詞組可以看出，只有F是合適的，因為它的起始詞是They，指some researchers。
part C
46.C。選項C中有一個關(guān)鍵詞beast，與第一句中的monster相呼應(yīng)。所以C是答案。
47.B。第二段第二句的主語是they。由于表語是suspension bridges，they替代的一定是前面句子出現(xiàn)過的bridges。六個選項中，只有B含有bridges。填在第二段段首，意思連貫。
48.E�？瞻滋幥懊娴木渥又杏衪he first job這幾個詞。有first，必有second/then。六個選項中，只有E含有the second job，所以E是答案。
49.F�？瞻滋幥懊娴木渥诱f的是，把這些吊索吊高定位是有難度的，不僅僅由于它們很長，還由于它們很重。后面應(yīng)該接著說吊索的情況，選項F具體地介紹了它們的重量。
50.D�？瞻滋幥懊娴木渥诱f的是，橋樁很重要。后面接著還應(yīng)該說橋樁的事情，選項D解釋了橋樁的作用，故選D。
part D
46.C。這一段談的是pressure方面的事。請注意在這個空格后面是一段引言，但沒有原說話人的名字，這也給我們提示，在填入部分里應(yīng)該有原說話人的名字，這樣可以考慮的有B、C、F三個選項。從內(nèi)容上進(jìn)一步考慮，應(yīng)選C。
47.A。這里填入的部分是對Redlich所做試驗的描述，下文又講到計算機，所以不難確定選A。
48.F。這一段講的是Redlich試驗的結(jié)果，一開始就講了她的finding，填入的部分里有also這個詞，正好接上。而后面的一句話則用更具體的數(shù)據(jù)來支持她的結(jié)論：越年輕，越可能做假供。
49.D。Saul Kassin同意Redlich的結(jié)果，她認(rèn)為年輕人風(fēng)險大(more at risk)，但同時她又認(rèn)為成年人也十分脆弱(vulnerable)。
50.B。由于在審訊過程中受到壓力，許多人認(rèn)為做假供是一種擺脫厄境的方法，因而也是
一種合理的決定。
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