講解定語從句
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一、定義
用來修飾句子中的名詞或代詞或其短語的從句,就叫做定語從句。其實(shí),就是拿句子來做名詞、代詞或是其短語的定語。如:
It's a book.
I bought the book yesterday.
以上兩句話中,都有book一詞,所以可以用定語從句把兩句話連起來。即:
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
這句話中that引導(dǎo)的I bought yesterday就是一個(gè)定語從句,用來修飾the book。
二、兩個(gè)概念
要想學(xué)好定語從句,得先弄清楚兩個(gè)基本概念,即:先行詞和關(guān)系詞。
(一)先行詞
所謂先行詞,就是指定語從句所修飾的成分。這個(gè)名稱倒是挺形象的,為什么?因?yàn)橄刃性~永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在定語從句的.前面,總是先走一步的,呵呵!
(二)關(guān)系詞
所謂關(guān)系詞,就是指用來連接定語從句的詞語。關(guān)系詞可以分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。需要注意的是,關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞都要在從句中充當(dāng)成分的,所以是不可或缺的,盡管當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí),經(jīng)?梢允÷(本文會繼續(xù)講到這個(gè)情況)。
我們在來看一下在第一節(jié)里出現(xiàn)的句子:
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
句中的the book就是先行詞,被后面的從句I bought yesterday所修飾。而that就是關(guān)系代詞,用來連接I bought yesterday,同時(shí)又在從句作bought的賓語,而且可以省略。
定語從句的學(xué)習(xí),其實(shí)就是有關(guān)根據(jù)先行詞的特點(diǎn)選擇合適的關(guān)系詞的學(xué)習(xí)。
三、分類
按照定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系緊密與否,可以分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。
(一)限定性定語從句
限定性定語從句對先行詞起著修飾限定作用,是不可或缺的。如:
These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.
(二)非限定性定語從句
非限定性定語從句對先行詞起著補(bǔ)充說明作用,可要可不要。非限定性定語從句都會被逗號與先行詞隔開。如:
They have to walk to the South Pole, which is out of a plane's reach.
【注意】
1、當(dāng)先行詞具有唯一性的時(shí)候,就只能采用非限定性定語從句,否則就會產(chǎn)生歧義或誤解。如:
限定性定語從句:His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.
非限定性定語從句:His wife, who is now in Paris, is one of my old classmates.
因?yàn)橄薅ㄐ远ㄕZ從句對先行詞起著修飾限定作用,所以具有特指功能,所以第一句中的限定性定語從句意味著是特指他在巴黎的妻子,其潛臺詞就是他不只一個(gè)妻子,也許在上;蛘咴诩~約等其他地方還有妻子。
而非限定性定語從句只對先行詞起著補(bǔ)充說明作用,沒有特指功能,所以第二句中的非限定性定語從句只是用來補(bǔ)充說明他的妻子現(xiàn)在人在巴黎這個(gè)事實(shí)。
2、that和why不能用來引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句
that不能用來連接非限定性定語從句,具體的請看下一節(jié)的內(nèi)容。
而why因?yàn)榭偸蔷o跟先行詞reason,所以也不能用于引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。如:
That's the reason why he was late for school this morning.
在reason和why之間,不能插入逗號。
四、關(guān)系代詞
英語里能夠用來連接定語從句的關(guān)系代詞主要有:
that:表人或物
which:表物
who:表人(主格或賓格)
whom:表人(賓格)
whose:表人或物(所有格)
(一)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句
that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),其先行詞既可能是人,也可能是物。如:
This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.
He is the man that will visit our school next week.
【注意】
1、當(dāng)that的先行詞表物時(shí),可以用which來替換。此外,當(dāng)that在從句中作賓語時(shí),可以省略。如:
This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.
This is the photo I took during the trip in France.
句中的先行詞the photo在從句I took during the trip in France中作took的賓語,所以可以省略。
2、不能用that的情況
1)當(dāng)定語從句以介詞開頭時(shí),一般不用that,而要用which或whom。如:
This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.
She is the girl to whom I talked just now.
兩句話的定語從句分別以介詞for和to開頭,所以后面不能再用that,而要采用which和whom。
2)當(dāng)先行詞是that時(shí),往往用which來替換。如:
We have that which we need.
此時(shí),that which往往可以用what來替換,因此我們可以把上面的句子改為:
We have what we need.
3)在非限定性定語從句中。如:
錯(cuò)誤:His aunt, that is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
正確:His aunt, who is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
3、只能用that的情況
1)當(dāng)先行詞為everything、all,little、much等不定代詞時(shí)。如:
All that glitters is not gold.
2)當(dāng)先行詞被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修飾時(shí)。如:
Don't waste any water that is reusable.
3)當(dāng)先行詞被the only、the very、the same、the last修飾時(shí)。如:
They are the only students that will attend the meeting.
4)當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)。如:
This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.
5)當(dāng)先行詞是be的表語或there be 的主語時(shí)。如:
There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.
6)當(dāng)先行詞有人又有物時(shí)。如:
We don't like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.
7)當(dāng)主句是以who或which及其-ever結(jié)構(gòu)開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。如:
Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.
4、多用who、不用that的情況
1)當(dāng)先行詞為anyone、one、ones時(shí)。如:
He is the one who will teach us English.
2)當(dāng)先行詞為those、he和people時(shí)。如:
Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.
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