全國英語等級(jí)考試pets5級(jí)閱讀歷年真題
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Part B
In the following article, some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 to 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps, Mark your answers on ANSWE SHEET 1.
For Richard Leakey, head of the Kenya Wildlife Service ( KWS ), conservation often seems to be a continuation of war by other means. His first period as director of the agency saw the introduc- tion of a "shoot to kill" policy to deal with illegal hunters. He also ceremonially burnt the country's stockpile of confiscated ivory--even though, as critics pointed out, the haul could have paid for a dozen new schools
66.
His second session in the director's chair began eight months ago (the interregnum was caused by his resignation to enter politics in 1994, after clashes with Daniel arap Moi, Kenya's president). The years, however, have not softened him. His approach this time is almost as aggressive as shooting illegal hunters--it is a system of heavily defended frontiers for the areas under the KWS' orotection, which he refers to as "hard edges".
67.
The extent to which wildlife and people can co-exist has long been a worry to conservationists. Some of them argue that peaceful co-existence is possible, especially if the animals are made to pay their way through tourism and the "cropping" of surplus beasts to provide food. But others, though in general willing these days to fall in with the line that nature must earn its keep if it is to survive, suspect that the benefits will frequently accrue to people other than those whose activities actually threaten the animals--and thus that the invisible hand of self-interest will not give animals any pro- tection.
68.
The first place to be the target of this attitude is Lake Nakuru. It is surrounded by settlements, and its.boundaries have become "blurred" as a result. Now, thanks to a two-metre-high fence, those boundaries will be clear--and people who have been squatting on government land will have to leave.
69.
This valley is home to two rare species of monkey, the red colobus and the Tana River manga- bey. People have lived there since before it was declared a protected area, but their numbers have expanded considerably in recent years. One or other group of primates must, in Dr. Leakey's view, therefore go. He plans that it will be the people.
The Tana River resettlement scheme is supposed to be voluntary, and comes with incentives such as money for new schools, water supplies and clinics.
70.
Whether "hard edges" will work as well as "shoot to kill" remains to be seen. But it could prove a risky strategy. People moved off their land have long memories, and when political circum- stances change they may translate those memories into action. Even in Europe, many of those whose homes have been flooded by reservoirs still mourn their lost villages, and would go back giv- en the chance. And dams--with all the attitudes that back them up--are going out of fashion.
A.But there are still some locals who would rather stay. In ——eory, they can. But they will have to put up with a series of restrictive measures designed to make life more comfortable for monkeys and less comfortable for people. Nobody, for instance, will be allowed to cut down trees; and human movements will be strictly controlled. The message is thus pretty clear: "please leave".
B.Richard Leakey's second stint in charge of Kenya's wild animals looks likely to be as contro-versial as his first.
C.Dr. Leakey seems to take the second approach--at least as far as the beasts in his custody are concerned. He is aware of the fact that his actions will be supported by the government only because of the income they bring to the tourist industry ( one of Kenya's biggest export earn- ers). And if it is to be an industrial project, then industrial public-policy methods should be applied. A western government, he points out, would not hesitate to use compulsory land purchase for a scheme deemed to be in the public interest (a hydroelectric dam, for exam- pie). So why should similar methods not apply to tourist-attraction wildlife reserves?
D.That, though it will no doubt produce some complaints, is probably reasonable--the squatters should not have been there in the first place. More controversial, however, is a scheme to "encourage" people to leave the valley of the Tana River.
E.Such harsh measures (backed, admittedly, by an international ban on all trade in ivory) ap- pear..to have worked. After decades of decline, the elephant population in Kenya has sta- bilised, and even begun to creep up again.
F.This scheme means that Kenya's national parks are, in effect, declaring independence from the rest of the country. They will be surrounded by fences and defended by border guards. Those fences, which will often be electrified, will, of course, serve to keep the animals in and thus stop them damaging the crops on surrounding farms. But their main purpose is to keep unwanted humans out.
Part B
對(duì)于理查德·利基——肯尼亞野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)局(KWS)的負(fù)責(zé)人來說，保護(hù)區(qū)往往是一種用另一種方式延續(xù)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。在擔(dān)任代理主任的第一個(gè)任期內(nèi)，他發(fā)起了“格殺勿論”的政策來對(duì)付非法狩獵者。他還正式燒毀了所有沒收的行私象牙。正如批評(píng)者所指出的，繳獲的非法所得本.可以修建十幾所新學(xué)校。
66.
這些嚴(yán)厲的措施(誠然，是在國際象牙貿(mào)易禁令的授權(quán)下)似乎已經(jīng)奏效。經(jīng)過幾十年的持續(xù)下降后，肯尼亞的大象數(shù)量已經(jīng)
穩(wěn)定下來，甚至開始有所回升。八個(gè)月前，他繼任執(zhí)行主席(1994年，他辭職進(jìn)入政界，后與丹尼爾·阿拉普·莫伊——肯尼亞總統(tǒng)發(fā)生沖突，回到了原有的職位)。但是，時(shí)間并沒有磨平他。這次，他的做法幾乎就像“射殺非法獵人”那樣受人非議。在KWS的保護(hù)下，用重兵防守保護(hù)區(qū)邊界，他稱之為“難以突破的界限”。
67.
這個(gè)方案實(shí)際上意味著把肯尼亞的國家公園從全國其他地區(qū)獨(dú)立出來。它的四周將由國欄和邊防軍把守。"-3然，那些通常帶電的圍籬往往會(huì)阻止動(dòng)物的進(jìn)入，從而阻止他們破壞周圍農(nóng)場(chǎng)的作物。但它們的主要目的是防止閑雜人等進(jìn)入。對(duì)于環(huán)保主義者來說，野生動(dòng)物和人在何種程度上可以共存一直是一個(gè)困擾的問題。他們中有些人認(rèn)為和平共處是可能的，特別是通過旅游業(yè)來支付這些動(dòng)物的生存成本，而且過量的動(dòng)物也可以用來當(dāng)做食物。但其他人，總體上雖然愿意認(rèn)同自然萬物的生存必須付出代價(jià)，但懷疑這樣會(huì)給一些人而不是那些實(shí)際威脅動(dòng)物的人帶來好處，從而使私利這只看不見的手破壞關(guān)于保護(hù)動(dòng)物的任何努力。
68.
利基博士似乎采取了第二種方法。至少就他所看管的動(dòng)物而言，他是這么做的。他知道只有他們給旅游業(yè)(肯尼亞最大的出口盈利途徑之一)帶來收入，他們的行動(dòng)才會(huì)受到政府的支持。而要想成為一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)項(xiàng)目，就必須應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)的公共政策。他指出，西方政府為了一個(gè)計(jì)劃會(huì)毫不猶豫地強(qiáng)制購買土地。只要該計(jì)劃符合公眾利益(如一個(gè)水電站大壩)。那么，為什么類似的方法就并不適用于以旅游為賣點(diǎn)的野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)?
首先實(shí)施這種想法的地方就是納庫魯湖。它的四周都是居民區(qū)，因此它的邊界變得很“模糊”。現(xiàn)在，幸虧一個(gè)兩米高的圍墻使這些邊界又清晰可見了。那些一直占用政府土地的人不得不離開。
69.
也就是說，雖然必定會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些抱怨，這種做法可能也是合理的。占地者當(dāng)初就不應(yīng)該在那里。更具有爭(zhēng)議的一個(gè)計(jì)劃是“鼓勵(lì)”人們離開塔納河的山谷。這個(gè)山谷是兩種珍稀猴子——紅疣猴和塔納河白眉的家鄉(xiāng)。在它被宣布為保護(hù)區(qū)之前，人們就已經(jīng)生活在那里，但最近幾年，人群的數(shù)量在不斷擴(kuò)展。因此，在利基博士看來，靈長類動(dòng)物的一種必須要離開。他認(rèn)為是人。塔納河安置方案應(yīng)該是自愿的，并配有諸如為新的學(xué)校、供水和診所提供資金支持之類的激勵(lì)措施。
70.
但仍有一些當(dāng)?shù)厝藢幵噶粝聛�。從理論上講，他們有權(quán)這么做。但他們將不得不忍受一系列旨在改善猴子生活而讓人類不舒服的限制措施。例如，人類不能砍伐樹木.人類活動(dòng)將被嚴(yán)格控制。其表達(dá)的信息非常清楚：“請(qǐng)離開�！薄半y以突破的界限”是否能起到與“格殺勿論”一樣效果，還有待觀察。但這一政策無疑是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。離開土地的人記憶長存，一旦政治風(fēng)云變幻，他們可能會(huì)把這些記憶轉(zhuǎn)化為行動(dòng)。即使在歐洲，那些被水庫淹沒家園的.人仍然悼念他們失去的村莊，一旦有機(jī)會(huì)他們還會(huì)回去。大壩——和那些支撐著他們的觀點(diǎn)——將會(huì)過時(shí)。
66.E【精析】這一段是上一段的擴(kuò)展：第一段的最后一句講到了理查德·利基正式燒毀國家沒收行私的象牙庫存，下一段介紹這一做法所帶來的影響就是肯尼亞大象數(shù)量的穩(wěn)定和日趨上升，故選E。
67.F【精析】從段際關(guān)系來分析，需要抓住的關(guān)鍵信息是上一段中的“it is a system of heavily defended frontiers for the areas under theKWS’protection，which he refers to as hard edges”，下一段自然要提到該計(jì)劃的具體內(nèi)容，故選F。
68.C【精析】從段際關(guān)系來分析，需要抓住的關(guān)鍵信息是下一段中的“The first place to be the target of this attitude is Lake Nakuru”，上一段自然介紹的是何種態(tài)度，C項(xiàng)最后一句提出了這種態(tài)度，故選C。
69.D【精析】此題通過上下文詞語的共現(xiàn)關(guān)系來確定。上一段的最后一句出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞“squatting”，而D項(xiàng)第一句就含有“squatters”與上一段的關(guān)鍵詞對(duì)應(yīng)，故選D。
70.A【精析】從段際關(guān)系來分析，這段要起到承上啟下的作用。上一段主要講到了塔納河安置方案，而下一段對(duì)“難以突破的界限”是否能起到與“格殺勿論”一樣的效果，還有待觀察。因此，A項(xiàng)就是一個(gè)很好的過渡段，有人不接受塔納河的安置方案，這樣做的后果還有待觀察，故選A。
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