陳圣元 gre句子填空
方法之二:對(duì)立關(guān)系反義詞解法
凡是出現(xiàn)but, yet, however, nevertheless, although, (even) though, while, whereas, notwithstanding, despite, in spite of, in contrast (to), on the contrary, on the other hand, whatever, otherwise, ironically, paradoxically, curiously, surprisingly 等帶有轉(zhuǎn)折逆轉(zhuǎn)含義的題目,則代入空格的正確選項(xiàng)必與中心線索構(gòu)成語(yǔ)義對(duì)立的反義詞關(guān)系。
例 Ⅰ:
It is true that seeds of some plants have --------- after two hundred years of dormancy, but reports that viable seeds have been found in ancient tombs such as pyramids are entirely ---------.
(A) received ... empirical
(B) germinated ... unfounded
(C) endured ... irrelevant
(D) erupted ... reasonable
(E) proliferated ... substantiated
〖解答〗
先處理空格Ⅱ:題內(nèi)"It is true that..."代表了第一種說(shuō)法,"but reports that..."代表了與第一種說(shuō)法相反的情形。既然前者是“確鑿可信的”(true), 則后者應(yīng)是“虛妄謬誤的”,與true一詞構(gòu)成反義。(D) reasonable 和 (E) substantiated (具體化的,被證實(shí)了的)構(gòu)成的是同義關(guān)系,可先予排除。(A) empirical (經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的)無(wú)針對(duì)性。(C) irrelevant 意為“不相關(guān)聯(lián)的”,它并不就意味著“謬誤的”。唯 (B) unfounded (沒(méi)有根據(jù)的,無(wú)稽之談的)為正確。在空格Ⅰ處,所代入的動(dòng)詞用以描述 “seeds” 的某種情況,可將第二句中再涉及seeds這一概念時(shí)所用的viable一詞以動(dòng)詞形式直接代入,則求得同義的(B)germinated一詞。
〖中譯〗
某些植物的種籽在經(jīng)歷了兩百多年的休眠狀態(tài)之后依然能發(fā)芽,這一情形完全屬實(shí),但是,在諸如金字塔一類(lèi)的古代墳?zāi)怪心軐ふ业缴心艽婊畎l(fā)芽的種籽,這樣的傳聞純屬無(wú)稽之談。
例 Ⅱ:
Even though some genetic mutations may be useful under certain circumstances, most are unconditionally --------- in all existing environments.
(A) expendable
(B) androgynous
(C) prevalent
(D) ancillary
(E) deleterious
〖解答〗
以Even though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句與主句構(gòu)成對(duì)立相反的關(guān)系,將中心線索定位于useful一詞,則求得其反義詞(E)deleterious(有害的,造成傷害的)。
〖詞匯〗
expendable: 可消耗的
androgynous: 雌雄同序(體)的,兩性畸形的,(服飾等)男女不分的
prevalent: 普遍的,盛行的
ancillary: 從屬的,附屬的.,輔助的
〖中譯〗
盡管某些遺傳變異在有些情況下不無(wú)益處,但絕大多數(shù)此類(lèi)變異在現(xiàn)存的所有環(huán)境中均是絕然有害的。
例Ⅲ:
The term "rare earth" is in fact a ----------, for , paradoxically, the rare-earth elements are in actuality ----------, being present in low concentration in virtually all minerals.
(A) truism ... essential
(B) misnomer ... ubiquitous
(C) disclaimer ... ephemeral
(D) metaphor ... figurative
(E) mnemonic ... unmemorable
〖解答〗
先處理空格Ⅱ:從paradoxically(矛盾地)可判斷所謂的"rare earth"存在著某種相反的情形,空格Ⅱ?yàn)樾稳菰~,可將中心線索定位于同為形容詞的"rare",求得一反義詞即可,此為第一種解法。另一解法是:空格Ⅱ后接一補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明性質(zhì)的分詞短語(yǔ),所代入的詞語(yǔ)與"being present in virtually all minerals"構(gòu)成同義,則唯(B)ubiquitous(普遍存在的)正確。空格Ⅰ:既然"rare earth"作為一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ),名不符實(shí),故可稱(chēng)其為(B)misnomer。
〖詞匯〗
truism: 自明之理,老生常談
misnomer: 錯(cuò)誤的名稱(chēng),取名不當(dāng),名稱(chēng)誤用
disclaimer: 放棄,否認(rèn),拒負(fù)責(zé)任
ephemeral: 轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的,短暫的
metaphor: 隱喻
figurative: 采用修辭手段的,比喻的,有文采的
mnemonic: 記憶(術(shù))
〖中譯〗
“稀土”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)事實(shí)上乃一不當(dāng)?shù)拿Q(chēng),因?yàn)槊艿氖牵⊥猎貙?shí)際比比皆是,存在于所有的礦物質(zhì)中,只是含量欠低。
特殊解法
上述三題對(duì)立關(guān)系反義詞解法是相對(duì)于那些對(duì)立的兩部分皆為肯定句的題目而言的。然則存在著這樣一類(lèi)題目,盡管它們的連接詞可幫助我們判斷出一種表面上的對(duì)立關(guān)系,但同時(shí)又在對(duì)立的兩部分的任何一部分引入一否定結(jié)構(gòu),從而將原有的對(duì)立關(guān)系否定,使得題目中的兩部分在語(yǔ)氣上轉(zhuǎn)而趨于并列。凡此類(lèi)題目均按“并列關(guān)系同義詞解法”處理。
例 Ⅳ:
While not completely nonplussed by the unusually caustic responses from members of the audience, the speaker was nonethelevisibly ---------- by their lively criticism.
(A) humiliated
(B) discomfited
(C) deluded
(D) disgraced
(E) tantalized
〖解答〗
句首的while(雖然,盡管)本應(yīng)標(biāo)志著主從句之間的對(duì)立,但由于從句部分出現(xiàn)否定詞not,故需采取特殊解法。代入主句空格的是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞,可將中心線索定位于從句中相對(duì)應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞nonplussed,求得其同義詞(B)discomfited為正確。
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