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公共英語五級閱讀題訓(xùn)練2017
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Answer Questions 71 -80 by referring to the following book reviews.
Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choicesmay be required more than once.
A = BOOK REVIEW 1B = BOOK REVIEW 2
C = BOOK REVIEW 3D = BOOK REVIEW 4
Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information?
The main point of the book is simple : globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not ris- ing in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade.
and privatization are makirlg developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what' s needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has 'been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone With Stiglitz's credentials. In some ways, this book ha—— the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman'S 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundafion for a generation of conservatives. But Giobalization and Its Discontents does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for govern- ment-oriented development policy, he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book' s main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz' con- tempt for the IMF is boundless, "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission, " he declares. "Many of the poli- cies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability. "
While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz' s critique of the market-driven 90' s s011 reso- hates; especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market
seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on au- topilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz' s arguments that many economists--even some Bush Administration officials--now embrace his view that economic change in the developing word must evolve more with local condi- tions, not on Washington' s calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main c——omplaint a- gainst Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the international Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought tO maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world.
"Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating T——ird World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important
shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream e- conomist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz' s stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such
claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group Of economists, sociologists and poliO- cal scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not
only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences. " Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the Word Bank--a tire that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank' s sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz' s outspokenness, unprecedented for a high- ranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfen- sohn, the World Bank' s president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, Stiglitz chose to leave.
"Stiglitz' book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice, But simplistic political advice--give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient--is equally problemat- ic. Political reform is as subtle and.complex as economic reform. Evidently, the .best minds among us have only be- gun to think about it. " Joseph Stiglitz' s memoirs of his years in Washington, D. C. --first as chair of President blill Clinton' s Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank--have the flavor of a morality play: Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation'
capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.
短文賞析
A
書評一講的是經(jīng)濟學(xué)家Sdglitz的《全球化和問題》的主要觀點并與Friedman的《資本主義和自由》進(jìn)行比較，Stiglitz認(rèn)為全球化對落后國家并沒有什么幫助。采取市場經(jīng)濟、自由貿(mào)易等政策只會使經(jīng)濟越來越不穩(wěn)定。使全球化更好的發(fā)揮作用的辦法是政府的干涉。該書主要是對國際貨幣基金組織的批判。他對IMF無比鄙視，認(rèn)為國際貨幣基金組織推出的政策只會導(dǎo)致全球不穩(wěn)定。
B
書評二是有關(guān)Stiglitz對其他三位經(jīng)濟學(xué)家的批判，Rubin，Summers和Fischer都過于看好市場經(jīng)濟的力量。盡管Stiglitz的書中有些部分也很膚淺，但是他對市場驅(qū)動的批評仍然回蕩在人們心中，特別是當(dāng)90年代有關(guān)商業(yè)的報紙都登滿了白領(lǐng)犯罪和股市不景氣的信息，這些都證明了市場驅(qū)動下的政策的不利影響。該書認(rèn)為市場經(jīng)濟的作用也必須與當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟發(fā)展?fàn)顩r相協(xié)調(diào)。否則的話，全球化很容易就變?yōu)槟嗵丁?/p>
C
書評三是有關(guān)Stiglitz成就的信息。他雖然不是最早對IMF提出批評的人，但是到目前為止是該領(lǐng)域最杰出的人物。他作為一個批評家的出現(xiàn)標(biāo)志著知識分子領(lǐng)域的一個重要轉(zhuǎn)變。前些年經(jīng)濟學(xué)家們都沒有人像Stightz這樣重視自由貿(mào)易和全球化。是他開創(chuàng)了這一先河，但是現(xiàn)在越來越多的經(jīng)濟學(xué)家開始關(guān)注這一問題。2001年，他因為發(fā)表不對稱理論獲得諾貝爾獎。自那之后也開始習(xí)慣了別人對他爭議的看法。他的直言不諱激怒了IMF和美國財政部的許多官員，使世界銀行的總裁都很無奈地告訴他，他必須停止他的批判或者辭職。Stiglitz選擇了離職。
D
書評四講的是Stiglitz書籍的影響力以及他決心致力于發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)展問題。那些頭腦簡單，認(rèn)為應(yīng)該給予發(fā)達(dá)國家更多的權(quán)力和發(fā)言權(quán)的愚蠢想法，只會帶來更多的危害。政治改革和經(jīng)濟改革一樣復(fù)雜。很顯然我們的心地善良的英雄，離開斯坦福大學(xué)，打算為發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)展事業(yè)而奮斗。
答案及解析
71.A【解析】“Comparison of the significance of two economic books”含有對兩本經(jīng)濟書的對比信息的，我們可以看出四個書評中只有A中提到了兩本書之間的關(guān)系。所以本題應(yīng)選A。
72.C【解析】Stiglitz在經(jīng)濟學(xué)領(lǐng)域享有的盛譽，C中“the most promi-nent and his emergence”。“a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize...”等詞都可以看出他的杰出貢獻(xiàn)。所以本題應(yīng)選C。
73.B 【解析】書評二中最后幾句話提到了Stiglitz對Rubin and Sum—meFs，F(xiàn)ischer，the N0.2 0fficial and de facto chief executive of the IMF的批評，“…they had too much筋th that markets could trans—form poor countries overnight.He labels these three men market fun—damentalists”都可以看出題目中包含的信息。所以本題應(yīng)選B。
74.B【解析】書評二中提到許多經(jīng)濟學(xué)家，甚至布什政府的官員都贊成Stiglitz的論點，認(rèn)為“economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions”。所以本題應(yīng)選B。
75.A【解析】書評一中“Stiglitz argues，what’s needed to make globaliza-tion work better is more and smarter government intervention.”這句話我們可以看出。所以本題應(yīng)選A。
76.D【解析】Stiglitz打算致力于發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)展是在書評四中提到的，書評四最后幾句“…sets out for the nation’S capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world.”他打算改善發(fā)展中國家人民的命運。所以本題應(yīng)選D。
77.A 【解析】書評一中提到Stiglitz更主張政府參與下的經(jīng)濟政策，而不是以市場為主導(dǎo)的政策。所以本題應(yīng)選A。
78.c【解析】越來越多的人贊成Stiglitz的觀點，批評自由貿(mào)易和全球化，從“Such claims are no longer credible.for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists，sociologists and political sci-entists…”9rowing一詞可以看出答案。所以本題應(yīng)選C。
79.B【解析】有關(guān)商業(yè)方面的報道都是對Stiglitz的論點的支持信息。“...especially when the business page is full of stories about white—collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut..."所以本題應(yīng)選B。
80.D【解析】書評一中的“…he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market...”，書評二中的“While parts of this book are disap. pointingly shallow…”，書評三種的“stiglitz，58，is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF…”都有提到Stiglitz的一些負(fù)面的消息。所以本題應(yīng)選D。
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