英語最新四六級(jí)語法解析

　　想要學(xué)好英語四六級(jí)怎么能不知道基本語法呢?下面小編就為大家講解一下。

　　第一部分 四六級(jí)七種語法特點(diǎn)介紹篇

　　四級(jí)考試新題型雖然取消語法和詞匯題型，但在仔細(xì)閱讀的選詞填空題、完型填空題/改錯(cuò)及翻譯題變相考察考生的語法知識(shí)。因此，語法仍是不可忽視的重要部分�？疾毂壤�：語法部分約占40%，詞匯部分約占60%，而且多有交叉�？偟膩碚f語法題主要有以下考點(diǎn)：

　　1.　虛擬語氣。強(qiáng)調(diào)說話人的主觀愿望和假想情況。考生應(yīng)著重復(fù)習(xí)能引起虛擬語氣的某些介詞、介詞短語和連詞(如lest,　in　case,　 otherwise等);一部分表示建議、主張、命令、緊要等概念的詞語，由于本身隱含說話人的主觀愿望，其后的主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句往往采用 “should+動(dòng)詞原形”;虛擬倒裝句;在would　rather,　wish,　as　if,　it’s　time　that等句型中使用適當(dāng)形式表達(dá)主觀愿望;混合虛擬句。

　　2.　主謂一致。這類考題靈活性大，需要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況判斷謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。一部分具有生命意義的集合名詞做主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞多采用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people,　poultry,　militia等;用and連接的成分表單一概念時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);就近原則：主語中含有某些連詞(如as　well　as,　besides,　in　addition　to等)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)同第一個(gè)主語保持一致。

　　3.　倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出，分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。那些否定詞(組)、介詞短語能引起倒裝句，部分倒裝和全部倒裝有和區(qū)別，as在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法及意義等等，都是考生應(yīng)當(dāng)重視的地方。

　　4.　非謂語動(dòng)詞。這是詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)考試中語法部分的重中之重，解題時(shí)可以從三個(gè)方面入手：①根據(jù)非謂語動(dòng)詞同其所修飾的名詞或邏輯主語的一致關(guān)系，確定使用主動(dòng)語態(tài)或被動(dòng)語態(tài)，然后考慮采用現(xiàn)在分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式或過去分詞;②非謂語動(dòng)詞同主句謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系。動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的用現(xiàn)在分詞進(jìn)行式，同時(shí)發(fā)生或不分先后發(fā)生的用現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在分詞一般式或過去分詞;在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式、不定式完成式;發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之后的多用不定式一般式;③表狀態(tài)多用分詞，表目的多用不定式。

　　5.　獨(dú)立主格題。一般說來，在句子中沒有連接詞的情況下，逗號(hào)是無力連接兩個(gè)句子的，其中一個(gè)分句要么是非謂語形式，要么是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都做狀語，不同的是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的邏輯主語。

　　6.　時(shí)態(tài)。英語中一共有16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，最常用的5個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般過去式、一般將來時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。四級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)最多的考點(diǎn)是將來完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。針對(duì)這一題型，考生首先要抓住的就是時(shí)間狀語，是現(xiàn)在時(shí)間、將來時(shí)間還是過去時(shí)間?是短暫時(shí)間還是延續(xù)性時(shí)間?

　　7.　名詞性從句。形容詞性的定語從句是考核的重點(diǎn)，用什么引導(dǎo)詞，引導(dǎo)詞前面的介詞形式，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做什么成分(做賓語、主語還是狀語等)，從句的語序等等均有可能成為考點(diǎn)。此外，主語從句、同位語從句、賓語從句也應(yīng)適當(dāng)復(fù)習(xí)。

　　第二部分 四級(jí)語法提綱

　�、駝�(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài),短語動(dòng)詞,省略,一致性等)

　　1. 時(shí)態(tài)

　　1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.

　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

　　I’ve been sitting in the garden.

　　2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

　　I’d been working for some time when he called.

　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

　　3)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.

　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

　　4)將來完成時(shí)(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.

　　I shall have finished this one before lunch.

　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

　　2. 語態(tài)

　　1) 可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:

　　He was said to be jealous of her success.

　　It was said that he was jealous of her success.

　　能同時(shí)適用于上述兩個(gè)句型的主動(dòng)詞通常都是表示“估計(jì)”,“相信”等意義的動(dòng)詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

　　It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

　　The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

　　擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如:

　　Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed limit. (你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)

　　2) 雙賓語及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　a) 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài): 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個(gè)賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.

　　He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

　　Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

　　b) 賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):

　　She was called Big Sister by everybody.

　　Then he was made a squad leader.

　　He was considered quite qualified for the job.

　　The room was always kept clean and tidy.

　　3. 短語動(dòng)詞

　　1) Vi + adv

　　The plane took off two hours late.

　　2) Vi + prep

　　They looked round the Cathedral.

　　3) Vi + prep (有被動(dòng)語態(tài))

　　She’s looking after her sister’s children.

　　The children were always well looked after.

　　4) Vi + adv + prep

　　I began to look forward to their visits.

　　5) Vt + O + adv

　　Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

　　The children were brought up by their mother.

　　They took him on.

　　6) Vt + adv + O (無被動(dòng)語態(tài))

　　I am trying to give up smoking.

　　7) Vt + O + prep

　　We talked Donald into agreement.

　　4. 省略

　　1) 在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略: 在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含有動(dòng)詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是it b),就常�？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和謂語的一部分(特別是動(dòng)詞be)省略掉.

　　a) Look out for cars when crossing the street.

　　When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.

　　If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.

　　Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.

　　This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.

　　Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.

　　She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.

　　She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.

　　Fill in the application as instructed.

　　Whenever known, such facts should be reported.

　　The documents will be returned as soon as signed.

　　He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.

　　Once having made a promise, you should keep it.

　　b) If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.

　　Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.

　　If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.

　　As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.

　　2) 在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的從句中,常會(huì)有一些成分省略.

　　a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.

　　We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.

　　b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).

　　He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.

　　Their training is free, as is all education.

　　We will, as always, stand on your side.

　　3) 錯(cuò)誤的省略

　　His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.

　　While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.

　　5. 一致

　　1) 如果主語是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引導(dǎo)的短語,謂語動(dòng)詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.

　　Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.

　　An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.

　　The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.

　　2) 代詞作主語時(shí)的一致

　　a) each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待.

　　Each of us has something to say.

　　Is everybody ready?

　　Somebody is using the phone.

　　Neither of us has gone through regular training.

　　Has either of them told you?

　　b) some, few, both, many 等作復(fù)數(shù)

　　c) some 可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.

　　none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時(shí)較多,但也有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念, 但none 在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù):

　　None of the books are easy enough for us

　　None of us seem to have thought of it.

　　None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.

　　None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.

　　None of this worries me.

　　all 和most 可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞 (all of the…, most of the …), 動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).

　　3) 由and 或 both… and 連接名詞詞組時(shí), 后用復(fù)數(shù); 由not only…but (also), either…or, neither…nor或 or 連接的并列主語, 謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致.

　　Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.

　　My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.

　　Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.

　　Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.

　　如果一個(gè)句子是由there 或here引導(dǎo), 而主語又不止一個(gè), 謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個(gè)主語一致.

　　There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.

　　Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.

　　4) people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).

　　Cattle are grazing on the pasture.

　　The police are looking for him.

　　有些集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待, 有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待, 主要根據(jù)意思來決定.His family isn’t very large.

　　His family are all music lovers.

　　The committee meets twice a month.

　　The committee are divided in opinion.

　　The audience was enormous.

　　The audience were greatly moved at the words.

　　有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形, 可根據(jù)意思決定謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù):

　　This new series is beginning next month.

　　These new series are beginning next month.

　　This species is now extinct.

　　These species are now extinct.

　　5) 表示時(shí)間, 重量, 長度, 價(jià)值等的名詞, 盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如果作整體看待, 動(dòng)詞也可用單數(shù)形式 (當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞也是可以的):

　　Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.

　　One hundred li was covered in a single night.

　　6) 其他問題

　　a) 書名, 國家名用單數(shù):

　　Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.

　　b) 學(xué)科名, 如mathematics, economics用單數(shù).

　　c) many a 或more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式:

　　Many a person has had that kind of experience.

　　More than one person has involved in the case.

　　a number of 后接復(fù)數(shù), the number of后接單數(shù):

　　A number of books have been published on the subject.

　　The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.

　　d) one of those 后用單數(shù). 在“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句中謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式：

　　Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.

　　當(dāng)one 之前友the only 等限定詞和修飾語時(shí)，關(guān)系分句謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)one 而定，即采用單數(shù)形式：

　　He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.

　�、� 非謂語動(dòng)詞

　　1. 不定式

　　1) 形式

　　主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式

　　一般式 to do， to be done

　　完成式 to have done， to have been done

　　進(jìn)行式 to be doing

　　完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing

　　a) 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作, 通常與主要謂語表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生, 或是在它之后發(fā)生. 假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作, 在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生, 就要用不定式的完成式.

　　I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).

　　(比較: I am glad to see you.)

　　He is said to have written a new book about workers.

　　He pretended not to have seen me.

　　b) 進(jìn)行式: 如果主要謂語表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí), 不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式.

　　You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet.

　　We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.

　　He pretended to be listening attentively.

　　c) 完成進(jìn)行式: 在謂語所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.

　　The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.

　　We are happy to have been working with you.

　　d) 被動(dòng)式: 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí), 不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式.

　　It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.

　　She hated to be flattered.

　　He wanted the letter to be typed at once.

　　This is bound to be found out.

　　There are a lot of things to be done.

　　She was too young to be assigned such work.

　　2) 功用: 不定式可以作主語 (a), 賓語 (b), 表語 (c), 定語 (d) 或是狀語 (e).

　　a. To scold her would not be just.

　　b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.

　　c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.

　　d. Do you have anything to declare?

　　e. We have come to learn from you.

　　不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語

　　有些動(dòng)詞和短語可用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成句型：主語+謂語動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式。

　　這樣的動(dòng)詞有：advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, condemn, deserve, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronounce, recommend, remind, report, request, require, summon, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。

　　這樣的短語有：call on(請求), care for(關(guān)心), count on(依靠，指望), depend on(依賴、依靠), keep on at(困擾，追問), long for(渴望), make out(分辨), vote for(選舉), prevail on (說服), rely on(信賴), wait for(等待)。

　　不定式做定語時(shí)，與中心詞之間在邏輯上有多種關(guān)系，其中可能是互相修飾關(guān)系。也就是：不定式修飾中心詞;不定式短語末的介詞與中心詞組成介詞短語，修飾不定式。這些動(dòng)詞不定式可能是及物的(帶賓語)，也可能是不及物的，要特別注意不要漏掉不定式短語末的介詞。很多名詞后可接不定式做定語，如 ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive(動(dòng)力), effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right(權(quán)力), struggle, tendency, wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。 這類名詞通常表示抽象概念，后面用動(dòng)詞不定式做定語，表示該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，不能用分詞形式。還要注意，如果不定式中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，則不定式后要加介詞，因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)不定式與其修飾的名詞實(shí)質(zhì)上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。

　　3) 不帶to 的不定式:

　　a) 在“動(dòng)詞+ 賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中, 如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.

　　John made her tell him everything.

　　這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí), 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.

　　She was made to tell him everything.

　　b) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.

　　I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.

　　They cannot but accept his term.

　　c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.

　　John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.

　　I’ve heard tell of him.

　　d) 在動(dòng)詞help(或help +賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.

　　Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?

　　e) 在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.

　　There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.

　　Smith will do anything but work on a farm.

　　There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.

　　f) 連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時(shí), 其后的不定式不帶to.

　　Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.

　　出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí), 其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to, 有時(shí)不帶to.

　　He decided to write rather than telephone.

　　The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.

　　g) 用作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞不定式, 如果主語是由“all + 關(guān)系分句”，“thing +關(guān)系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時(shí)，作為主語補(bǔ)語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.

　　What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.

　　All you do now is complete the form

　　The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.

　　The thing to do now is clear up this mess.

　　The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.

　　4) 不定式的其他用法

　　a) too…to 結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義:

　　She was too young to understand all that.

　　enough…to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義:

　　She was not old enough to understand all that.

　　not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式連用時(shí),不定式一般不表示否定意義:

　　He’s only too pleased to help her.

　　so…as (to)這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語:

　　Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.

　　b) 如果要說明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰做的, 可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for引起的短語:

　　It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.

　　It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.

　　在以某些形容詞(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語時(shí), 不定式前可加一個(gè)of引起的短語, 來說明不定式指的是誰的情況:

　　It’s kind of you to think so much of us.

　　(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.

　　It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.

　　It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.

　　2. V+ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞及動(dòng)名詞)

　　1) 形式

　　a) 完成式: 如果要表示動(dòng)名詞代表的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生, 通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成形式.

　　He didn’t mention having met me.

　　I regret not having taken her advice.

　　在某些動(dòng)詞后(或成語中), 常用(或可以用)動(dòng)名詞的一般形式, 盡管動(dòng)作是在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.

　　Excuse me for coming late.

　　I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中, 表示這動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.

　　Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.

　　Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.

　　另外, 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.

　　The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.

　　The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.

　　b) 被動(dòng)式: 當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí), 動(dòng)名詞一般要用被動(dòng)形式.

　　His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.

　　He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.

　　但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等動(dòng)詞后, 盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思, 卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式.

　　My pen needs filling.

　　The point deserves mentioning.

　　This problem requires studying with great care.

　　在worth這個(gè)形容詞后情形也是這樣.

　　Her method is worth trying.

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式可以用來作定語, 賓語補(bǔ)足語, 狀語及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.

　　This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.

　　You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.

　　Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.

　　These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.

　　c) 完成被動(dòng)式: 如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生, 有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式.

　　I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.

　　但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動(dòng)形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式一般用來作狀語或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.

　　Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?

　　The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.

　　All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.

　　2) 句法功用

　　a) 作主語:

　　Walking is good exercise.

　　It’s nice talking to you.

　　There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.

　　b) 作賓語:

　　Your shoes need polishing.

　　You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.

　　He avoided giving us a definite answer.

　　c) 作介詞賓語: 動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語用的時(shí)候最多. 它常可以用在某些成語后面, 常見的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect…of, accuse…of, charge…with, hear of, approve of, prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.

　　(be) contrary to (與…相反),object(objection)to (反對(duì)), with a view to (為…起見)， in contrast to (與…成對(duì)比), be exposed to, be dedicated to (致力于),resort to (訴諸于), as to (關(guān)于), be accustomed to (習(xí)慣于), be committed to (委身于), react to (對(duì)…反應(yīng)), with regard to (關(guān)于), contribute to (貢獻(xiàn))，owe to由于，歸功于等

　　d) 作表語:

　　The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.

　　動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語. 一般說來, 在表示抽象的一般的行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞; 在表示具體某詞動(dòng)作, 特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí), 多用不定式.

　　e) 作賓語補(bǔ)足語: 分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語.

　　The words immediately set us all laughing.

　　Once we caught him dozing off in class.

　　His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.

　　在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動(dòng)詞后, 及可用現(xiàn)在分詞, 也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語補(bǔ)足語. 用現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí), 表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生, 用不定式時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了.

　　Do you hear someone knocking at the door?

　　Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.

　　f) 作狀語: 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí), 通常都表示主語正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作, 來對(duì)謂語表示的主要?jiǎng)幼骷右孕揎椈蜃鳛榕阋r.

　　I ran out of the house shouting.

　　I got home, feeling very tired.

　　Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.

　　現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時(shí)可以用作狀語表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語從句.

　　Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.

　　Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.

　　Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.

　　現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時(shí)可用作時(shí)間狀語, 相當(dāng)于when引起的從句:

　　Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.

　　如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的, 多用when 或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).

　　Be careful when crossing the street.

　　When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.

　　She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.

　　3) 前面帶有代詞或名詞的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu): 一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞前面可以加一個(gè)物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)), 來表示這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語.

　　Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.

　　Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.

　　Do you mind my reading your paper?

　　They insisted on my staying there for supper.

　　如果不是在句子開頭, 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常�？梢杂妹�詞的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格), 這比用所有格更自然一些.

　　I don’t mind him going.

　　She hates people losing their temper.

　　4) 只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss

　　5) 既可用動(dòng)名詞, 也可用不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.

　　有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大, 有時(shí)卻有不同的意思. 在remember, regret, want, try等詞后差別是比較明顯的.

　　I remember seeing her once somewhere.

　　I must remember to take my notebooks with me.

　　I regret not having accepted your advice.

　　I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.

　　She doesn’t want (need) to come.

　　The house wants (needs) cleaning.

　　We must try to get everything done in time.

　　Let’s try doing the work some other way.

　　6) 懸垂修飾: 分詞作狀語時(shí), 表示的必須是主語的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).

　　Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是we的動(dòng)作, 正確)

　　Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (錯(cuò)誤)

　　Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正確)

　　Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (錯(cuò)誤)

　　3. 分詞

　　1) 意義: 過去分詞通常來自及物動(dòng)詞, 帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義; 而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來自及物動(dòng)詞, 有的來自不及物動(dòng)詞, 通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義.

　　frozen food a freezing wind

　　a bored traveller a boring journey

　　a lost cause a losing battle

　　a conquered army a conquering army

　　a finished article the last finishing touch

　　the spoken word a speaking bird

　　a closed shop the closing hour

　　a recorded talk a recording machine

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