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托福TPO9綜合寫(xiě)作題目及范文
汽車(chē)制造商和政府都在積極地尋找內(nèi)燃機(jī)的代替品，托福TPO9綜合寫(xiě)作題目材料就氫燃料電池發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)替代內(nèi)燃機(jī)的可行性進(jìn)行了討論。下面是小編整理的托福TPO9綜合寫(xiě)作范文，希望能幫到大家!
托福TPO9綜合寫(xiě)作高分范文
The lecturer points out several problems with the use of hydrogen-based fuel-cell engines in support of her claim that substituting them for internal-combustion engines is technologically unfeasible, environmentally unfriendly, and economically unviable.
First, the lecturer states that it is impractical to replace internal-combustion engines with fuel-cell engines because using the latter requires hydrogen in a pure liquid form, which is technologically challenging to both obtain and store. However, the reading argues that because hydrogen can be extracted from many resources including water, fuel cell engines powered by this infinite source of energy are an extremely attractive alternative.
Second, the lecturer refutes the claim in the reading that hydrogen cells are environmentally friendly. She argues that although engines that use hydrogen cells produce less pollution, the manufacturing of hydrogen cells generates large amounts of harmful by-products due to the burning of fossil fuels in the purification process.
Third, although the reading suggests that hydrogen-based engines are more fuel-efficient and thus economically competitive than internal-combustion engines, the professor argues that such an advantage is undermined by the fact that fuel-cell engines are extremely expensive to manufacture because they require the addition of platinum, a very rare and expensive material.
托福TPO9綜合寫(xiě)作閱讀材料：
Car manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile’s main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far, the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.
汽車(chē)制造商和政府都在積極地尋找內(nèi)燃機(jī)的代替品，而目前內(nèi)燃機(jī)是汽車(chē)主要的動(dòng)力源。目前為止，氫燃料電池發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是最有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的汽車(chē)動(dòng)力代替品。氫燃料電池發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是用氫作燃料產(chǎn)生電能以充當(dāng)汽車(chē)的動(dòng)力。鑒于燃料電池發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)相對(duì)于內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)優(yōu)點(diǎn)多多，因而可以很快替代內(nèi)燃機(jī)。
One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel. Petroleum is a finite resource, someday; we will run out of oil. The hydrogen needed for fuel-cell engines cannot easily be depleted. Hydrogen can be derived from various plentiful sources, including natural gas and even water. The fact that fuel-cell engines utilize easily available, renewable resources makes them particularly attractive.
內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的問(wèn)題之一就是對(duì)于石油的依賴，而石油具體的形式是汽油或者柴油。石油是不可再生資源，總有一天會(huì)用盡的。而燃料電池發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)所使用的氫則不是那么容易消耗完的。氫有多種來(lái)源，比如天然氣和水。燃料電池發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)很容易得到，而這種能源的可再生性使其特別具有吸引力。
Second, hydrogen-based fuel cells are attractive because they will solve many of the world’s pollution problems. An unavoidable by-product of burning oil is carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide harms the environment. On the other hand, the only byproduct of fuel-cell engines is water.
第二，氫燃料電池發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)還可以在全球范圍內(nèi)解決污染問(wèn)題，這也是其具有吸引力的原因。使用石油不可避免的副產(chǎn)品就是二氧化碳，這是對(duì)環(huán)境有害的氣體。而與此同時(shí)，燃料電池發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)唯一的副產(chǎn)品就是水。
Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive because people will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will to operate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason. A fuel-cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only half the fuel energy that the internal-combustion powered car does to go the same distance.
第三，因?yàn)槿剂想姵匕l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的使用費(fèi)用比內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)低，燃料電池發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)很快就會(huì)在價(jià)格上很有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力了。這個(gè)道理是很簡(jiǎn)單的。燃料電池汽車(chē)的`能量利用率幾乎是使用內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的汽車(chē)的兩倍。換句話說(shuō)，行駛相同的距離，使用燃料電池發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)汽車(chē)只需要消耗內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)的一半能量。
托福TPO9綜合寫(xiě)作聽(tīng)力材料：
The reading is correct in pointing out the problems associated with oil-powered cars. Yes, oil is a finite resource, and yes, burning oil harms the environment. However, the reading is way too optimistic in its assessment of hydrogen-based fuel-cell engines. Hydrogen is not the solution to these problems.
閱讀部分對(duì)于石油動(dòng)力車(chē)的問(wèn)題描述是站得住腳的。是的，石油是不可再生資源;是的，使用石油會(huì)造成環(huán)境污染。然而，閱讀部分對(duì)于氫燃料電池內(nèi)燃機(jī)的評(píng)論卻過(guò)于樂(lè)觀。氫燃料并不能解決這些問(wèn)題。
First, hydrogen is not as easily available as the passage indicates. Although it’s present in common substances like water, it’s not directly useable in that form. For using a fuel-cell engine, hydrogen must first be obtained in a pure liquid state. This pure liquid hydrogen is a highly artificial substance. It’s technologically very difficult to produce and store liquid hydrogen. For example, it must be kept very very cold at minus 253 degrees Celsius. Imagine the elaborate cooling technology that’s required for that! So, hydrogen is not such a practical and easily available substance, is it?
首先，氫并不是像閱讀部分說(shuō)的那么容易得到。盡管氫就像水一樣普遍存在，但是并不是以一種可以直接使用的形態(tài)存在的。如果想在燃料電池中使用氫，那么必須是液態(tài)純氫。而這種液態(tài)純氫是一種極難獲取的物質(zhì)。在技術(shù)上很難制造，同時(shí)很難儲(chǔ)存。比如，液態(tài)純氫必須保存在攝氏零下253度的超低溫下�？梢韵胂笠幌乱簯B(tài)純氫所要求的技術(shù)條件有多苛刻。由此可見(jiàn)，氫并不是一種很容易得到和使用的物質(zhì)，是不是?
Second, using hydrogen would not solve the pollution problems associated with cars. Why? Producing pure hydrogen creates a lot of pollution. To get pure hydrogen from water or natural gas, you have to use a purification process that requires lots of energy that’s obtained by burning coal or oil. And burning coal and oil creates lots of pollution. So although the cars would not pollute, the factories that generated the hydrogen for the cars would pollute.
第二，使用氫燃料并不能解決汽車(chē)造成的環(huán)境污染。為什么?這是因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)氫燃料的.過(guò)程是會(huì)造成很多環(huán)境污染的。如果要從水或者天然氣中獲取純氫，那么你就必須警醒能量消耗巨大的提純。這種提純過(guò)程所使用的能量則是來(lái)自于燃燒煤或者石油。眾所周知，燃燒煤和石油是會(huì)造成很多污染的。所以，雖然汽車(chē)不會(huì)造成環(huán)境污染，但是那些為汽車(chē)生產(chǎn)氫燃料的工廠卻會(huì)造成環(huán)境污染。
Third, there won’t necessarily be any cost savings when you consider how expensive it is to manufacture the fuel-cell engine. That’s because fuel-cell engines require components made of platinum, a very rare and expensive metal. Without the platinum components in the engine, the hydrogen doesn’t undergo the chemical reaction that produces the electricity to power the automobile. All the efforts to replace platinum with a cheaper material have so far been unsuccessful.
第三，當(dāng)你知道制造燃料電池發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)有多貴的時(shí)候，你就不會(huì)認(rèn)為使用它省錢(qián)了。價(jià)格昂貴是因?yàn)槿剂想姵匕l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的原件是鉑金的，而鉑金是一種非常稀有而昂貴的金屬。如果發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不用鉑金制造的話，氫就不能進(jìn)行可以生產(chǎn)電能的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，也就不能為汽車(chē)提供能量了。所有關(guān)于尋找成本低廉的鉑金替代品的研究都還沒(méi)有取得成功。
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