初三英語上冊知識點集錦
初三英語上冊知識點:One of...中的復數(shù)名詞
"We are a licensed Real Estate Agency and one of the fastest growing housing agency in Singapore."
上面這句房地產廣告中的話,望文生義,清楚易解,只可惜犯了語法上的一個大忌,就是把復數(shù)名詞變成單數(shù):agencies→agency.
單數(shù)也可以,只是后半部的句子要作調整:“……and the fastest growing housing agency in Singapore.”
調整后的句子避免了語法錯誤,但是句子的意思有些改變,就是從“其中一個代理商”變成“唯一的代理商!弊詈眠是從根本的語法錯誤著手,就是把“one of……”后頭的 agency 改為 agencies.這種錯誤改正,在學生英文作文里,是司空見慣的事,不足為奇的。例如:
、 South Korea is one of the Asian country that used to have student mobs.(應改為countries)
② One of the most obvious disadvantage is that the relationship between the parents and the children is not intimate.(應改為disadvantages)
從這樣的改正中可以看到在“one of……”這樣的句式中,跟著出現(xiàn)的名詞必須是可數(shù)復數(shù)名詞(plural countable nouns)如: countries, friends, shops, goats 等,而不是可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞如: country, friend, shop, goat 或不可數(shù)名詞(uncountable nouns ), 如:love, oil, knowledge, information 等。因此,除了上面 ①和②句子是錯的之外,③和④也不對:
、 One of the equipments was damaged.
、 I have special liking for one of the new furnitures.
③和④的錯誤來自不可數(shù)名詞 equipments 和 furnitures,因為這類名詞是不可有復數(shù)的。
其次,必須注意的是“one of……”這樣的句式當主語時,后面的動詞如果是簡單現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(simple present tense)的話,一定要跟 one 搭配;one 既然是單數(shù),動詞當然也是單數(shù),如:
、 One of the fastest growing housing agencies in Singapore is none other than New Century Real Estate Agency.
、 One of the effective ways of enriching English vocabulary is to use the vocabulary learnt.
、 One of the reasons for bad reading and writing seems to be that people today pay more attention to listening and seeing than reading and writing.
這樣的一致性也適用于接系動詞(linking verb)的簡單過去時態(tài)(simple past tense) “was”,如:
、 One of the proposals at the meeting yesterday was rejected.
、 One of the questions Tom raised at the news conference was irrelevant to the matters under discussion.
初三英語上冊知識點:名詞數(shù)目錯誤處處
導讀:談到不可數(shù)名詞是沒有復數(shù)形式的,但是常常有人不小心,在某些不可數(shù)名詞上加“-s”而犯錯,其中“ experience, equipment, evidence, information”這幾個的錯誤最多。
下面一家裝修商廣告中的“experiences”(經驗)便是一例:
“……our many years of reputable experiences.”
須知,當“經驗”解時,“experience”是不可數(shù)名詞,不可以有“-s”:“……our many years of reputable experience(許多年聲譽卓著的裝修經驗)”。當“各種各樣不同經歷”解時,“ experience”是可數(shù)名詞,可以有復數(shù)“-s”的符號,如:
“Tom could not forget his thrilling experiences in his first trip to Guilin.”
學生作業(yè)中,類似的錯誤也不少,如:
① A lot of factors led to students' poor performances. (應為 performance)
、 Only people of irreproachable characters can aspire to be good leaders.(應為 character)
③ More and more institutions resort to advanced equipments to assist in the education process.(應為 equipment)
、 Without such knowledges, one would not be able to understand what was seen or heard. (應為 knowledge)
、 There is still much room for further improvements.(應為 improvement)
上述這些不可數(shù)名詞的錯誤,是不是很熟悉呢?
剛剛談的錯誤是不可有“-s”而用“-s”。另一種錯誤是應該有 “-s”而不用“-s”。雖然后者不像前者這樣麻煩,但是也不難看到。下面三個不同的'廣告中便出現(xiàn)了應該有“-s”但漏了“-s”的名詞:
、蕖癢e are looking for suitable candidate to take up the following positions.”(應為 candidates)。
⑦“Dear customer: Have you been misled by too many brochure?”(應為 brochures)。
⑧“We specialise in rubber tile for factory, office, warehouse, etc.”(應為 rubber tiles, factories, offices, warehouses)
、-⑧里的錯誤顯而易見,只要稍微小心,便不難發(fā)現(xiàn)而改正過來。但是,有關不可數(shù)名詞加“-s”的錯誤,則較難躲閃,必須加倍警惕才好。其中一個防患辦法是借重量詞,反映不可數(shù)名詞之“量” ,但不改變其形,即不要用“-s”,如:
、 There isn't much petroleum in the car.
、 John gave some evidence to indicate that the documents had been tampered with.
1. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
2. A lot of money has been donated to various charity organisations.
3. Some people today paid little attention to their extravagant acts.
初三英語上冊知識點:疑問詞+不定式動詞”結構
導讀:英語有個很有用的結構,就是:疑問詞+不定式動詞(question word + to-infinitive)。
疑問詞是疑問代詞“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑問副詞“when, where, how, why ”。此外,連接詞“whether”也適用。
“疑問詞+不定式動詞”結構有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五種:
⑴當主語,如:
● When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.
● Where to live is a problem.
● How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion topic.
⑵當賓語,如:
● We must know what to say at a meeting.
● He could not tell whom to trust.
● Do you know how to play bridge?
⑶當補足語,如:
● The problem is where to find the financial aid.
● The question is who to elect.
⑷當名詞同位語,如:
● Tom had no idea which book to read first.
● Do you have a rough impression how to do it?
⑸當賓語補足語,如:
● Jim is not sure whose to choose.
● Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.
適用于“疑問詞+不定式動詞”的動詞包括:“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand”等。
有點值得特別注意的是:當這結構當賓語時,它的作用等于名詞分句,例如:
● I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.
● Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.
有些動詞,如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等,可以先有個賓語,然后才接著加上適當?shù)摹耙蓡栐~+不定式動詞” 結構。例如:
● The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine.
● Have you told him where to get the application form?
綜上所述,可見“疑問詞+不定式動詞”結構是個形象清新,既容易用又不容易出錯的特別結構,可以多多運用。
初三英語上冊知識點:復數(shù)名詞的誤用
英語名詞分可數(shù)的和不可數(shù)兩種。可數(shù)名詞指一般動物和事物,如“Man/ friend/ driver/ student/ dog/ cat/ boat/ egg/ gun/ hand/ head/ lamp/ road/ table/ car ”等等。
可數(shù)名詞有兩個數(shù),即單數(shù)和復數(shù)。單數(shù)名詞可以和不定冠詞“ a/ an”或其他名詞限定詞(determiners)連用;復數(shù)名詞可以和數(shù)目詞,如“many/ a few/ some/ a lot of”等連用。
不可數(shù)名詞指物質名詞(material nouns)和抽象名詞( abstract nouns),如:“air/ butter/ grass/ money/ sand/ water/ carefulness/ joy/ peace”等等。不可數(shù)名詞可以和數(shù)量詞,如“much/ a little/ little/ a great amount of”等連用。不可數(shù)名詞只有單數(shù),沒有復數(shù)“-s”的形式。
有些人對名詞數(shù)的概念不很清楚,對數(shù)目詞(expressions of number)和數(shù)量詞(expressions of quantity)也有些混亂,結果把數(shù)目詞用在不可數(shù)名詞之前或隨意在不可數(shù)名詞后面加上復數(shù)詞尾 “-s”,這些都是語法上的錯誤。例如:
① Our workshop has ordered some new equipments from Germany.
雖然有些人把 equipment(配備)當成可數(shù)名詞,但是它是不可數(shù)的,不可有“-s”。
、 My teacher gave me some sound advices. 應該是“advice”。
、 Do you have any special informations for me? “Information”才對。
、 Most furnitures in my house are made of wood. 應該是“furniture……is……”
⑤ Today, I have many new works to do. 必須是“a lot of new work”才是。
、 Don't walk on the grasses. 應該用“grass”。
⑦ Our foreign students have made great progresses in their studies. “Progress”(進步)不可數(shù);不可有“-es”。
、 All his money are kept in the bank. “Money”(金錢)屬不可數(shù)名詞;動詞要單數(shù)的“is”。
上述這類有關不可數(shù)名詞的錯誤,極為普遍;只要看看學生的作文,便知道了。
既然如此,要怎樣避免這種錯誤呢?
首先,必須牢記不可數(shù)名詞絕對沒有復數(shù)形式。其次,隨時準備些數(shù)量詞,如“much/ little/ some/ a little/ a lot of/ plenty of”等,以便在必要時和不可數(shù)名詞連用。最后,謹記:謂語動詞必須和主語的數(shù)目一致。既然不可數(shù)名詞沒有復數(shù)形式,那么謂語動詞若是簡單現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(simple present tense),現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)( present continuous tense)或現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)(present perfect tense)的話,就必須以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。例如:
、 Bread is sold in coffee shops and supermarkets.
⑩ His luggage is somewhere at the railway station.
1. Some money is being used to help the poor.
2. The information required includes personal particulars and the present salary.
3. A lot of time has been spent on this project.
4. Hypocrisy gives rise to mistrust.
5. Familiarity breeds contempt.
初三英語上冊知識點:麻煩的復數(shù)名詞
導讀:讀者之聲,英文寫得很好,用字也很貼切;但是其中有個小錯誤,就是把復數(shù)的名詞誤以為單數(shù),結果動詞也不對應了。
現(xiàn)在把這句話錄下:
“Another option is to prevent pneumonia in susceptible individuals by vaccination against the pneumococcal bacteria, which is a common cause of pneumonia.”
英語的“bacteria”(細菌)是個復數(shù)名詞,單數(shù)是“ bacterium”。既然如此,后頭形容詞分句里的動詞應該是“which are”才是。
這個錯誤的根源,就是復數(shù)名詞“bacteria”引起的;這類麻煩的復數(shù)名詞就是本文的主題。
大家知道,英語名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)之分。通常名詞后頭有“-s” 或“-es”的是復數(shù),但是不是所有的名詞都如此。許多外來詞,特別是技術專有名詞,是多彩多姿的,其復數(shù)形式并不加“-s”或“ -es”。下面便是些常見的例子:
㈠外來詞及其原有的復數(shù)形式,如:
、 agendum: agenda; ② datum: data; ③ analysis: analyses; ④ criterion: criteria; ⑤ phenomenon: phenomena; ⑥ basis: bases.
㈡外來詞原有的復數(shù)或英語復數(shù),如:
① curriculum: curricula/ curriculums; ② formula: formulae/ formulas; ③ index: indices/ indexes; ④ terminus: termini/ terminuses.
㈢有些名詞只有復數(shù)而沒有單數(shù),如:
、 scissors; ② spectacles; ③ trousers; ④ pants; ⑤ measles; ⑥ mumps; ⑦ annals; ⑧ assets.
㈣有些名詞形式是復數(shù),但是含義是單數(shù),如:
linguistics, economics, news, the Philippines.
㈤有些名詞形式是單數(shù),但常當復數(shù)用,如:
people, police, cattle, vermin
㈥有少數(shù)復數(shù)名詞,既可當復數(shù)用,又可當少數(shù)用,如下列句子所示:
① The quickest means of travel is by plane.
、 What Tom has just done is a means to an end.
、 What are the important means of transport in Singapore?
④ There are ways and means of solving a problem.
㈦有些名詞,單數(shù)是個意思,復數(shù)又是個意思,如:
、 a. paper(一種原料,即紙)`
b. papers(報紙、文件)
、 a. work(工作)
b.works(工廠、作品)
㈧有些名詞,單數(shù)有兩個意思,復數(shù)只有一個意思,如:
、 a. people(人們、種族)
b. peoples(種族)
、 a. light(光明、電燈)
b. lights(電燈)
③ a. practice(練習、風俗習慣)
b. practices(風俗習慣)
上述這些名詞,雖然有些麻煩,但是它們數(shù)目不多,只要留意些,就不會有什么問題。
初三英語上冊知識點:幾個發(fā)展迅速的詞綴
英語常用詞綴類別有限,數(shù)目也不太多。但是有幾個詞綴發(fā)展得相當迅速,令人注目。
下面便是三個運用愈來愈廣的前綴:
Ⅰde-
主要意思有三:
、濉俺ァ,如:dewax(去蠟);去泡沫);degum(去膠);deflea(除去跳蚤)。
㈡“非……化”,如:denuclearise(非核武器化); decontaminate(非污染化);denationalise(非國有化); derecognition(撤銷承認)。
、纭敖档汀⑾蛳隆,如:de-emphasize(不強調); de-escalation(行動降級);devaluation(貶值); deindustrialisation(工業(yè)化降溫)。
Ⅱmini-
這個前綴的意思是“小型”、“微型”,如:
mini-rocket(小型火箭);mini-budget(小預算案); mini-report(小型報告);mini-parade(小型檢閱);mini-break (小假期);mini-skirt(小裙)。
Ⅲsuper-
“Super-”這前綴的意思是“超級、在上”,如:
Superman(超人);super-star(超級明星);superpower(超級強國);supermarket(超級市場);superhighway(超級公路);super-ultra(最尖端的);super-saturated(過度飽和的); superabundant(極其豐富的)。
除了前綴之外,幾個后綴也漸漸普及起來,特別是在商業(yè)廣告以及政界、教育界等方面的新聞里。
、俑痹~性后綴 -wise,意思是“在……方面”、“就……而論” ,如:
budgetwise(在預算案方面);moneywise(在金錢方面); savingswise(就積存資金方面而言);educationwise(就教育而論);manpowerwise(就人力而論);theorywise(就理論來說); careerwise(就事業(yè)來說);newswise(在新聞方面); publicitywise(在宣傳方面);curriculumwise(在課程方面)。
、诿~性后綴 -ee,意思是動作承受者,常和動作施行者“-er ”相對應。例如:
trainer:trainee;interviewer:interviewee; employer:employee;examiner:examinee.
此外,沒有對應的“-ee”派生詞也漸漸出現(xiàn)了,如:
retiree(退修人士);absentee(缺席者、曠課者);escapee (躲避者);refugee(避難者);devotee(崇拜者)。
、勖~性后綴 -nik,指從事某種工作的人。例如:
computer-nik(靠電腦工作的人);boatnik(酷愛劃船的人);allright-nik(應聲蟲);peacenik(和平主義者);folknik(民歌手);popnik(流行樂歌手)。
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