英語寫作和翻譯精講筆記
The education system in Britain
1.primary education 初等教育，小學(xué)教育
Primary education is netpulsory(義務(wù)教育) in Britain. It begins at five in Great Britain and four in Northern Ireland. All children have to attend primary school and they finish their primary education at the age of 11. In addition to the many state primary schools(公立小學(xué)) which do not ask their pupils to pay fees, there are also some fee-paying independent primary schools (收費(fèi)的私立小學(xué)). The most famous fee-paying primary schools are the preparatory schools which admit children from seven-plus to 11,12 or 13 years old.初等教育在英國是義務(wù)教育，大不列顛是從5歲開始，北愛爾蘭是4歲。所有的孩子必須參加初等教育，并在11歲完成。除了許多國家公立小學(xué)不向?qū)W生收費(fèi)外，也有一些收費(fèi)的私立小學(xué)。預(yù)備學(xué)校學(xué)生的年齡通常為7歲以上到11 12 13歲。
2.secondary education 中等教育，中學(xué)教育
Secondary education in Britain is also netpulsory. All the children must receive secondary education after finishing their primary education at the age of eleven. The secondary school age-range(中學(xué)生的年齡段) is from 11-18. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in Great Britain attend netprehensive schools.Secondary schools include netprehensive schools (綜合中學(xué)), secondary modern schools (現(xiàn)代中學(xué)) and grammar schools(文法學(xué)校). They are state schools（公立學(xué)校）。中等教育在英國也是必須的，所有孩子必須在11歲完成初等教育后接受中等教育。中學(xué)生的年齡段從11-18。大不列顛90%左右的國屬中等學(xué)校學(xué)生就讀于綜合中學(xué)。
3.higher education 高等教育，大學(xué)教育
There are some 90 universities,including the Open University. Most famous ones are Oxford and Cambridge. There is also the Open University which is “open” to all to benete students, mainly adult students. 包括開放大學(xué)在內(nèi)，英國共有90所大學(xué)。最著名的是牛津和劍橋。還有開放大學(xué)，即向所有未來的學(xué)生和成人開放。
paper 報紙
British newspapers can be divided into three kinds:quality newspapers(高質(zhì)量嚴(yán)肅報紙)， popular newspaper(通俗報紙)， and mid-market newspapers(中間市場報)。
1.Quality newspapers are directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of public matters. There are 5 quality dailies (Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent, and The Times) and 4 quality Sundays (Sunday Telegraph, The Independent on Sunday, The Observer, and The Sunday Times).嚴(yán)肅報紙面向那些想全面了解社會事物各方面信息的讀者。共有5家嚴(yán)肅日報（《金融時報》、《每日電訊報》、《衛(wèi)報》、《獨(dú)立報》、《泰晤士報》）和4家嚴(yán)肅周日報（《星期日電訊報》、《星期日獨(dú)立報》、《觀察家》、《星期日泰晤士報》）
2.Populary newspapers appeal to people wanting news of a more entertaining character, presented more concisely. There are 3 popular dailies (Daily Mirror, Daily Star and The Sun) and 3 popular Sundays(News of the world, Sunday Mirror, and The people).通俗報紙吸引那些需要娛樂性較強(qiáng)而又簡單明了的新聞的人們。共有3家通俗日報（《每日鏡報》、《晨星報》、《太陽報》）和3家通俗周日報（《世界新聞報》、《星期日鏡報》、《人民報》）
The BBC(the British Broadcasting Corporation英國廣播公司) and its programs
BBC is the largest and dominant broadcasting corporation in Britain. BBC World Service broadcasts international news worldwide in 38 other languages. The BBC is state-run（國營）and it is financed from the sales of television licences(出售電視收視證).BBC是英國最大的.和獨(dú)立的廣播公司。BBC國際廣播電臺用英語和其他38種語言播放全球范圍的國際新聞。國營的BBC的資金來源于收視許可證的銷售。
BBC Network Radio serves（廣播網(wǎng)） an audience of 30 million a week in Britain, broadcasting around 38,000 hours of programmes each year on its 5 networks.BBC廣播網(wǎng)在英國每周就有3千萬聽眾，每年在5個廣播網(wǎng)上播送節(jié)目約38000個小時。.
Sports體育運(yùn)動
1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very seriously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.
英國人很重視休閑時光，許多國際體育項目是由他們推廣開來的，在英國，人們廣泛參與體育活動。
2. Football ( or “soccer” as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.
足球（口語叫”soccer”）,在英格蘭和歐洲是最受歡迎的運(yùn)動，其傳統(tǒng)老家在英格蘭，在19世紀(jì)得到發(fā)展。
3. The game “Rugby” was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century.
英式橄欖球（又稱拉格比足球）于19世紀(jì)初發(fā)明于沃爾威克郡的拉格比學(xué)校，因此而得名。
4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.
板球，是英國人最典型的體育運(yùn)動，自從16世紀(jì)以來已存在。國際比賽是為期5天的康希爾決賽。
5. Although tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated in England in late 19th. The main tournament is the annual Wimbledon fortnight, one of the 4 tennis “Grand Slam” tournaments.
盡管網(wǎng)球已打了好幾個世紀(jì)，但現(xiàn)代比賽卻起源于19世紀(jì)末的英格蘭。主要比賽是一年一度的溫布爾登兩周賽，這是四大滿貫網(wǎng)球錦標(biāo)賽之一。
6. There is a considerable following and participation of athletics in Britain. For example, the London Marathon, which takes place every spring.
英國參加田徑的人很多，例如倫敦的馬拉松塞，每年春季舉行。
7. The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century and naturally the oldest golf club in the world is there: The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. The most important national event is the Open Championship with the Walker Cup for amateurs and the Ryder Cup for professionals.
高爾夫球的故里是蘇格蘭，自從17世紀(jì)以來這項運(yùn)動就在那兒盛行。全世界最古老的高爾夫俱樂部也在那里：愛丁堡高爾夫球會員榮譽(yù)公司。全國最大的比賽是沃爾克杯業(yè)余公開賽和雷德爾杯職業(yè)公開賽。
Major forms of art in Britain
1)museums and galleries
The largest and most important is the British Museum最大和最重要的是英國博物館
2) music
People in Britain are interested in a wide range of music, including classical music(古典音樂), rock and pop misic, Jazz , folk and Light Mucic. In the early 1960s a new pop culture—beat（披頭士）, emerged in Britain’s Liverpool. It was started by a group of young people called Beatles.
英國人喜歡各種各樣的音樂，包括古典音樂，搖滾和流行音樂，爵士樂，民間音樂和輕音樂。20世紀(jì)60年代，一種新的流行文化—披頭士，出現(xiàn)在英國的利物浦。這是由一群年輕人組成的樂隊叫披頭士樂隊，又稱甲殼蟲樂隊。
2) Drama
Britain is one of the world’s major centres for theatre,and its dramatic tradition is reflected in the excellent quality and range of its theatre.英國是世界上最主要的劇院中心，其戲劇傳統(tǒng)從其劇院的質(zhì)量及范圍即可看出。
Arts festivals 藝術(shù)節(jié)
The most famous is the Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama.It takes place for a period of 3 to 4 weeks between August and September.最著名的是愛丁堡國際音樂戲劇節(jié)。該節(jié)在八、九月間舉行，歷時3-4周。
films 電影
In November each year the National Film Theatre hosts the London Film Festival.每年11月國家電影院主辦倫敦電影節(jié)。
Literature and libraries 文學(xué)和圖書館
There are several thousand libraries throughout the country,including the great “copyright”libraries,which are entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom;libraries of other universities and learned institutions and the Public libraries.全國有幾千所的圖書館，包括‘版權(quán)所有’大圖書館。這些圖書館有權(quán)免費(fèi)得到在英國出版的每一本書的樣本，此外還有其他大學(xué)、研究所的圖書館和公共圖書館。
PART TWO The United States of American
1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和種族
1)introduction 概要
�、賢he third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.
②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.There are many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are netmon in America.移
移民是人口增長的一個主要原因。到目前80%-90%的移民來自亞洲和西班牙語國家。美國歷史上最早的移民來自于英格蘭和荷蘭。人口遷徙在美國很普遍。
2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement
①blacks and slavery
the largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. 美國最大的少數(shù)人種是黑人，占人口的12。1%；1619年最早的人人作為奴隸被運(yùn)至美國。
②The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Consititution in 1865.the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s demanded desegregation and equal right.1863年林肯總統(tǒng)的《解放宣言》和1865年的《憲法第13修正案》使奴隸制度正式瓦解。廢除種族隔離和人權(quán)平等導(dǎo)致了1960年的民權(quán)運(yùn)動。
2.American History
1) The “discovery” of the New World 發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸
①The “first Americans” were the Indians 最早的美國人是印第安人
�、贗n the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies.He thought he had reached Asia and didn’t know he had disvovered a New Continent.15世紀(jì)后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥倫布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率領(lǐng)船隊穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵達(dá)了現(xiàn)在西印度群島的一些小島。他誤以為到達(dá)了亞洲，并不知道自己已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個新大陸。
�、跘meriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent.Therefore, the land was named America after him.阿美利歌。韋斯普奇證明了這是新大陸，因此，以他的名字命名。
2)Causes of the colonization of the New World
Opportunity was a magic word.①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.). ②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England. ③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. ④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England.機(jī)遇是一個神氣的詞。1）他吸引了英國的貴族（那些夢想在荒原上創(chuàng)建龐大的新地產(chǎn)的）2）吸引那些在英國無法找到工作的人。3）尤其是吸引了歐洲農(nóng)場和鄉(xiāng)村的窮人和無家可歸的人。4）許多人為尋求宗教自由而在這英國殖民地定居下來，因?yàn)樗麄冊谟艿皆缃衅群Α?/p>
3)The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.They were Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georlina. 美洲的第一塊英國殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亞的詹姆斯建立。從1607年到1733年間，英國在北美的東海岸建立了13個殖民地。它們是弗吉尼亞、緬因、新罕布什爾、馬塞、康涅狄格、紐約、羅得島、馬里蘭、北卡羅來納，南卡羅來納、新澤西、賓夕法尼亞和佐治亞。
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