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初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)
總結(jié)是事后對(duì)某一階段的學(xué)習(xí)、工作或其完成情況加以回顧和分析的一種書面材料,它有助于我們尋找工作和事物發(fā)展的規(guī)律,從而掌握并運(yùn)用這些規(guī)律,因此我們需要回頭歸納,寫一份總結(jié)了。那么總結(jié)應(yīng)該包括什么內(nèi)容呢?下面是小編為大家收集的初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié),僅供參考,大家一起來(lái)看看吧。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)1
冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨(dú)使用,也沒有詞義,它用在名詞的前面幫助指明名詞的含義。冠詞分為不定冠詞a(an)和定冠詞the兩種。不定冠詞僅用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面,表示“一”的意義,但不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目觀念,只表示名詞為不特定者。定冠詞則表示名詞為特定者,表示“這”、“那”、“這些”、“那些”的意思,在可數(shù)的單復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前面都可以用。
I不定冠詞
We need an apple and a knife.
我們需要一個(gè)蘋果和一把刀子。
1.a和an的區(qū)別
不定冠詞有a[+]和an[+Q]兩種形式,a用于輔音(不是輔音字母)開頭的`詞前。an用于元音(不是元音字母)開頭的詞前。
a boy, a university, a European country
u是元音字母,但發(fā)音是[U(],是輔音。
an hour,an honor,an island
h是輔音字母,但它不發(fā)音,它的音標(biāo)是是元音。
an elephant,an umbrella,an egg
2(1)不定冠詞的用法
、俜褐浮惾嘶蛭铩
eg. This is a pencil case.
、谥覆痪唧w的某個(gè)人或物。
eg. I met an old man On my way home.
、塾迷谛驍(shù)詞前,相當(dāng)于another.
eg. There’s a third boy near the shop.
④表示“每—(個(gè))”,相當(dāng)于every.
eg. They have music lessons twice a week.
必背!
give a lesson take a bath have a rest
教(一堂)課洗(個(gè))澡休息
have a talk have a fever have a good time
聽報(bào)告發(fā)燒過(guò)得愉快
have(take)a walk have a headache have a nice trip
散步頭疼旅途愉快
a lot of, a lot, a little, a few, a glass of, such a/an, have a word with, have a look, have a try, have a swim, a quarter, half an hour, three times a day, have a talk, give a talk, ten Yuan a kilo
(2)不定冠詞的位置
、俨欢ü谠~—般放在所修飾的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。
eg, a bike, an egg
、诋(dāng)名詞被such, what, many修飾時(shí),不定冠詞放在這些詞之后。
eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.
What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
、郛(dāng)名詞前的形容詞前有so, how, too等詞時(shí),不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
How nice a film this is!
、墚(dāng)名詞前面有形容詞和quite, rather, very時(shí),不定冠詞放在quite, rather之后,very之前。
eg.It is quite a good book.
That is rather a useful too1.
This is a very interesting story.
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)2
【—need】didn't need to do的意思是過(guò)去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒做。而needn't have done則表示過(guò)去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全:need "不必做"和"本不該做"
didn't need to do表示: 過(guò)去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒做。.
needn't have done表示: 過(guò)去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗,所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗,所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家,沒有遇上John的.車。)
典型例題
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意為 "本不必",即已經(jīng)做了某事,而時(shí)實(shí)際上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正確,對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行否定性推斷應(yīng)為couldn't have done, "不可能已經(jīng)"。 must not do 不可以(用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)3
數(shù)詞時(shí)刻的'表達(dá)法:
一、 整點(diǎn)法:如果時(shí)間是整點(diǎn),就用“鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)+o’clock”來(lái)表示。o’clock可省略。如:8:00可讀作eight
o’clock或eight
二、順讀法:順讀法,也叫直接讀法,此方法用于既有鐘點(diǎn)數(shù),又有分鐘數(shù)的時(shí)間,通常先讀“鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”,再讀分鐘數(shù)。如:7:20讀作seven-twenty
三、倒讀法:此方法是“先讀分鐘數(shù)”,再讀“鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”,使用此方法要注意兩點(diǎn):
1、如果分鐘數(shù)在30以內(nèi),就用“分鐘數(shù)+past+鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”表示,介詞past意為“過(guò)”。如:6:10讀作ten past six.
2、當(dāng)分鐘數(shù)正好是“三十分鐘”時(shí),可用“順讀法”中的“鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)+thirty”,也可用“half+past+鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”.如:7:30可讀作seven
thirty 或 half past seven.
3、如果分鐘數(shù)超過(guò)30,則用“(60-分鐘數(shù))+ to +(鐘點(diǎn)數(shù) + 1)”來(lái)表示,介詞to 為“差”的意思。如:6:35讀作twenty-five
to seven (差二十五分鐘到七點(diǎn))
在“倒讀法”中,當(dāng)分鐘數(shù)涉及到“15分鐘”時(shí),一般不用fifteen,而用a quarter(一刻鐘)來(lái)表示。如:10:15讀作a quarter
past ten (一般不讀 fifteen past ten)
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)4
每年的中考試卷中,“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”題所占分值較大,是為了全面考查學(xué)生在初中階段所學(xué)的詞匯(同義或反義)、短語(yǔ)、句型和語(yǔ)法等方面的知識(shí)及其它的之間的靈活運(yùn)用能力。
、.題型介紹
所謂“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”就是先給一個(gè)完整的句子A,再根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的要求(有時(shí)沒有明確,須自己觀察),在第二個(gè)句子B的空白處填上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~來(lái)完成的句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
、.題型分類
從形式上看,有如下幾種形式:①某一詞或詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換;②詞組與句子的轉(zhuǎn)換;③同義句型的轉(zhuǎn)換;④為糾正常犯語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤而設(shè)計(jì)的題目。
從內(nèi)容上看,此題型涉及的面較廣,主要有:①句子功能方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。包括陳述句(肯定與否定)、四種題疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句的轉(zhuǎn)換;②句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。即簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)合句、并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;③語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;④常用句型與詞匯手段的轉(zhuǎn)換。
、.具體分類如下
一、陳述句與疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1、陳述句中肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň,大部分是用not來(lái)改變謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),但也有借用否定意義的詞,如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等,例如:
A:Tom does well in maths.
B:Tom doesn't do in maths.
A:He has much to do.
B:He has nothing to do.
A:All of my classmates like art.
B:None of my classmates likes art.
2、改為疑問句。根據(jù)上下句的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞的減少,來(lái)判斷變?yōu)槟囊环N形式的疑問句。例如:
A:My brother often has breakfast at school.
B: Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
A:Tom's already weak in English.
B:Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?
A:The red light changes every two minutes.
B:How often does the red light change?
3、改為感嘆句。根據(jù)所給的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞的詞性,來(lái)確定使用哪一種感嘆句的形式,例如:
A:This is an interesting book.
B:What an interesting book this is!
或 How interesting this book is!
二、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。
根據(jù)上句,寫出一個(gè)意思相同(或相近)的下句,此類形式繁多,內(nèi)容復(fù)雜,涉及面廣,歸類如下:
1、同義詞或詞組之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。(通常上下句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致)。
常見的同義詞或詞組有:(1)四個(gè)“花費(fèi)”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三個(gè)“到達(dá)”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四個(gè)“收到…來(lái)信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)兩個(gè)“擅長(zhǎng)于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)兩個(gè)“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三個(gè)“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)兩個(gè)“玩得開心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“給…打電話”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飛往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自學(xué)”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面幫助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/會(huì)…can-be able to(14)更喜歡…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充滿了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放棄干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顧/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展覽 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)舉手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后,終于at last-in the end(24)與…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)從…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火車/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行車去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)為…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)獨(dú)自地by oneself -alone等。例如:
A:The children had a good time in the park.
B:The children enjoyed themselves in the park.
2、同義句型之間的轉(zhuǎn)化。常見的同義句型有①It seems that 從句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…與when/after/before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?
例如:
A:I went to bed after I finished my homework.
B:I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework.
3、if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如:
A:If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
B:Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
A:If you don't hurry, you'll be late.
B:Hurry up, or you'll be late.
A:Fish can't live if there is no water.
B:Fish can't live without water.
4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的一句多譯。在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中,結(jié)束性動(dòng)詞不能與時(shí)間段連用,必須改成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。常見的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換有:buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+組織/be a +成員, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep,get up-be up.
例如:The old man died five months ago.
The old man has been dead since five months ago.
The old man has been dead for five months.
It's five months since the old man died.
Five months has passed since the old man died.
5、簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
①含賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:
A:I saw they were playing football on the playground.
B:I saw them playing football on the playground.
A:The teacher found that she was very clever.
B:The teacher found her very clever.
A:He found that it was hard to learn English well.
B:He found it hard to learn English well.
A:We are sure that we will win to first match.
B:We are sure to win to first match.
由疑問代詞/副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“疑問句+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
A:Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
B:Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
A:We don't know what we should do next.
B:We don't know what to do next.
、谟蓋hen/after/before/while/since/until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…
例如:
A:They went home after they finished their work.
B:The went home after finishing their work.
A:Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.
B:Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.
When sb. +be+數(shù)詞+years old→at the age of+歲數(shù)
A:When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
B:At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
、塾蓅o…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為too…to do或…enough to do……例如:
A:The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
B:The box is too heavy for me to carry.
或:The box isn't light enough for me to carry.
A:The child is so old that he can go to school.
B:The child is old enough to go to school.
、苡蓅o that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為in order to do例如:
A:My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.
B:My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.
、萦蒪ecause 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為because of…例如:
A:We didn't go to the park because it rained.
B:We didn't go to the park because of the rain.
⑥定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞短語(yǔ)或分詞短語(yǔ)。例如:
A:The man who is on the bike is Jim.
B:The man on the bike is Jim.
A:The man who is driving the red car is my boss.
B:The man driving the red car is my boss.
A:The girl who is called Mary is my sister.
B:The girl called Mary is my sister.
6、用并列連詞neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…連句。例如:
A:I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either.
B:Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.
A:Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.
B:Tom is good at both maths and French.
neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞依靠近它的主語(yǔ)而定,即“就近原則”,但是both…and用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù)。
7、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的互變。
“主動(dòng)”變“被動(dòng)”實(shí)行“三變二不變”原則!叭儭奔词侵髡Z(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的變化,“二不變”即時(shí)態(tài)不變,句式不變。例如:
A:They make watches in the town.
B:Watches are made by them in the town.
A:I can finish the work before eight.
B:The work can be finished(by me)before eight.
A:Do they grow rice in South China?
B:Is rice grown in South China?
注:使役性動(dòng)詞make或感觀性動(dòng)詞see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中所帶省to的不定式賓補(bǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),必須加上to.
A:I saw him take your umbrella.
B:He was seen to take your umbrella.
8、形容詞、副詞二級(jí)之間的轉(zhuǎn)化,例如
A:Chinese is the most important subject of all.
B:Chinese is more important than any other subject.
A:This exercise is easier than the other two.
B:This exercise is the easiest of the three.
、.解題指導(dǎo)
要做好句型轉(zhuǎn)換題,必須注意如下幾點(diǎn):
1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英語(yǔ)的不同結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)技巧。
2、弄清題意,明確題目考查點(diǎn),了解題目所給句子與答句之間的關(guān)系。
3、注意從多角度,全方位考慮問題,突破難點(diǎn),注意復(fù)查,看是否按要求完成了轉(zhuǎn)換。
通過(guò)上述的歸納和指導(dǎo),可以理清學(xué)生的“依章辦事”的解題思路,養(yǎng)成“有條不紊”的解題習(xí)慣,培養(yǎng)多角度思維解題的能力,從而達(dá)到提高學(xué)習(xí)效率的目的。
特殊疑問句
注:1、一般情況:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句構(gòu)成。
2、特殊疑問詞在句中充當(dāng)成分。
3、不用yes ,no回答,直接回答。
4、讀降調(diào)。
5、常用疑問詞:who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。
對(duì)劃線部分提問。(把各句變?yōu)樘厥庖蓡柧?
1、 對(duì)主語(yǔ)(人)提問:
The boy is running now. Who is running now?
2、 對(duì)表語(yǔ)(人)提問:
He is Lily's father. Who is he ?
3、 對(duì)介賓(人)提問:
She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ?
4、 對(duì)動(dòng)賓(人)提問:
I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English?
5、 對(duì)間賓(人)提問:
Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday?
6、 對(duì)主語(yǔ)(東西)提問:
The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ?
7、 對(duì)表語(yǔ)(東西)提問:
These are boats. What are these?
8、 對(duì)動(dòng)賓(東西)提問:
I want a cup of tea. What do you want?
9對(duì)職業(yè)(提問)提問:
The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do?
10.對(duì)介賓(東西)提問:
He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for?
11、對(duì)是什么提問:
It's a Chinese car. What is it?
12、對(duì)計(jì)算結(jié)果提問:
Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine?
13、對(duì)年級(jí)提問:
I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in?
14、對(duì)班級(jí)提問:
Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in?
15、對(duì)年級(jí)和班級(jí)提問:
Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ?
16、對(duì)排提問:
We are in Row One. What row are you in?
注:1、對(duì)年級(jí)、班級(jí)、排提問時(shí),問句中的in 不能去掉.
2,what 后的grade ,class ,row用小寫形式.
3,what根據(jù)實(shí)際譯為漢語(yǔ).
17、對(duì)學(xué)號(hào)提問:
Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number?
18、對(duì)后置定語(yǔ)提問:
This is a map of China. What map is this ?
19、對(duì)顏色提問:
The flowers are red. What color are the flowers?
20、對(duì)幾點(diǎn)幾分提問:
It's six. What time is it ? What's the time?
21、對(duì)名字提問:
My name is Li Lei. What's your name ?
22、對(duì)前置定語(yǔ)提問:
These apples are yours. Which apples are yours?
The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's?
23、對(duì)表語(yǔ)(名物代)提問:
This cup is yours. Whose is the cup?
24、對(duì)后置定語(yǔ)提問:
The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother?
25、對(duì)后置定語(yǔ)提問:
I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy?
26、對(duì)主語(yǔ)(名物代)提問:
Mine is red. Whose is red?
27、對(duì)定語(yǔ)(形物代)提問:
They are my books. Whose books are they?
28、對(duì)定語(yǔ)(名詞所有格)提問:
This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this?
29、對(duì)表語(yǔ)(名詞所有格)提問:
This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup?
30對(duì)身體提問:
I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you?
31、對(duì)年齡提問:
The boy is fifteen. How old are you?
32、對(duì)天氣提問:
It's cloudy today. How is the weather today?=What's the weather like today?
33、對(duì)語(yǔ)言提問:
I can spell it in English. How can you spell it?
34、對(duì)方式提問:
I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike?) How do you often go to school?
35、對(duì)程度提問:
She studies hard. How does she study?
36、對(duì)數(shù)量提問:
1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?
2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?
3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?
37、對(duì)價(jià)格提問:The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat?
注:1,對(duì)價(jià)格提問,be 應(yīng)根據(jù)后面的主語(yǔ)而定。
2,單位yuan在問句中去掉。
38、對(duì)距離提問:
The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here?
39、對(duì)長(zhǎng)度提問:
The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler?
40、對(duì)for+一段時(shí)間提問:
We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ?
He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here?
注:how long 后面必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
41、對(duì)星期提問:
Today is Monday. What day is it today?
42、對(duì)in+一段時(shí)間提問:
The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop?
43、對(duì)頻度副詞提問:
Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li?
44、對(duì)范圍內(nèi)的'次數(shù)提問:
I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer?
45、對(duì)寬度提問:
The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river?
46、對(duì)原因狀語(yǔ)提問:
He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school?
注:表示“因?yàn)椤钡倪B詞有since, as , for, because.
47、對(duì)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)提問:
We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school?
48、對(duì)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)提問:
The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?
49、對(duì)幾月幾日提問:
It's May 2 today. What's the date today?
50、對(duì)種類(后置定語(yǔ))提問:
I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want?
51、對(duì)作什么提問:
The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree?
熟記變特殊疑問句時(shí),容易判斷錯(cuò)的情況。
1、 數(shù)詞
表示年齡:He is fifty-five. How old is he ?
表示時(shí)間:It's fifty-five. What's the time?
表示加法:Six and two is eight. What's six and two?
表示價(jià)格:The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?
表示多少:I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have?
2、 姓名和人
表示人名:My name is Gina. What's your name?
表示人:The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ?
3、 長(zhǎng)度和距離
表示距離:It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here?
表示長(zhǎng)度:It's five hundred metres. How long is it ?
4、 顏色,東西
表示顏色:The shoes are white. What color are the shoes?
表示物:They are white sheep. What are they?
表示顏色:They are white sheep. What color are these sheep?
5、 名詞所有格和人
表示名詞所有格:She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she?
表示人:She's Lucy's sister. Who is she?
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換的九種類型
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題是近幾年中考英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)?碱}型,其出題形式通常是同時(shí)給出兩個(gè)句子,第一句完整,第二句中設(shè)有幾處空格,要求考生填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或詞組,使第二句的意思與第一句意思相同。它綜合考查考生的語(yǔ)法、詞匯、短語(yǔ)或習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和句型結(jié)構(gòu)等知識(shí),要求運(yùn)用所學(xué)的詞匯、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和句型結(jié)構(gòu)填寫句子,使句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整、邏輯合理、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)無(wú)誤、意思與所給句子相同。通過(guò)對(duì)近幾年的中考英語(yǔ)試題中同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題的分析,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中考英語(yǔ)同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題主要考查以下幾個(gè)方面:
一、運(yùn)用同義詞(組)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
用同義詞或同義詞組對(duì)原句中的某些詞或詞組進(jìn)行替換,注意轉(zhuǎn)換后的詞或詞組的詞形變化要與句子其他成分相適應(yīng)。如:
1. That day we could see flowers here and there.
That day we could see flowers __________.
分析:答案為everywhere。everywhere與here and there都表示“到處”。
2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.
The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school.
分析:答案為looks after。take good care of與look after…well都表示“好好照顧”。
二、運(yùn)用反義詞(組)的否定式進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即用反義詞或詞組的否定式表達(dá)與原句相同的意思,主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)反義詞(詞組)的積累和換位思維的能力。如:
1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time.
It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.
分析:答案為same as。be different from意為“與……不同”;the same as意為“與……相同”,其否定式與be different from同義。
2. I think wealth is less important than health.
I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.
分析:答案為don’t,more。less important的意思是“沒有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”,該結(jié)構(gòu)與not連用,則表示“不比……更重要”。
另外,有的反義詞即使不與否定詞連用,而只需改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)也可構(gòu)成同義句。如:
He lent some money to his friend.
He friend ___ some money ___ him.
分析:答案為borrowed,from。borrow…from意為“向……借……”;lend…to意為“把……借給……”。兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)意思相反,但若變換“借出者”與“借入者”的位置,則可轉(zhuǎn)換為同義句。
三、運(yùn)用不同語(yǔ)態(tài)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即運(yùn)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換同義詞,但此時(shí)要特別注意時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)詞一致性。如:
1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.
Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.
分析:答案為be given back。被動(dòng)句中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should,因此助動(dòng)詞用be。
2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.
分析:答案為are,used。computers是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,助動(dòng)詞用are。
四、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換
即非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換,此時(shí)往往會(huì)涉及時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如:
1. The manager left two hours ago.
The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.
分析:答案為has been away。leave為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,不能與for two hours這樣的一段時(shí)間連用,而改成be away這樣的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞后,則可連用一段時(shí)間。
2. The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.
分析:答案為on for。has been提示時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài),“for+時(shí)間段”表示“持續(xù)(一段時(shí)間)”,常用在含有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的句子里。
3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.
Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.
答案:has been in。短暫動(dòng)詞join,意為“參加、加入(組織,政黨)”,不能與延續(xù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,與延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí),將join改成be in或be a member in…。
五、運(yùn)用不同引語(yǔ)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即將直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)或?qū)㈤g接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成直接引語(yǔ)。此時(shí)還要注意相關(guān)時(shí)態(tài)、人稱、動(dòng)詞、狀語(yǔ)等相應(yīng)的變化。如:
1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.
He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.
分析:答案為told,had found。此題是將直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)。
2. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.
分析:答案為asked if/ whether, before。此題是將疑問句的直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)。
六、運(yùn)用簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將簡(jiǎn)單句變成同義的復(fù)合句或?qū)?fù)合句變成同義的簡(jiǎn)單句。如:
1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.
We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.
分析:答案為because of。將原因狀語(yǔ)從句because it was raining改為表示原因的介詞短語(yǔ)because of the rain。
2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.
He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.
分析:答案為too excited to。將so…that…換成too…to…結(jié)構(gòu),原句的that從句為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,改寫句中的不定式仍表結(jié)果。
3. Now I will show you how to do the work.
Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.
分析:答案為how you can。即將原句中的“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成賓語(yǔ)從句。
4. You should put them back after you use them.
You should put them back _____ _____ them.
分析:答案為after using。即將after引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句改寫為after引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)。
七、運(yùn)用并列句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將并列句變成同義的復(fù)合句或?qū)?fù)合句變成同義的并列句。如:
1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.
____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.
分析:答案為If,don’t。if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week.
The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.
分析:答案為who/ that,will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week為定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞the man。
八、運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞連接或合并句子
即運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞both…and…,neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…等將兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合并為一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。此時(shí)要注意的是,both…and…連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)總是用復(fù)數(shù),而neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常應(yīng)與靠近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如:
1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.
______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.
分析:答案填Neither,nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(兩者)都不”,剛好與原句的兩個(gè)否定結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相吻合。
2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too.
______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.
分析:答案為Both,and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(兩者)都”。
3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.
This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes.
分析:答案為not only,but also。表示“不僅……而且……”之意。
九、利用某些典型句式或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
這類典型結(jié)構(gòu)如so…that…,too…to…,enough to,not…until…,so do I等。如:
1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.
分析:答案為so do。句意為“……他的父母也一樣(一樣想去)”。
2. John went to bed after he finished his homework.
John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.
分析:答案為didn’t,until。not…until意為“直到……才”。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)5
名詞
名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)
可數(shù)名詞指表示的人或事物可以用數(shù)來(lái)計(jì)量,它有單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。不可數(shù)名詞指所表示的事物不能用數(shù)來(lái)計(jì)量。物質(zhì)名詞與抽象名詞一般無(wú)法用數(shù)目,來(lái)統(tǒng)計(jì),都成為不可數(shù)名詞。
不可數(shù)名詞前一般不能用冠詞a、an來(lái)表示數(shù)量,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。要表示“一個(gè)……”這一概念,就須加a piece
of這一類短語(yǔ)。要注意許多名詞在漢語(yǔ)里看來(lái)是可數(shù)名詞,在英語(yǔ)里卻不可數(shù)。如chalk,paper,bread,rice,grass,news等。
名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
A.一般情況下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 結(jié)尾的加-es
C.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的改y為i再加-es
D.以f,fe結(jié)尾的,去掉f或fe,變成v再加-es
名詞的所有格
A. 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加’s,復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾若沒有s,也要加’s。
如the worker's bike,the Children’ s ball
B. 表示幾個(gè)人共有一樣?xùn)|西,只需在最后一個(gè)人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有,則需在各個(gè)名字后’ s。
如This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通過(guò)在詞尾加—s構(gòu)成的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞,只加’。如the students’ books,the girls’ blouses
(另外名詞+of+名詞名詞是有生命的,我們就用’s結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無(wú)生命的,我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。)
代詞
人稱代詞,物主代詞,反身代詞,指示代詞,不定代詞
人稱代詞
第一人稱單數(shù)I me my mine myself復(fù)數(shù) we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱單數(shù) you you your yours yourself復(fù)數(shù) you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱單數(shù) he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its
itself復(fù)數(shù)
they them their theirs themselves
物主代詞
物主代詞的用法形容詞性物主代詞后面一定要跟上一個(gè)名詞;名詞性物主代詞可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。
反身代詞
反身代詞的構(gòu)成分兩種第一、二人稱反身代詞在形容詞性物主代詞后加上self或selves,第三人稱的反身代詞在賓格代詞后加上self或selves.
反身代詞的用法一種是作賓語(yǔ),由主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的動(dòng)作又回到動(dòng)作者本身。如I enjoyed myself at the party.
另一種是作名詞或代詞的同位語(yǔ);用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。如I can do it myself.
指示代詞
指示代詞的特殊用法
● 為了避免重復(fù),可用that,those代替前面提到過(guò)的名詞,但是this,these不可以。
this,that有時(shí)可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
不定代詞
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
冠詞
不定冠詞an用在元音讀音開頭(不是指元音字母)的詞前,其余用不定冠詞a.
定冠詞的基本用法
A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指談話雙方都知道的'人或事物前面。
C. 用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面,表示某一類人或事物。
定冠詞的特殊用法
A. 用在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物或方位名詞前。
B. 用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級(jí)及only所修飾的名詞前。
C. 用在江河、海洋、山脈、湖泊、群島的名稱前面。
D. 用在由普通名詞和另外一些詞所構(gòu)成的專有名詞前面。
E. 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前面,表示全家人或這一姓的夫婦二人。
F. 用在樂器名稱前。
G. 和某些形容詞連用,表示某一類人或事物。
名詞前不用冠詞的情況
A. 在專有名詞 (包括人名、地名、節(jié)日、月份、季節(jié)) 、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前—般不用冠詞。但在以Festival組成的民間節(jié)日前要加the。
B. 表示一類人或事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。
C. 名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時(shí),不用冠詞。
D. 三餐飯、球類、棋類、游戲名稱前一般不用冠詞。正在有些詞組中,有無(wú)冠詞含義不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌邊
go to school去上學(xué);go to the school去那所學(xué)校;in hospital住院;in the
hospital在那個(gè)醫(yī)院里
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)6
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。關(guān)系代詞的三個(gè)作用代替先行詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中作某種成分,連接先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,that,which。
關(guān)系代詞who,whom的用法
關(guān)系代詞who和whom用來(lái)指人。先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞,在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用關(guān)系詞who,作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用關(guān)系詞whom或who。在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中常常用who代替whom。如
This is the man who helped me yesterday.這就是昨天幫助我的那個(gè)人。(作主語(yǔ))
The teacher who/whom you want to see is coming.你要見的老師來(lái)了。(作see的賓語(yǔ))
注意
、訇P(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),常常被省略。如
The man you talked about is our headmaster.你們談?wù)摰哪莻(gè)人是我們的校長(zhǎng)。
、诮樵~后的.賓語(yǔ)只能用關(guān)系詞whom,不可用關(guān)系詞who。如
The man to whom you spoke just now is an actor.剛才和你說(shuō)話的那個(gè)人是個(gè)演員。
關(guān)系代詞that的用法
關(guān)系代詞that既可用來(lái)指人,也可用來(lái)指物,指人時(shí)可代替關(guān)系詞who、whom,指物時(shí)可代替關(guān)系詞which。that在從句中可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),還可作表語(yǔ);作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略;作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞不可提到that之前,否則需要用關(guān)系詞who或which替代。如
Who is the person that/who is making the lecture?正在做演講的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?
Who is the man that/whom they are talking about?他們正在談?wù)摰哪莻(gè)人是誰(shuí)?
You can never get the time that/which is lost.你永遠(yuǎn)也找不回來(lái)失去的時(shí)間。
關(guān)系代詞which的用法
關(guān)系代詞which用來(lái)指物,在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以與that互換使用;作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。如
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you.這是一件做給你的衣服。(作主語(yǔ))
This is the factory (which/that )we visited last
year.這就是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的那家工廠。(作visited的賓語(yǔ),可以省略)
關(guān)系代詞whose的用法
關(guān)系代詞whose通常用來(lái)指人,但有時(shí)也可指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ),而且不能省略;whose指物時(shí)可以與of which互換使用。如
I met a boy whose father was an astronaut.我認(rèn)識(shí)一位男孩,他的父親是宇航員。(作定語(yǔ))
The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.那棵紅色葉子的樹是去年栽的。
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which)is very
beautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的書。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)7
I.要點(diǎn)
表示說(shuō)的話不是事實(shí),或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況,而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語(yǔ)中。
1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成
如:與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反:
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反:
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用were to +動(dòng)詞原形,表示下雨的可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加強(qiáng)表示“當(dāng)初沒想到以后的事”)
注:
(1)如果條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包含有were或had, should, could有時(shí)可將if省去,但要倒裝。如:
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合時(shí)間條件句的用法:
有時(shí)條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致。這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式,應(yīng)根據(jù)它所要表達(dá)的具體時(shí)間來(lái)決定用什么形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(從句敘述過(guò)去,主句敘述現(xiàn)在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現(xiàn)在,從句敘述過(guò)去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他狀語(yǔ)從句中的.用法
主要用于由as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句,從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be變were )或had +過(guò)去分詞!比纾
She looked as if she were ill.(實(shí)際上她沒有病,在這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣補(bǔ)語(yǔ)比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表現(xiàn)他的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得好)
2、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用
(1)在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等,其謂語(yǔ)形式是"should(可省) +動(dòng)詞原形",常用于以下三種句型中。
句型一:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二:It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三:It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如:It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2)在賓語(yǔ)從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,表間接的命令和建議。其謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(3)在表語(yǔ)從句中,表示間接的命令,要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等,主句中的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(4)在同位語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
We received order that the work be done at once.
(5)在It is time that…句型中,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式"或"should +動(dòng)詞原形",should不可省。如:
It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)8
【—輔導(dǎo)之構(gòu)詞法】關(guān)于構(gòu)詞法的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí),希望同學(xué)們認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)。
構(gòu)詞法
英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法:
(1)派生名詞:①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的.),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞:①形容詞+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法:
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如:when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)9
常用動(dòng)詞注意事薦
動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)
一、主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況
感觀系動(dòng)詞,look, seem, sound, feel, smell, taste等
eg. The fish tastes nice.
measure, weigh等表示度量的動(dòng)詞。
eg. The elephant weights nearly a ton.
wash, clean, open, sell, read, last, write, steer等不及物動(dòng)詞可以表示被動(dòng)意義。eg. The ship steer easily.
二、被動(dòng)句表示主動(dòng)含義。
She was dressed in a red skirt.
此類動(dòng)詞常見于dress, seat, devote, adapt, accustom等后面可以接反身代詞的動(dòng)詞。
二、時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài)
用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一種情緒。
She is always helping others.(表贊揚(yáng))
The man is always smoking in the office, which offends others very much.
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作已完成,過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作可能未完成。
He wrote a letter yesterday morning.(信已寫完)
He was writing a letter yesterday evening. (信可能還未寫完)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)至今,一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作已結(jié)束,并不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
I have lived in this street.(我一直住這條街上)
I lived in this street.(我曾住在這條街上)
表示幾個(gè)連續(xù)動(dòng)作時(shí),盡管有先后,仍要用相同時(shí)態(tài)。
He came into the classroom, put down the book and wrote a few words on the blackboard.
在條件和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
敘述過(guò)去發(fā)生的某件事情常用一般過(guò)去時(shí),表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生的事情才用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻/段內(nèi)正發(fā)生的事情,才用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的事情才用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。因此找準(zhǔn)時(shí)間的參照點(diǎn),是正確運(yùn)用時(shí)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵。
羅列并熟記各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式。
三.動(dòng)詞的類別與特征中的注意點(diǎn)
兼作Vt., Vi.的動(dòng)詞
(1)對(duì)兼作Vt., Vi.的動(dòng)詞,要注意根據(jù)不同的`情況選擇使用。
The children are flying their kites in the square.( Vt.)
We saw a plane flying high up in the sky.( Vi.)
(2)有些動(dòng)詞后跟從句時(shí)為Vt.,其它情況為Vi.,但意義基本不變。典型的有wonder, think, insist, agree,等。
The headmaster insisted that the students should wear school uniforms .
The headmaster insisted on the students wearing school uniforms.
(3)有些動(dòng)詞在Vt. Vi.之間,意義有所不同。如run, stand, lie等
She stood alone under the tree.
I can’t stand such cold weather.
常用的雙賓動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive, teach, lend, bring, explain, send, offer, pay, sell, buy, tell, show, write, ask, wish, read等,這些動(dòng)詞都帶有一定的趨向性。因此轉(zhuǎn)換成帶介詞的情況時(shí),?捎胒or , to來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換。
注意explain sth. to sb.=explain to sb. sth., describe sth. to sb.=describe to sb. sth.
帶賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞,注意賓補(bǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)
賓補(bǔ)常是名詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ),副詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等。常見的此類動(dòng)詞有make, have, let, get, keep, find, see, feel, notice等,但要注意不同的動(dòng)詞有不同的接法。
He kept the children (keep不能用不定式作賓補(bǔ))
Make…do, have…do/doing/done,get…to do/done, find…doing/done, leave…to do/doing/介詞短語(yǔ)/ see…doing/do/done
后面常接-ing的動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)suggest, finish, avoid, can’t help, mind, need, enjoy, require, postpone, delay, practice, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, admit, endure, escape, miss, appreciate, dislike, have a good time doing, put off, call off, give up
有些動(dòng)詞后面接to do和-ing時(shí)意義基本相同,而有的則完全不同,要注意
Love, like, hate, forget, remember, stop, begin, start, continue, prefer, regret, intend, mean, want, need, require, neglect, try, deserve, can’t bear等
注意狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的選用
Mother asked the son to notice his manners at the party. (notice就改為mind)
再如listen/hear, look/see, look for/find, advise/persuade, marry/be married, join/be in等。
注意have表“有”時(shí),及系動(dòng)詞一般不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
注意表示“有”時(shí),have與there be的選用
注意動(dòng)詞詞組分類(見),尤其要注意各類動(dòng)詞詞組的使用特點(diǎn)及有的動(dòng)詞詞組的主被動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換使用。
Make use of sth→sth is made use of(介詞不要掉了)/use is made of sth.
10.Hope, intend, expect, plan, want, think, mean等動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,計(jì)劃,打算等。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)10
11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。
2) 客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國(guó)東部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái) ?/p>
注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中,即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。
4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
安英語(yǔ)寫得不錯(cuò),講的可不行。
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
11.2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法
1)在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如:時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?
2)表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候,常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a
warm welcome.
那時(shí),布朗一家無(wú)論什么時(shí)候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時(shí)間了" "該……了"。例如:It is
time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該……了" ,例如It is time you
went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you
came tomorrow.還是明天來(lái)吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí),作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在
。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義:她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
。êx:達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含義:現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
注意: 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。
1)動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過(guò)去沒那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過(guò)去常常散步。
be used to + doing:對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣,或"習(xí)慣于",to是介詞,后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但從語(yǔ)意上看出,在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。
11.4 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1) shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎?
2) be going to +不定式,表示將來(lái)。
a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖,即將做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next
month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a
storm. 看那烏云,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表將來(lái),按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。
4) be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí),be going to表將來(lái),will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)
11.7 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)
1)下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來(lái),主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時(shí)候開?十分鐘后。
2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來(lái)了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比爾來(lái)后,讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就寫信給你。
4)在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前,務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。
11.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)
下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎?
11.9 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成:have(has) +過(guò)去分詞。
11.10 比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just
now等,皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了)
I have seen this film. (強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交,疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng))
He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過(guò)去時(shí)。
。ㄥe(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu),that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。
典型例題
。1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí),反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。
注意:非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
(錯(cuò))I have received his letter for a month.
。▽(duì))I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。
注意:并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)
注意:用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法,很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。
1)(對(duì)) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然,第二句不對(duì),它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四種用法
1) since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past
six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在這兒。
2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒,已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。
3) since +從句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,變化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后,變化可大了。
4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。
11.14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞
1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷; 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果,不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果)
I've known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)
2) 用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。再次,several
times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
11.15 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1) 概念:表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。 那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過(guò)巴黎。
b. 狀語(yǔ)從句
在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過(guò)去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí),小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>
c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái),但是你沒有來(lái)。
3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon
as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說(shuō)過(guò)他以前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了,因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí),大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D.
"把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前,因此"忘了書"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn),表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下,when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
注意: had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車,轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。
11.16 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生,又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,或用then,and,,but 等連詞時(shí),多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起來(lái)。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。
2 ) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生,可用一般過(guò)去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 敘述歷史事實(shí),可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí),而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 將來(lái)完成時(shí)
1) 構(gòu)成will have done
2) 概念
a. 狀態(tài)完成:表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。
b. 動(dòng)作完成:表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時(shí),你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。
11.18 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法:
a. 表示現(xiàn)在(指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行:表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的'動(dòng)作,說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說(shuō)。(說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)
c. 表示漸變,這樣的動(dòng)詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來(lái)越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài),應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí),由于沒有找到,學(xué)英語(yǔ)的好網(wǎng)站,其影響仍然存在,應(yīng)用完成時(shí),瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。
11.19 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞
1)表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,
contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。
He loves her very much. 他愛她很深。
3)瞬間動(dòng)詞,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告。
4)系動(dòng)詞,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點(diǎn)累。
11.20 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1)概念:表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。
2)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景;一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。
3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來(lái),受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時(shí),正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達(dá)山頂時(shí),陽(yáng)光燦爛。
典型例題
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C.
割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情,學(xué)英語(yǔ)的好網(wǎng)站,應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。同時(shí),when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性,"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景,因此用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意為"當(dāng)……之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí),用過(guò)去進(jìn)行;一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報(bào)紙時(shí),奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell(fall的過(guò)去時(shí)),是系動(dòng)詞,后跟形容詞,如:fall sick。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典例題800例:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(例題1)
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼,因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.
A. enter B. to enter
C. entering D. entered
【陷阱】容易誤選A。有的同學(xué)一看到空格前的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could 就斷定此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形 enter。
【分析】其實(shí)正確答案應(yīng)是B。此句為省略句,即在 could 后省略了動(dòng)詞 do,若把句子補(bǔ)完整應(yīng)為Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短語(yǔ)(to enter a good college)是用作目的狀語(yǔ)的,而不是與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(could)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏搭愃评洌?/p>
(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他們盡量安慰她。
(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他們盡一切力量拯救她的性命。
(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命學(xué)習(xí)以便趕上他的同學(xué)。
值得指出的是,這也并不是說(shuō)今后只要遇到類似結(jié)構(gòu)的題就一定選帶to不定式。請(qǐng)看以下試題:
(4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope
C. hoping D. hoped
此題的答案是 C不是A,其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。
(5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise
C. practising D. practised
此題答案選 C,這與前面動(dòng)詞 spent 的搭配有關(guān),即 spend … (in) doing sth。若將此句補(bǔ)充完整,即為 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.
(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could ____D____ his oral English.
A. improve B. to improve
C. improving D. to improving
此題答案選D,注意兩點(diǎn):一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配,意為“把……貢獻(xiàn)給……”;二是其中的 to 是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞。
2. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.
A. doing B. to do
C. being doing D. to be done
【陷阱】容易誤選B,根據(jù) can’t help doing sth 這一結(jié)構(gòu)推出。
【分析】其實(shí)答案應(yīng)選A。比較以下結(jié)構(gòu):
can’t help to do sth = 不能幫助做某事
can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事,情不自禁地做某事
又如下面一題,答案也是 B:
She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A cleaning B. to clean
C. cleaned D. being cleaned
再請(qǐng)看以下試題:
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading
C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
此題應(yīng)選C,句中的 can’t help 意為“禁不住”(注意根據(jù)句意用被動(dòng)形式)。
3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing
C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為B,F(xiàn)分析如下:
(1) devote 意為“致力于,獻(xiàn)身于”,主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to,其中的to 是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞,不用不定式。
(2) 選A錯(cuò)誤:若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。
(3) 選B正確:all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),用作狀語(yǔ)。
(4) 選C錯(cuò)誤:因?yàn)閍ll her time 與 devote 為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故應(yīng)將devoting改為devoted。
(5) 選D錯(cuò)誤:若單獨(dú)看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments,此句并沒有錯(cuò),但問題是逗號(hào)前后兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句沒有必要的連接方式,所以從整體上看仍不對(duì),假若在后一句的句首加上and或so,則可選D,或?qū)將中的is 改為 being也可選它。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典例題800例:虛擬語(yǔ)氣(例題)
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼,因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】正確答案選B。根據(jù)上文的語(yǔ)境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個(gè)虛擬的條件,即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article(要是我沒忘記我在哪兒讀過(guò)這篇文章的話——但事實(shí)上忘了)。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
A. He’d better give up drinking
B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選,主要是受句中 drunk 一詞的影響。
【分析】最佳答案為D。關(guān)鍵信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,句子既然用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣,也就是說(shuō),“他喝醉了”不是事實(shí),只是他的言行好像是醉了,所以此題的最佳答案是D。
3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do B. are
C. will D. would
【陷阱】容易誤選A或C。選A者,認(rèn)為前后兩句的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)應(yīng)一致;選C者,認(rèn)為其后帶有if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句,從語(yǔ)氣上看,主句應(yīng)用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。分析如下:
(1) “so + 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)”是一個(gè)很有用的結(jié)構(gòu),它表示“……也一樣”時(shí)。如:
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜歡看電視,我也一樣。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 當(dāng)動(dòng)植物消失的時(shí)候,人類也會(huì)隨之消失。
(2) 由于空格后的 if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣(這是很重要的信息),所以主句要用 would 而不用 will,即答案應(yīng)選D。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典例題800例:強(qiáng)調(diào)句(例題)
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼,因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
1. ____ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
A. It was we being late B. It was our being late
C. It was we were too late D. It was because we were late
【陷阱】此題容易誤選D,認(rèn)為強(qiáng)調(diào)的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句 because we were late。
【分析】但實(shí)際上,此題的答案為B,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子主語(yǔ) our being late,此題若還原成非強(qiáng)調(diào)句,即為:
Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
注意,強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是,若去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) it is [was]… that…,句子仍然成立;換句話說(shuō),該結(jié)構(gòu)中的 that 不能充當(dāng)句子成分。
2. “How was ______ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace?” “Totally by chance.”
A. it that B. he that
C. it when D. he which
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均可能誤選。
【分析】答案選A,為強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句形式,其相應(yīng)的陳述句形式為:
It was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.
比較以下各題,它們也屬?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句形式:
(1) Who was it _____ saved the drowning girl?
A. since B. as C. that D. he
答案選C,被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 who,該句實(shí)為類似 It was Tom that saved the drowning girl. 這類強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句形式(即對(duì)其中的Tom 提問而得)。
(2) What is it _____ his daughter needs most?
A. what B. which C. that D. if
答案選C,被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 what,該句實(shí)為類似 It is a bike that his daughter needs most. 這類強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句形式(即對(duì)其中的a bike 提問而得)。
3. _____ was very ______ that little Jim wrote the letter.
A. It, careful B. It, carefully
C. He, careful D. He, carefully
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選,但最有可能誤選的可能是A,認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)普通的系表結(jié)構(gòu),即認(rèn)為第二空要填形容詞作表語(yǔ)。
【分析】其實(shí),此題是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,其非強(qiáng)調(diào)形式為 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. 若用 it is … that… 的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式強(qiáng)調(diào)其中的狀語(yǔ) very carefully 即為上面一題的題干,所以答案應(yīng)選B。請(qǐng)看下面幾例,也屬?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu):
(1) It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang.
A. since B. as C. that D. then
答案選C,被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 when she was about to go to bed 這一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
(2) It may have been at Christmas _____ John gave Mary a handbag.
A. before B. who C. that D. when
答案選C,被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 at Christmas,其中的動(dòng)詞 be 采用了 may have been 這一較為復(fù)雜的形式。
4. “Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?” “It was in the hall ______ the students
often have a meeting.”
A. where B. which
C. that D. when
【陷阱】很可能誤選C,認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) in the hall。
【分析】假若選C,即有 It was in the hall that the students often have a meeting,該句的意思是“學(xué)生們通常是在
大廳開會(huì)”,單獨(dú)看這一句,無(wú)論是其意思還是其語(yǔ)法均未錯(cuò),但若將其與上文聯(lián)系起來(lái)看,則不通,因?yàn)樯衔牡囊馑际恰澳闶窃?/p>
哪兒找到昨天作報(bào)告的那位教授的?”假若將答句改為 It was in the hall that I found the professor,則完全可以。
其實(shí),此題的最佳答案是A,where the students often have a meeting 為定語(yǔ)從句,用以修飾其前的名詞 the hall,句意
為“是在學(xué)生們經(jīng)常開會(huì)的那個(gè)大廳(找到教授的)”,這樣語(yǔ)意就通順了。
5. It was what he meant rather than what he said ______ annoyed me.
A. which B. as
C. what D. that
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題為一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,空格處應(yīng)填 that (即選D),被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 what he meant rather than what he said。句意
為“讓我生氣的不是他說(shuō)的話,而是他話中的意思”。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏磧衫?/p>
(1) It was his nervousness in the interview ______ probably lost him the job.
A. which B. since C. that D. what
答案選C,為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 his nervousness in the interview,句意為“很可能是面試時(shí)表現(xiàn)出緊張,使他失去
了這份工作”。
(2) It is the ability to do the job ______ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
答案選B,為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 the ability to do the job,句意為“重要的是你做工作的能力,而不是你來(lái)自何地
或你是從事什么工作的”。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全經(jīng)典例題800例:名詞性從句(例題)
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼,因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
◆典型陷阱題分析◆
1. She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood _______ he said meant.
A. that B. what
C. that that D. what what
【陷阱】可能誤選B。許多同學(xué)一看選項(xiàng)首先就排除了C和D,認(rèn)為這樣兩個(gè)“引導(dǎo)詞”疊用的情況不太可能。在A和B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選項(xiàng)A肯定不行,因?yàn)樗龑?dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不能充當(dāng)句子成分,所以便選擇了B。
【分析】正確答案選 D。第一個(gè)what 用作動(dòng)詞 meant 的賓語(yǔ),第二個(gè)what 用作動(dòng)詞 said 的賓語(yǔ),即在 none of us understood what what he said meant 中,none of us understood 為主句,what what he said meant 為賓語(yǔ)從句,而在此賓語(yǔ)從句中又包括有 what he said 這樣一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句。
2. After _______ had happened he could not continue to work there.
A. which B. how
C. what D. having
【陷阱】可能誤選A。
【分析】最佳答案選 C。有的同學(xué)誤選A,是因?yàn)檎J(rèn)為介詞后應(yīng)接關(guān)系代詞 which,但實(shí)際上,若填關(guān)系代詞,其前沒有先行詞,這根據(jù)不是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。另外,由于 had happened 缺主語(yǔ),所以B和D也不能選。請(qǐng)?jiān)僮鱿旅嬉活}(答案選B):
He pointed to ______ looked like a tomb and said, “Ghost.”
A. that B. what
C. which D. as
3.“Is ______ you want to say?” asked the teacher.
A. this B. that
C. all that D. that all
【陷阱】根據(jù)中文字面意思誤選A或B。
【分析】最佳答案選 D。假若選A或B,那么轉(zhuǎn)換成陳述句即為:This is you want to say. / That is you want to say. 顯然句中的兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 is與want相沖突。選D組成的句子是 Is that all you want to say? 其中的that 為句子主語(yǔ),all 為表語(yǔ),you want to say 為定語(yǔ)從句,用以修飾all。
4. “When ______ leave for Japan?” “When ______ leave for Japan is kept secret.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
【陷阱】可能誤選D,認(rèn)為 when 后應(yīng)用疑問句詞序。
【分析】最佳答案選 B。第一個(gè)when引出的是一個(gè)特殊疑問句,故用疑問詞序;第二個(gè) when 引出的是主語(yǔ)從句,故其后用陳述句詞序。請(qǐng)做以下試題(答案選C):
(1) None knows if _______ that boy, but if _______ him, her parents will be disappointed.
A. she will marry, she will marry B. she marries, she marries
C. she will marry, she marries D. she marries, she will marry
(2) “Where _______ go to work?” “Where _______ go to work is not known.”
A. we shall, we shall B. shall we, shall we
C. shall we, we shall D. we shall, shall we
5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。首先可以排除A和C,因?yàn)榭崭裉帉?shí)為一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,所以不能用疑問句詞序。另一方面,但按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,當(dāng)用于指代身份不明的人時(shí),要用代詞it,而不用 he 或she等。比較以下兩句:
Mr Smith is at the door. He wants to see you. 史密斯先生在門口,他想見你。
Someone is at the door. It may be the postman. 有個(gè)人在門口,可能是郵遞員。
第一句因前面指明了是 Mr Smith,所以后面用代詞 he;而第二句因前面用的是不定代詞 someone,說(shuō)明此人身份尚不明確,故其后用了代詞 it 來(lái)指代。
6. Don’t you know, my dear friend, ______ it is your money not you that she loves?
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
【陷阱】此題容易誤選 A或B:選 A 的同學(xué)認(rèn)為這是指人的,故用who;選B的同學(xué)認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,兩者都是誤認(rèn)為這是定語(yǔ)從句(注意沒有先行詞)。
【分析】其實(shí)答案應(yīng)選C。that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,用作動(dòng)詞 know 的賓語(yǔ),它只是被句中的插入語(yǔ) my dear friend 隔開罷了。請(qǐng)做以下試題(答案均為C):
(1) Everyone knows, perhaps except you, _______ your girl-friend is a cheat.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(2) I think, though I could be mistaken, ______ she liked me.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(3) He told me the news, believe it or not, ______ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which
C. as D. because
前面兩題 that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,后面一題 that同位語(yǔ)從句(修飾the news)。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全:特殊同位語(yǔ)歸納
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼,因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全,本章主要介紹英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的句子成分,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
特殊同位語(yǔ)歸納
當(dāng)兩個(gè)詞或詞組在一個(gè)句子中具有相同的語(yǔ)法地位而且描述相同的人或事物時(shí),我們稱它們?yōu)橥徽Z(yǔ);拘问降耐徽Z(yǔ)大家一般不會(huì)出錯(cuò),但有幾種同位語(yǔ),或由于本身結(jié)構(gòu)特殊,或由于它修飾的成分結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊,往往會(huì)引起誤解,F(xiàn)小結(jié)并舉例說(shuō)明如下,希望引起同學(xué)們的注意。
1. 代詞we, us, you等后接同位語(yǔ)
Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎?
They three joined the school team. 他們3人參加了校隊(duì)。
She has great concern for us students. 她對(duì)我們學(xué)生很關(guān)心。
He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你們男孩子安靜些。
We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子經(jīng)常一起去看電影。
2. 不定式用作同位語(yǔ)
Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下達(dá)了發(fā)起總攻的命令。(to start the general attack與the order同位)
He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一條街走,我在那里接他上了車。(to walk along…與the instruction同位)
3. -ing分詞用作同位語(yǔ)
He's getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一個(gè)開卡車的差事。(driving a track與a job同位)
She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一個(gè)熨衣服的職位。(ironing shirts與a place同位)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一個(gè)計(jì)劃是夜襲,被拒絕了。(attacking at night與the first plan同位)
4. 形容詞用作同位語(yǔ)
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易會(huì),是有史以來(lái)規(guī)模最大的,正在廣州舉行。
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他讀了很多書,古今中外都有。
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都來(lái)到街頭觀看游行。
【注】這類同位語(yǔ)與定語(yǔ)比較接近,可轉(zhuǎn)換成定語(yǔ)從句。如:
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
5. none of us之類的結(jié)構(gòu)用作同位語(yǔ)
We none of us said anything. 我們誰(shuí)也沒說(shuō)話。
We have none of us large appetites. 我們誰(shuí)飯量都不大。
They neither of them wanted to go. 他們兩人都不想去。
They've neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他們兩人誰(shuí)也沒能贏得她的信任。
【注】同位語(yǔ)并不影響其后句子謂語(yǔ)的“數(shù)”,如:
學(xué)生每人都有一本詞典。
正:The students each have a dictionary.
誤:The students each has a dictionary.
請(qǐng)比較下面一句(謂語(yǔ)用了單數(shù),因?yàn)閑ach為句子主語(yǔ)):
正:Each of the students has a dictionary.
6. 從句用作同位語(yǔ)(即同位語(yǔ)從句)
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。
I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息說(shuō)她可能晚到。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不實(shí)。
The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不動(dòng)腦筋做此工作的想法是錯(cuò)誤的。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)11
構(gòu)詞法:英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法:(1)派生名詞:①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞:①形容詞+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法:
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如:when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù))
名詞:
1、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:
1、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如:the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
2、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù):英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。一盒牛奶:
3、名詞所有格:
1、 名詞所有格如:Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
(4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如:
2、[注解]:
、 ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
、 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
、 “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題:
1、謂語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即:主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),
① 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
、 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有張中國(guó)地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù):The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的`時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))
10、主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)
13、主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況: What’s the population of China?(中國(guó)人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別:sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別:festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng);holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別:journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題:指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
代詞:
1、代詞的分類:英語(yǔ)中代詞分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
2、人稱代詞:人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)12
一、詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法:
1、詞類:英語(yǔ)詞類分十種:
名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
1、名詞(n.): 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代詞(pron.): 主要用來(lái)代替名詞。如:who, she, you, it .
3、形容詞(adj..):表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .
4、數(shù)詞(num.): 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、動(dòng)詞(v.): 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如:am, is,are,have,see .
6、副詞(adv.): 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如:now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠詞(art..):用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞。如:a, an, the.
8、介詞(prep.): 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、連詞(conj.): 用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分:英語(yǔ)句子成分分為七種:主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
1、主語(yǔ)是句子所要說(shuō)的人或事物,回答是“誰(shuí)”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。
如:I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如:the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)
3、表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)
有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)
有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)
5、定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)
6、狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如:()
7、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如:They usually
keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )
☆同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里?)
3、構(gòu)詞法:英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法:
(1)派生名詞:①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥
Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞:①形容詞+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法:
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如:when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。
二、名詞:
1、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:
1、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。
專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中華人民共和國(guó))
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如:the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
▲可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如:water, news, oil, population,information .
2、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù):英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下:
①在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不規(guī)則變化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格:
1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。其構(gòu)成法
如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加?s。如:Childern‘s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加?。如:Teachers‘ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加‘s. 如: newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中國(guó)的.人口).
(4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。
如:
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
2、[注解]:
① ’s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如:my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(診所) ② 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
、 “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father‘s(我
父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題:
1、和謂語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即:主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
用單數(shù)形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),
、 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國(guó)地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)
數(shù)。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù):The news is very exciting.
(這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如: The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。 baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),
謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如: required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))
10、主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如:A woman with a . (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如:(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)
13、主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名 詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語(yǔ)寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況: What‘(中國(guó)人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別:sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如:People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league (聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They (湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別:festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng);holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別:journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your (旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題:指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
三、代詞:
1、代詞的分類:英語(yǔ)中代詞分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他!)
2、賓格用來(lái)作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如:Who teach your English this year?(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)
3、人稱代詞作表語(yǔ)或者放在比較狀語(yǔ)從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語(yǔ)中大多用賓格。如:--Who is it?(是誰(shuí)?) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語(yǔ)中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如: .(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰(shuí)要去那兒?) –.(你和我)
5、 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如:--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣?)—It‘s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What‘s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦?) –It‘s 12:00.(12點(diǎn)) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好長(zhǎng)的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺要學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)是非常困難的)
3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)
2、名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ),后面千萬(wàn)不可以跟名詞。如:
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒?) / Your .(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如:
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來(lái)看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來(lái)看我。)
[試比較] .(我的朋友昨天來(lái)看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來(lái)看我。)
4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的)
2、在句子中作同位語(yǔ)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語(yǔ)氣)。如:
Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)13
在英語(yǔ)中,to一詞用法及其靈活。除了常見“to do”結(jié)構(gòu)外,to還有介詞和副詞的用法。但我們大都是聽過(guò)記憶類似“be devoted to
doing”這種所謂的固定搭配學(xué)習(xí),卻不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中,to的含義具體分別如下:
1. 向,對(duì)著(某方向或某處):He walked to the school.他朝學(xué)校走去。
2. 位于…方向:There are many buildings to the north of mountains.
山北面坐落著很多樓房。
3. 到,達(dá)(某處):Her long hair fell to the ground.她的長(zhǎng)發(fā)垂到地上。
4. 到,達(dá)(某狀態(tài)):He always tries to work to perfection. 他總是努力將工作做到完美。
5. 至(表示范圍或一段時(shí)間的結(jié)尾或界限):The museum is open from 9:00 to
17:00.博物館開放時(shí)間為9:00到17:00。
6. 差,離:It is ten to ten. 現(xiàn)在是十點(diǎn)差十分。(9:50)
7. 給(引出接受者):My mother gave a birthday present to me. 媽媽送我生日禮物。
8. 對(duì)于,關(guān)于(引出受事者):What have done to the little boy? 你對(duì)這個(gè)小男孩做了什么?
9. 表示兩件事物相接:The printer is connected to the computer. 打印機(jī)與電腦相連。
10. 屬于,歸于(表示兩事物或兩人之間的`關(guān)系):the key to the door門的鑰匙
11. 指向:Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主義是對(duì)和平的威脅。
12. 表示引出比較的第二部分:
My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步,媽媽更喜歡游泳。
China won the game by six goals to two.中國(guó)以六比二贏得比賽。
13. 等于,每(表示數(shù)量或比率):There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分鐘六十秒。
14. 向…表示敬意:
We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.
我們將為地震中犧牲的戰(zhàn)士修建紀(jì)念碑。
15. 伴隨:Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人隨音樂換新起舞。
16. 為了給(用于表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞后):The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸沖過(guò)去。
17. 適合,致使:To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我驚訝的是,杰克竟能通過(guò)考試。
18. 按照…看法:To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 對(duì)我而言,對(duì)錯(cuò)都不重要。
以上是to 作為介詞的主要用法,另外,to用作副詞還有“關(guān)著”之意:
1. Please push the door to. 請(qǐng)推門關(guān)上。
2. to and fro 來(lái)來(lái)回回:He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the
room.他難以冷靜下來(lái),在房里走來(lái)走去。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)14
用一個(gè)句子作狀語(yǔ),這個(gè)句子就是狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句通常用來(lái)修飾句子、動(dòng)詞或形容詞,表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、目的、結(jié)果、方式、比較等。引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞叫從屬連詞。
16-1 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
在句中相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的從句叫時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常由從屬連詞when,while,as,before,after,as soon as,since,till,until等引導(dǎo)。如:
What are you going to be when you grow up ?你長(zhǎng)大以后打算干什么?
I will phone you as soon as I get there .我一到那兒就給你打電話。
1.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞及用法
(1)when,while,as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)”。如:
When the clock struck twelve ,all the lights went out.當(dāng)時(shí)鐘敲了十二下,燈全部都熄了。
While Peter was reading ,his wife was cooking.彼得看書的時(shí)候,他妻子在做飯。
He dropped the glass as he stood up .他站起來(lái)時(shí),把杯子摔碎了。
注意:
、賥hen表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)”,多用來(lái)表示時(shí)間點(diǎn),也可表示時(shí)間段;從句中既可以用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,也可用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞;when 從句多用一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句時(shí)態(tài)沒有限制,根據(jù)具體情況而定;在將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中,常用when引導(dǎo)從句,且從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí);when表示時(shí)間段時(shí)可與while通用,但從句中必須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如:
I was just reading a book when she came into my room.她走進(jìn)我房間時(shí),我正在看書。
When I got to the airport,the guests had left.當(dāng)我趕到飛機(jī)場(chǎng)時(shí),客人們已經(jīng)離開了。
When the manager comes here for a visit next week,I'll talk with him about this.下周經(jīng)理來(lái)這參觀時(shí),我會(huì)和他談?wù)劥耸隆?/p>
、趙hile表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候;在……之時(shí);在……期間”,所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,且通常用進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.當(dāng)妻子在看報(bào)紙的時(shí)候,我在看電視。
You can't do your homework while you're watching TV.你不能一邊看電視一邊做家庭作業(yè)。
、踑s引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞既可以是延續(xù)性的,也可以是非延續(xù)性的。當(dāng)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”時(shí),往往可以與when或while通用,但as更側(cè)重主句與從句的行為同時(shí)發(fā)生,常譯作“隨著……;一邊……,一邊……”。如:
Kate read the book as she went along.凱特邊走邊讀書。
We took notes as we listened to the lecture.我們邊聽課邊記筆記。
(2)before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句意為“在……之前”。如:
Don't jump off the train before it stops.火車停之前不要往下跳。
Look at both ways before you cross the road.過(guò)馬路之前左右兩邊都要看。
I didn't know any English before I came here。我來(lái)這兒之前,一點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)都不懂。
(3)after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句意為“在……之后”。如:
I'll have a walk after I finish my work.我做完事后要去散步。
After he locked the door,he left.他鎖上門之后就走了。
注意:
為了表明動(dòng)作的先后,從句中動(dòng)詞可用過(guò)去完成時(shí),主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
After he had finished his work,he played a game of chess with his friends.他做完工作后,和朋友下了一會(huì)兒棋。
(4)until,till引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句意為“直到……為止”。如:
They waited till/until I returned.他們一直等到我回來(lái)。
Mr.Wang kept on explaining until the student understood.王先生反復(fù)地解釋直到學(xué)生聽懂了為止。
注意:
、賣ntil在肯定句中只與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用,在否定句中通常與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用,表示相應(yīng)動(dòng)作開始的時(shí)間,意為“直到……才”。如:
He didn't leave until I came back.直到我回來(lái)他才離開。
、趖ill用作連詞,與until同義,兩者經(jīng)常可換用,只是 until 比 till 稍正式。在正式文體中,一般用 until,而在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中則兩者都可。till多與名詞或較短的從句連用,而較長(zhǎng)較復(fù)雜的成分多用 until;在句子開頭時(shí),用 until而不用till。如:
She lived in Tokyo till (until)she died.她一直住在東京直到去世。
(√)Until he comes back,nothing can be done.在他回來(lái)之前,什么也不能做。
(×)Till he comes back,nothing can be done.在他回來(lái)之前,什么也不能做。
(5)since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句意為“自……以來(lái)”
Since I left school,I have written to him twice.自從我離開學(xué)校以來(lái),我已經(jīng)給他寫過(guò)兩封信。
I have not heard from him since he left Shanghai.自從他離開上海以來(lái),我就沒有收到過(guò)他的來(lái)信。
注意:
since引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I've worked here since I left school.自我離開學(xué)校以來(lái)我一直在這里工作。
(6)as soon as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句意為“一……就……”
I'll tell you as soon as I get here.我一到這里就告訴你。
I want to see him as soon as he arrives.他一到我就想見他。
2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)
(1)當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般將來(lái)時(shí),由when,before,after,as soon as,until 等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
I 'll tell him the good news as soon as I see him.我一見到他,就告訴他這個(gè)好消息。
The boy will be a writer when he grows up.這個(gè)男孩長(zhǎng)大后將成為一名作家。
(2)當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)含有can,may,must等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),由when,before,after,until,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
You can go home after you finish your homework.你做完作業(yè)后就可以回家。
When the lights are red,the traffic must stop .紅燈亮?xí)r,車輛必須停下。
You may wait here before your father comes .在你父親到來(lái)之前你可以在這兒等著。
(3)當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)是want,hope,wish等動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式時(shí),由when,before,after,until,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的'時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
He wants to be a doctor when he grows up.他長(zhǎng)大后想當(dāng)一名醫(yī)生。
She wants to work in America when she finishes college.她大學(xué)畢業(yè)后想在美國(guó)工作。
(4)當(dāng)主句是祈使句時(shí),由when,before,after,until等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
Don't get off the bus until it stops .公共汽車停下來(lái)再下車。
Please don't go to bed before you finish your homework.在完成作業(yè)之前,請(qǐng)不要睡覺。
(5)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí),由when,before,after,until,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句也要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
They talked about the party after people left .人們離開后,他們談?wù)撨@次晚會(huì)情況。
(6)當(dāng)before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),主句一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí),有時(shí)也用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
She had learned Japanese for three years before she went to Japan.她去日本之前學(xué)了三年日語(yǔ)。
She didn't know me before she came here.她到這里來(lái)之前不認(rèn)識(shí)我。
(7)since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),要用否定式。如:
He has waited here since you left .自從你走之后他一直在這等著。
He hasn't gone to the school since he finished the school.他畢業(yè)后再?zèng)]去過(guò)學(xué)校。
注意:
在It is+時(shí)間+since從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
It is three years since I began to study English.我開始學(xué)英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)有三年了。
3.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的位置
(1)when,before,after,as,while,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的位置可位于句首,也可位于句末。放在句首時(shí),從句后通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開,放在句末時(shí),從句與主句之間一般不用逗號(hào),只在句末用句號(hào)或問號(hào)。如:
When you came to see me,I was ready to leave.你來(lái)看我時(shí),我正準(zhǔn)備離開。
You called me while I was watching TV.我在看電視時(shí),你給我打了電話。
After she cleaned the classroom,she went home.她打掃完教室后回家了。
(2)since引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常放在主句的后面。
I have learned English since I came to this school.我自從來(lái)到這個(gè)學(xué)校以來(lái)就一直在學(xué)英語(yǔ)。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)15
1.should可表示惋惜、憂慮、歡欣、驚訝等感情色彩以及婉轉(zhuǎn)語(yǔ)氣。
Its a pity that she leave so soon. 很可惜,她很快就要離開了。(惋惜)
They were worried that their motherland should be in such great
danger.他們因祖國(guó)處在如此巨大的危險(xiǎn)中而感到憂慮。(憂慮)
It is unbelievable that my brother should be working so
hard.難以置信,我弟弟工作竟然如此努力。(驚訝)
I should think your answer is correct. 我想你的答案該是對(duì)的吧。(婉轉(zhuǎn))
2.would可用于委婉的陳述、客氣的請(qǐng)求和委婉的建議。
I don’t think he would be so careless. 我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)那么粗心。
Would you like to come to my birthday party? 你想來(lái)參加我的生日聚會(huì)嗎?
3.dare可表示“膽敢”。
I dare not say such rude things.我不敢說(shuō)粗話。
4.need可表示“需要”。
Need I finish the task this afternoon? 我今天下午要完成任務(wù)嗎?
Tom, you needn’t worry too much. 湯姆,沒必要這么擔(dān)心。
這里借用一下網(wǎng)友總結(jié)的`記憶口訣:
動(dòng)詞原形接后面,說(shuō)話語(yǔ)氣較委婉。
can 能力may許可,must責(zé)任或義務(wù)。
否定回答needn’t換,需要need, dare敢。
should應(yīng)該,would愿,have to被迫表客觀。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞雖然數(shù)量有限,但用法廣泛。清楚所有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的表示意義,對(duì)英語(yǔ)遣詞造句具有非常重要的作用。
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