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如何區(qū)分定語從句與同位語從句
在學習英語過程中，定語從句和同位從句是非常重要的一個知識點，那么我們該如何區(qū)分定語從句與同位語從句呢？下面是小編為大家整理的區(qū)分方法，希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
1. 從詞類上區(qū)別
同位語從句前面的名詞只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定內涵的名詞，而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞，主句的一部分或是整個主句，如:
The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人們經常討論大多數(shù)勞動力將會在家里工作的可能性。(同位語從句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我們的隊贏了,這讓我們很高興。(定語從句)
2. 從性質上區(qū)別
定語從句是從句對其先行詞的修飾或限制,屬于形容詞性從句的范疇;而同位語從句是從句對前面抽象名詞的進一步的說明和解釋,屬于名詞性從句的范疇，如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我們隊贏了那場比賽的消息是真的。(同位語從句,補充說明news到底是一個什么消息。)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告訴我的那個消息是真的。(定語從句,news在從句中作told的賓語。)
3.定語從句引導詞在從句中充當句子成分，只是位置提前了。缺少了引導詞，從句是不完整的。而同位語從句引導詞不作從句中的任何成分，沒有引導詞參與，主句仍然完整。例如：
that作引導詞（which，who同理）在從句中作主語或賓語。
The fact that（which） we talked about is very important．我們所談論的那個事實很重要。（定語從句，that在從句中作about的賓語）
The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody．他實驗成功這個事實使我們大家很高興。（同位語從句，that只起連接作用）
The news that you heard is true．你聽到的消息是真的。（定語從句，that在從句中作heard的賓語）
Here comes the news that some tourists from America will come to our village．消息傳來，說一些美國旅游者要來我們村。（同位語從句，that只起連接作用）
在作定語從句引導詞時，when=介詞+which（表時間），其先行詞是一個時間名詞；而where=介詞+which（表地點），其先行詞是一個地點名詞。例如：
I will never forget the day when I joined the army.（when=on the day，先行詞day為時間名詞）
This is the house where I lived two years ago.（where=in the house，先行詞house為地點名詞）
在做同位語從句引導詞時，when，where與其引導的從句共同構成變了形的疑問句，其先行詞不一定是時間或地點名詞。例如：
We have no idea when she was born．（從句when she was born是疑問句when was she born？的變形，idea不是時間名詞）
He put forward to the question where the meeting would be held．（從句where the meeting would be held是疑問句where would the meeting be held？的變形，先行詞question不是地點名詞）
whom，whose分別在定語從句中作賓語和定語，請自行分析拆解
4.根據先行詞區(qū)分
定語從句的先行詞是任意的；而同位語從句的先行詞通常是一些有內容的詞，包括但不限于：news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words，possibility等。
5. 從引導詞及其在句子中的成分上區(qū)別
有些引導詞如how, whether, what可以引導同位語從句,但不能引導定語從句，如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我們是否需要它這個問題還沒有考慮。(同位語從句)
引導詞that引導定語從句時,在從句中一般做主語或賓語(指物時還可以用which代替),并且作賓語時常常省略，that在同位語從句中僅起連接作用,不充當任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which來代替，如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我們應派幾個人去幫別的幾個小組的命令昨天收到了。(同位語從句,是對order的具體解釋,that雖不作成分,但不能省略。)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我們昨天收到的命令是我們應該派幾個人去幫助別的幾個小組。(定語從句,是名詞order的修飾語,that在從句中作received的賓語,可以省略。)
【例句】
The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.
【解析】
句子可拆分為：The issue of //whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, //has been highlighted //by mounting evidence //that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and //by the continuing controversy over suggestions //that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.
主句為：The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by… and by…。主句主語的結構為: The issue of whether…and whether…。of 短語修飾the issue, of 短語較長一般譯在后面；that the Red Planet…是evidence的同位語從句，（即是evidence的具體內容）。that bacterial fossils…是suggestions的同位語從句，說明suggestions的具體內容。）第一個同位語從句可以直接翻譯在所修飾詞后面。第二個同位語可以放在所修飾的名詞前面，充當定語。
【參考譯文】
越來越多的證據表明，這個紅色行星上曾經有穩(wěn)定而豐富的液態(tài)水，而且人們對從火星落到地球上的細菌化石隕石的說法一直有爭論，使火星上是否存在過生命和是否至今仍有生命的問題成為了引人注目的重點。
【真題】
1. There is hard evidence___________George has something to do with the murder.
A.which
B.what
C.why
D.that
2.It is the promise _______ the government will ban students from using mobile phones at school _______ excites the teachers and parents.
A.that, that
B.which, that
C.不填 ; that
D.that, which
3.The information sent by the robots from Mars has offered a scientific proof _______ there existed water on Mars.
A.if
B.whether
C.where
D.that
4.—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah, but I have no idea ____________ he did it; that’s one of his favorite universities.
A. when
B. why
C. that
D. how
5. The belief,as is a commonly accepted saying ___________ practice makes perfect fails to work wonders if repeated without action.
A.what
B.which
C.that
D.where
參考答案
1. D
2.A
3.D
4.B
5. C
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