英語四級(jí)短文聽力攻略
導(dǎo)語：短文聽力是四級(jí)聽力考試中較難的一種題型，考生需要較高的聽力理解能力。英語的聽、說、讀、寫、譯五個(gè)方面密不可分，聽力能力的訓(xùn)練應(yīng)和其他幾個(gè)方面的訓(xùn)練結(jié)合起來進(jìn)行。了解了短文聽力的體裁、題材和選材方向，掌握了正確的方法，加上持之以恒的訓(xùn)練，同學(xué)們會(huì)打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。
一、命題特點(diǎn)
四級(jí)考試短文聽力的命題特點(diǎn)主要包括：
1. 形似閱讀理解，難度相差懸殊。聽力短文在形式上與閱讀理解基本相同，都是根據(jù)材料所包含的信息回答后面提出的問題，但聽力短文材料的難度比閱讀理解小得多，只相當(dāng)于一般的口語材料。因此考生完全沒有必要被其外在形式嚇倒。
2. 短文播放時(shí)間固定，但有彈性時(shí)間可利用。雖然短文播放的時(shí)間及回答問題的時(shí)間是固定的，但播放聽力錄音之前有大約90秒的試音時(shí)間，且在播放短文之前要播放本題的指令部分（directions），這些時(shí)間都是可以利用的。
3. 短文體裁較為固定，為做出正確判斷提供了語境依據(jù)。聽力短文多為說明文或敘述性小故事，材料較為通俗易懂，這使提前根據(jù)所給選項(xiàng)推斷材料內(nèi)容成為可能。
4. 選項(xiàng)已知，可作為推斷短文內(nèi)容的依據(jù)。雖然材料的內(nèi)容只播放一遍，但每小題的選項(xiàng)是提前給定的，考生可以根據(jù)選項(xiàng)所提供的信息，利用前面提到的彈性時(shí)間進(jìn)行推斷，為充分獲取短文信息創(chuàng)造更加有利的條件。
5. 各小題類型相對(duì)固定，有助于總結(jié)答題規(guī)律。多年來聽力短文的試題類型是相對(duì)固定的，主要包括細(xì)節(jié)題、推斷題、態(tài)度題、數(shù)字題、主旨題等。這給我們正確解題提供了啟發(fā)和思路。
二、應(yīng)試技巧
結(jié)合聽力短文的命題特點(diǎn)，我們可總結(jié)出如下解題步驟：
首先，瀏覽已知選項(xiàng)，推斷問題的內(nèi)容和短文大意。在播放短文之前，我們可以利用彈性時(shí)間瀏覽各小題選項(xiàng)，推斷短文的體裁和大致內(nèi)容，為播放短文時(shí)充分獲取信息做準(zhǔn)備。另外，也可據(jù)此推斷問題的類型甚至內(nèi)容以便聽錄音時(shí)更有針對(duì)性。
其次，手眼腦并用，記錄關(guān)鍵信息。播放短文錄音期間要聽記兼顧，以聽為主。一篇短文就是一個(gè)信息群，完全靠大腦記憶所有的信息往往是很困難的。因此我們應(yīng)該把獲取的主要信息有選擇性地記錄下來，特別是有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)，為做出正確選擇做準(zhǔn)備。需要特別注意的是這時(shí)"聽"應(yīng)該是第一位的，千萬不要因?yàn)橛涗浨懊娴男畔⒍┞牶竺娴男畔ⅰ?/p>
再次，針對(duì)不同題型采取相應(yīng)的解題技巧。在播放問題時(shí)，考生要綜合利用各種解題技巧做出正確選擇。
1. 細(xì)節(jié)題。細(xì)節(jié)題出題點(diǎn)無處不在，但這并不是說無規(guī)律可循。細(xì)節(jié)題的答案往往由first， most， because， in any case，as a matter of fact等副詞或副詞短語引出，考生在聽短文時(shí)，除了要盡量聽懂所有細(xì)節(jié)外，一定要更加留意這些詞后面的相關(guān)信息。
2. 推斷題。多數(shù)推斷題與每段的大意或短文的中心思想有關(guān)系，因此在聽短文錄音時(shí)我們一定要注意文章中間和結(jié)尾總結(jié)性的話，特別是每部分的最后一句話。我們對(duì)這些話加以分析，往往不難找到正確的答案。
3. 態(tài)度題。態(tài)度題的選項(xiàng)往往是四個(gè)形容詞，所以考生在播放短文錄音之前判斷出有態(tài)度題，在聽錄音時(shí)就應(yīng)特別留心fortunately, luckily, unfortunately等這樣的具感情色彩的可以反映出speaker的'態(tài)度的詞。speaker對(duì)于談?wù)摰膶?duì)象可能有雙向評(píng)論，如果聽不出speaker的態(tài)度方向，建議同學(xué)們選正面態(tài)度的，因?yàn)榉瘩g的文章往往更為復(fù)雜。
4. 數(shù)字題。數(shù)字題一般涉及時(shí)間、數(shù)量、年代等等。如果事先判斷出有數(shù)字題，在聽短文錄音時(shí)就要特別留意相關(guān)數(shù)字并盡可能地記下來。而且對(duì)于Section B的解題對(duì)策要與Section A完全要反過來，即聽到哪個(gè)數(shù)字就要選哪個(gè)數(shù)字，這里的數(shù)字不考運(yùn)算。
5. 主旨題。對(duì)于主旨題，我們可以從三方面來把握：一是從選項(xiàng)入手。選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的多次重復(fù)的詞一定是中心詞（key word）。二是從短文入手，要特別注意文章的兩頭，尤其是文章的開頭的兩個(gè)句子最重要，很有可能成為主旨題的考點(diǎn)，具體需要聽的是文章開頭的名詞。選答案時(shí)要優(yōu)先選含有該名詞的選項(xiàng)。三是從短文后面的問題入手，這樣也可以提供中心詞的線索。大多數(shù)的考題都問及的詞一定就是此段的中心詞。
最后，認(rèn)真檢驗(yàn)核對(duì)，不允許任何由于疏忽造成的失誤。
把握命題特點(diǎn)和解題技巧固然重要，但這些都是"應(yīng)急"措施，平時(shí)掌握扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，練就基本技能才是解題之根本。忽略平時(shí)的基本功訓(xùn)練片面追求所謂的解題技巧只能是舍本逐末。
26. A) They want children to keep them company.
B) They want to enrich their life experience.
C) They need looking after in their old age.
D) They care a lot about children.
27. A) Their birth parents often try to conceal their birth information.
B) They are usually adopted from distant places.
C) Their birth information is usually kept secret.
D) Their adoptive parents don’t want them to know their birth parents.
28. A) They do not want to hurt the feelings of their adoptive parents.
B) They have mixed feelings about finding their natural parents.
C) They generally hold bad feelings towards their birth parents.
D) They are fully aware of the expenses involved in the search.
29. A) Adoption has much to do with love.
B) Understanding is the key to successful adoption.
C) Most people prefer to adopt children from overseas.
D) Early adoption makes for closer parent-child relationship.
聽力原文
When couples get married, they usually plan to have children. Sometimes, however, a couple cannot have a child of their own. In this case, they may decide to adopt a child. In fact, adoption is very common today. There are about 60,000 adoptions each year in the United States alone. Some people prefer to adopt infants; others adopt older children. Some couples adopt children from their own countries; others adopt children from foreign countries. In any case, they all adopt children for the same reason-they care about children and want to give their adopted child a happy life.
Most adopted children know that they are adopted. Psychologists and child-care experts generally think this is a good idea. However, many adopted children or adoptees have very little information about their biological parents. As a matter of fact, it is often very difficult for adoptees to find out about their birth parents be-cause the birth records of most adoptees are usually sealed. The information is secret so no one can see it. Naturally, adopted children have different feelings about their birth parents. Many adoptees want to search for them, but others do not. The decision to search for birth parents is a difficult one to make. Most adoptees have mixed feelings about finding their biological parents. Even though adoptees do not know about their natural parents, they do know that their adopted parents want them, love them and will care for them.
Questions 26-29 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. According to the speaker, why do some couples adopt children?
27. Why is it difficult for adoptees to find out about their birth parents?
28. Why do many adoptees find it hard to make the decision to search for their birth parents?
29. What can we infer from the passage?
答案&解析
26. D)。細(xì)節(jié)題。答案是由副詞短語"in any case"引出的。錄音中我們可以聽到這句話"In any case, they all adopt children for the same reason-they care about children and want to give their adopted child a happy life."在聽錄音時(shí)只要我們留心"in any case"后面的內(nèi)容就可找到正確答案。
27. C)。細(xì)節(jié)題。答案是由副詞短語"as a matter of fact"引出的。錄音中我們可以聽到"As a matter of fact, it is often very difficult for adoptees to find out about their birth parents because the birth records of most adoptees are usually sealed. The information is secret so no one can see it."在聽短文錄音時(shí)我們只要留心副詞短語"as a matter of fact"后面的信息就可以找到正確答案。
28. B)。細(xì)節(jié)題。在短文錄音里面我們可以聽到這樣的信息"The decision to search for birth parents is a difficult one to make. Most adoptees have mixed feelings about finding their biological parents."這里只提到了被收養(yǎng)的孩子很難下決心尋找他們生父母的原因是由于對(duì)他們的"復(fù)雜的感情",并沒有說是什么感情,因此選B)。
29. A)。推斷題。錄音中至少有兩處可作為推斷的依據(jù):
一處是"In any case, they all adopt children for the same reason-they care about children and want to give their adopted child a happy life."；
另一處是"Even though adoptees do not know about their natural parents, they do know that their adopted parents want them, love them and will care for them."。
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