初中英語詞匯復(fù)習(xí)
一、容易混淆的動(dòng)詞：
[考試說明] 了解及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞用法；掌握動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語以及疑問詞連用構(gòu)成不定式短語的基本用法；理解動(dòng)詞不定式作主語和定語的用法；初步掌握延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間動(dòng)詞在用法上的區(qū)別等。
1. come & be here
[誤] He has come here for three hours.
[正] He came here three hours ago.
[正] He has been here for three hours.
come是瞬間動(dòng)詞，不是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，在肯定句中不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。而要與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，就要用延續(xù)動(dòng)詞。
與此同類的還有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc.
2. cost & take & spend & pay
[誤] I cost a lot of time to read stories.
[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories.
[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories.
cost除了錢的花費(fèi)以外，還能表示時(shí)間上的花費(fèi)，但常用物做主語。spend句子主語是人，可指花費(fèi)時(shí)間和金錢，但后面的動(dòng)詞要用-ing形式，后面也可跟名詞短語，介詞用on。pay句子主語是人，常與for連用，buy也常與for連用，但花費(fèi)“錢”要放在介詞for后面，而pay則放在介詞for前面。
3. join & take part in
[誤] He joined the League for two years.
[正] He joined the League two years ago.
[正] He has been in the League for two years.
[正] He has been a League member for two years.
join指“參加”組織，成為一個(gè)成員，join sb.意思是“加入某人”，take part in指參加活動(dòng)特別是大的運(yùn)動(dòng)；如指“參加…多長時(shí)間”就要用延續(xù)動(dòng)詞be in或be a …member，而不能用join。
4. borrow & lend & keep
[誤] She has lent me the book for a week.
[正] She lent me the book a week ago.
[正] It’s a week since she lent me the book.
borrow和lend是短暫性動(dòng)詞，在肯定句里不和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，keep延續(xù)動(dòng)詞，可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。
borrow意思是“借(進(jìn))”，后面跟介詞from，lend意思是“借(出)”，后面跟介詞to，lend也可用于某些成語中，如lend sb. a hand。
5. lie & lay & lain
[誤] She laid down the book and laid in bed.
[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed.
lie有兩個(gè)意思，一個(gè)是“說謊”，過去式和過去分詞是在詞尾加-d；另一個(gè)是“躺，臥；位于”，是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，其過去式和過去分詞是lay、lain，現(xiàn)在分詞是lying。
lay意思是“放；孵(蛋)”，其過去式和過去分詞是laid、laid。
6. be made in & be made of & be made from & be made up of
[誤] The table is made from wood.
[正] The table is made of wood.
be made in意思是“由……生產(chǎn)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)地；be made of意思是“用……制成”，強(qiáng)調(diào)從成品上能看出原料，制成物沒改變原料的本質(zhì)；be made from意思也是“用……制成”，強(qiáng)調(diào)從制成物上看不出原料，制成物已改變原料的本質(zhì)；be made up of意思是“由……構(gòu)成或組成”，指人或物都可，指結(jié)構(gòu)成分。
7. stop to do & stop doing
[誤] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest.
[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest.
[誤] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk.
[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking.
stop to do意思是“停下(正做的事)(開始)去做(別的某事)”，帶to的不定式在句子中作目的狀語；stop doing意思“停止做某事(不做了)”，帶-ing形式的動(dòng)名詞在句子中作賓語。
二、容易混淆的名詞：
[考試說明] 了解名詞在句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞�，理解并能區(qū)別所學(xué)的可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞；熟練掌握所學(xué)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成，在口語和書面語的表達(dá)中正確運(yùn)用；掌握物質(zhì)名詞及其數(shù)量的表達(dá)方法；了解專有名詞的概念及一般用法；熟練掌握所學(xué)名詞所有格的用法；了解集合名詞和抽象名詞的概念及一般用法。
1. job & work
[誤] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of jobs to do.
[正] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.
job意思是a piece of work，指已做或要做、應(yīng)做的具體的某種工作，實(shí)際含義是“職業(yè)”，而work通常指抽象意義上的工作，是不可數(shù)名詞，也可指“工作場所”。
2. by train & change trains
[誤] We came here by the train.
[正] We came here by train.
[正] We came here on/in the train.
[誤] We have to change the train at the next station.
[正] We have to change trains at the next station.
train意思是“火車”，表示“乘火車”，用by train或on/ the train，表示“換火車”，train必須用復(fù)數(shù)形式，且前面不加限定詞。
三、容易混淆的形容詞：
[考試說明] 熟練掌握形容詞作定語、表語及賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法；熟練掌握表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、程度、原因等疑問副詞的用法；熟練掌握形容詞、副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成和good、well、many、much等不規(guī)則變化；掌握little、far、ill、bad、badly等不規(guī)則變化；能熟練運(yùn)用下列句型表示兩者(人或事物)和三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比較；初步掌握用much、little等副詞在用法上的區(qū)別。
1. any & some
[誤] Have you got some money with you?
[正] Have you got any money with you?
[誤] Would you like any milk?
[正] Would you like some milk?
any和some意思是“一些”，用作定語，可修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。any多用于否定句和疑問句，some多用于肯定句。
但如果說話人表示“請求，提議”或“希望得到肯定回答”的意義時(shí)，some也可用在疑問句中；some還可用于單數(shù)名詞前，表示未知或說話人不想特別說明的人、地、物等，意思是“某一，某個(gè)”。
如果表示“任何，無論哪個(gè)”時(shí)，any可用在肯定句中。
2. either & each & both & neither & every
[誤] There are many flowers on either side of the street.
[誤] There are many flowers on neither side of the street.
[誤] There are many flowers on each sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on both sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on each side of the street.
[誤] Every student has not finished their homework.
[正] No student has finished their homework.
either意思是“兩者之一的”，each意思是“任意一個(gè)的”，neither意思是“兩者都不的”，every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，意思是“個(gè)個(gè)”。
3. few/little & a few /a little
[誤] Sorry, I have few money on me.
[正] Sorry, I have little money on me.
[誤] Her books are few.
[正] She has few books.
[誤] The work needs a few number of workers.
[正] The work needs a small number of workers.
[正] The work needs a few workers.
few后跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，little后跟不可數(shù)名詞，都表示“幾乎沒有”的否定性意思；a few和a little區(qū)別也在于前者跟可數(shù)名詞，后者跟不可數(shù)名詞，都表示“有幾個(gè)”的肯定性意思。
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