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英語語法中的重點難點
英語語法是針對英語語言進行研究后,系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)歸納出來的一系列語言規(guī)則。英語語法的精髓在于掌握語言的使用。以下是小編整理的英語語法中的重點難點,希望對大家有所幫助。
主謂一致?茧y題:
1. Five minutes is enough to do this exercise.
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future.
More than one student has seen the film.
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
More members than one are against your plan.
一些有兩個部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時, 謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。
但如果主語用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名詞構(gòu)成時, 謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk.
并列主語如果指的是同一個人、同一事物或同一概念時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式, 這時and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。例如:
Truth and honesty is the best policy.
The girls teacher and friend is a young doctor.
To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
當主語后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時, 其謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited.
The room with its furniture was rented.
2. A (great) number of修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù); a great deal of,a large amount of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
3. 關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時, 其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:
Those who want to go please sign your names here.
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.
4. 季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學科名稱,球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加冠詞。
1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter
5. 形容詞的順序:
系動詞be,grow,get,become,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,turn,remain限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國藉+材料
Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table
6. 某些以a-開首的形容詞例如:afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake, alive 等只能作表語,不能作定語。
某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞:friendly,lively, lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly, timely等。
7.bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least表示一方不及另一方時,用“l(fā)ess+原級+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示:This room is less beautiful than that one.
表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時,可在比較級前加表示程度的狀語,如:even,a lot,a bit,a little,still,much,far, yet, by far等修飾:He works even harder than before.
注意:by far 通常用于強調(diào)最高級。用于比較級時,一般放在比較級的后面, 如放在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加“the”。He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
某些以-or結(jié)尾的形容詞進行比較時,用to代替than。superior,junior,senior等。He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics.
在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)通常用that(those),one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物,one既可指人,也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如:
The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk.
A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood.
8. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型:
A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.
The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.
這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(四倍高)。[高三倍]
A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。
A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B.
例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.
你們的學校比我們的學校大三倍。表示兩倍可以用 twice 或 double。
9. 表示“最高程度”的形容詞,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,沒有最高級,也不能用比較級。
如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many、few,不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時,該用so而不用such。如:
Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.
Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body andsoul together.
但little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時,仍用such。如:
They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.
10. almost與nearly
在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如:Im not nearly ready.
在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如:I almost never see her.
11. need 表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動詞時,僅用于否定句或疑問句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如:
You neednt come so early.
Need I finish the work today? --Yes, you must.
注意:neednt have done“表示本來不必做某事而實際上做了某事”。例如:You neednt have waited for me.
“should have done”表示應(yīng)該做到而實際上沒有做到。
You should have started earlier.
“ought to have done”表示過去應(yīng)做某事而實際未做。
You ought to have helped him (but you didnt)
書報的標題,小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時。
表示感覺,愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動詞如have, be, hear, see, like等詞一般不用進行時。
有些動詞形式上是主動結(jié)構(gòu),但表示被動的意思。常見的有可和 well, easily 等副詞連用的不及物動詞sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如:
The cloth washes well.這布很經(jīng)洗。
The new product sells well.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。
The pen writes well.這支筆很好寫。
在動詞 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, request, require, suggest等后面的賓語從句中用“(should)+ 動詞原形”(虛擬語氣)例如:
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動詞原形”。例如:We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.
在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞后的補足語中,不定式不帶to。但是這些句子如果變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,就必須帶to。例如:I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
注意:不定式動詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時,如果這些介詞之前有行
為動詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.如:
She could do nothing but cry.
What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go.
作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如:He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.
動詞后可以用動名詞作賓語,但不能用不定式:
admit,appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention,mind,miss,practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, cant help, cant stand(無法忍受)等。
I tried not to go there.(我設(shè)法不去那里。)
I tried doing it again.(我試著又干了一次。)]
mean to do 有意... mean doing意味著...
I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些來。)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
(誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個小時。)
allow, advise, forbid, permit
We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke.
動詞need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟動詞作它的賓語時,若表示的含義是被動的,必須用動名詞,或不定式的被動式。例如:
The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
在短語devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的動詞也必須用動名詞形式:I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)
Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
(原因,強調(diào)寫的過程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式)
Having been deserted by his guide, he couldnt find his way through the jungle.(為了強調(diào)已完成的動作)
Asked to stay, I couldnt very well refuse.
這里 asked 可能意味著 having been asked, 也可能意味著when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不會有歧義。
下面句中過去分詞表示的時間與謂語動詞所表示的時間相同,所以不能代之以強調(diào)先于謂語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式。例如:
Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地離開了房間。
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 團結(jié)則存,分裂則亡。
He used to live in London, use(d)nt he /didnt he?
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)nt there /didnt there?
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
He ought to be punished, oughtnt he?
但在正式文體中,用ought we not形式。例如:
We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?
含有情態(tài)動詞must的句子表示推則,作“想必”解時,疑問部分不可用mustnt。若前句強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在情況的推測,疑問部分用arent(isnt)十主語,例如:You must be tired,arent you?若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時,附加疑問句部分則用neednt。例如:You must go home right now, neednt you?
當mustnt 表示禁止時,附加疑問部分一般用must。如:
You mustnt walk on grass, must you?
前句謂語動詞是must have+過去分詞時,若前句強調(diào)對過去情況的推測(一般有過去時間狀語),疑問部分的謂語動詞用didnt+主語;若前句強調(diào)動作的完成,疑問部分的謂語動詞用havent(hasnt)+主語, 例如:
He must have met her yesterday, didnt he?
You must have seen the film, havent you?
陳述句謂語部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時(前綴或后綴),疑問部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He is unfit for his office, isnt he?
如果陳述部分包含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定詞時,疑問部分用肯定形式。例如:He is hardly 14 years old,is he?
如果陳述部分的主語為everyone,someone,no one等不定代詞,其疑問部分的主語可用he,也可用they。
Everyone knows his job, doesnt he?
Everyone knows their job,dont they?
No one was hurt,were they?
Im late, arent I?
One cant be too careful,can one(you)?
Have a cup of tea, will you?
Lets go there,shall we? Let us go there,will you?
同位語從句跟在名詞后面,進一步說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的名詞主要有fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。連接詞用that (不用which)及連接副詞how, when, where, why等。例如:
His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.
The news that our team has won the match is true.
She asked the reason why there was a delay.
關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情況如下:
A)在表語從句和同位語從句中。例如:
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B)在主語從句中,只有用it作形式主語時,whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語從句,否則,也只能用whether。例如:
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet.
It hasnt been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.
C)在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略)例如:
It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
D)后面直接跟動詞不定式時。
He doesnt know whether to stay or not.
E)后面緊接or not 時。
We didnt know whether or not she was ready.
F)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,只能用whether。
Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.
G)用if會引起歧義時。例如:Please let me know if you like it.
該句有兩個意思:“請告訴我你是否喜歡”。
或“如果你喜歡,請告訴我!庇昧藈hether就可以避免。
在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句:
1)先行詞是不定代詞:all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。All that we have to do is to practise every day.
2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾。
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3)先行詞被all,any,every, each, few,little,no,some, 等修飾。
I have read all the book (that) you gave me.
4)先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時。
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
5)先行詞既有人又有物時。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
先行詞是表示地點時,要根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否則用where。
This is the house where he lived last year.
This is the house that (which) he visited last year.
用no sooner…than和hardly…when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。主句中的動詞一般用過去完成時,從句用過去時;而且主句一般倒裝,把助動詞had提到前面。例如:Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
代詞作主語時,主謂語序不變。Here it is. Here he comes.
當句首狀語為表示地點的介詞詞組時也常常引起全部倒裝。
South of the city lies a big steel factory.
From the valley came a frightening sound.
表語置于句首時,倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語+連系動詞+主語”。
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
He has been to Beijing. So have I.
Li Wei cant answer the question. Neither can I.
部分倒裝
用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語從句。Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.
3.用于“形容詞(或名詞、動詞)+as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中。例如:Pretty as she is ,she is not clever. Try as he would, he might fail again.
如果從句的表語是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。
Child as he was, he had to make a living.
用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely, barely, little,often,at no time,not only,not once等詞開頭的句子。
Never shall I do this again. Little did he know who the woman was.
6.用于以only開頭的句子(only修飾副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句時)。
Only in this way can you master English.
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.
如果only后面的詞組不是狀語,則不用倒裝。
Only Wang Ling knows this.
英語語法重點短語
(1) remember to do sth. 記住去做某事,表示這件事情還沒有做
remember doing sth. 記得做過某事
(2) forget to do sth. 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事。 (已做)
(3) regret to do sth. 遺憾地(要)做某事 (還未做呢)
regret doing sth. 后悔做過某事(已經(jīng)做過了)
(4) try to do sth. 努力做謀事,盡力做某事,但不一定成功
try doing sth. 試圖做謀事
(5) stop to do 表示停止現(xiàn)在在做的事情,開始做另外一件事情
stop doing 表示停止現(xiàn)在在做的事情
(5) mean to do sth. 計劃做某事
mean doing sth. 意味著做某事
(6) can’t help to do sth. 不能協(xié)助做某
can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
(7) go on to do sth. 做了一件事后,接著做另一件事
go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做原來做的事
英語語法學習
一、學習英語語法的目的:
要回答這個問題,先簡要討論一下要不要學習英語語法的問題。這個問題,答案也許是很清楚的。主張英語語法可以不學的人往往這樣說:我們中國人,如果智力正常,從小就會說漢語,能遣詞造句,沒見過哪個小孩先學語法再學話的。再說,英語講得多了,有了語感,語法還不是水到渠成的事。
這種實踐出真知的說法,絕對是正確的。但我仍主張學一點英語語法。本人沒受過很好的教育,更不懂高深的語言學習理論,但一直有這樣的看法:在我們中國,百年都沒有營造出正常情況下用正式英語交際的大氛圍和小氛圍,所以難以在投入產(chǎn)出比符合經(jīng)濟效益的前提下培養(yǎng)出一定的英語語感。語法,實際上就是給你語言整體上的語感(規(guī)則),既給你能解釋語言現(xiàn)象的魚,又教你如何用語感去釣語言深層的魚。何樂而不為呢?說到這,學習英語語法的目的也就清清楚楚了:彌補氛圍難以在短期內(nèi)培養(yǎng)一定語感的缺憾,比較經(jīng)濟地獲得英語整體的語感。當然,也為通過我們這個考試大國的眾多英語測試提供初級“抱佛腳”的方法。
二、學習英語語法的范圍:
學習英語語法的范圍,指的是學習英語語法需掌握的內(nèi)容程度。既然我們學習英語語法的目的那么簡單實際,到啥山唱啥歌吧。范圍不必很大,也就是說面不宜太寬,點也不宜研究太深,畢竟需要用英語說之乎者也的人不多。另外,我認為通過學習英語語法,求得對英語的整體感覺非常重要。有了整體感,可以揭開英語的神秘面紗,知道了對手的模樣,就知己知彼了;有了整體感,對語言就有了“君臨天下”之氣,加之不懈的積累,從掌握語法的必然王國,進而出入語言的自由王國。出于這種考慮,這個講義編得非常簡單,有些方面甚至還不如高中所學的內(nèi)容,但實用語法的基本脈絡(luò)比較清晰。
三、學習英語語法的方法:
英語語法書很多,學習英語語法的方法也不少。學好一樣東西,本沒有絕對好的方法。號稱包治百病的醫(yī)生,要么是庸醫(yī),要么是騙子。事實上,每個人可以根據(jù)自己的實際情況,在不斷嘗試中摸索出適合自己的方法。