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公共英語等級(jí)考試閱讀精選材料2017
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TUse "desirable difficulty"
運(yùn)用“適當(dāng)增加難度”來復(fù)習(xí)
Reviewing material is one of the most popular forms of learning. Guess what? It's also one of the least effective. Researchers call this "the fluency illusion." Just because it's easy to remember right now doesn't mean it will stay that way. "Desirable difficulty" means that the harder you work trying to retrieve something from memory, the better you learn. Don't merely reread stuff. Practice like a medical student and quiz yourself with flashcards. You're not going to learn much passively. Research show re-reading material four times was not nearly as effective as reading it once and writing a summary.
復(fù)習(xí)是學(xué)習(xí)的重要一環(huán)，那我要說是最沒有效率的一環(huán)呢?研究學(xué)家稱它為“熟練的假象”你記得某個(gè)知識(shí)并不代表著在任何情況下你都能熟練運(yùn)用。“適當(dāng)增加難度”的意義在于，你越難回憶起某個(gè)知識(shí)，你就會(huì)記得越牢。不要就簡(jiǎn)單的復(fù)讀，可以學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)院的學(xué)生利用閃卡來測(cè)試自己。不要被動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)，研究表明，一本書你讀四遍的效果不如你讀一遍然后寫一篇讀書小結(jié)來的好。
You need to struggle. Whether it's memorizing information or practicing a sport or skill, you want your practice to be challenging. When I spoke to Dan Coyle, bestselling author of The Talent Code, he said: We learn when we're in our discomfort zone. When you're struggling, that's when you're getting smarter. The more time you spend there, the faster you learn. It's better to spend a very, very high quality ten minutes, or even 10 seconds, than it is to spend a mediocre hour.
你得受點(diǎn)挫折，不管是在記憶方面或是鍛煉某項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)或其他技能。要盡量做些有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù)。就像《一萬個(gè)小時(shí)天才》的作者Dan Colye所說，在我們舒適區(qū)以外，我們最能學(xué)到東西。就是俗話說的“吃一塹，長(zhǎng)一智”，花越多的時(shí)間鉆研，你就會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)得越快。聚精會(huì)神的十分鐘，哪怕是10秒鐘，比一個(gè)小時(shí)的磨洋工要有效率的多。
The Get fast, negative feedback
快速?gòu)氖≈形〗?jīng)驗(yàn)
One of the three key components to "10,000 hours of deliberate practice" is feedback. Without it you don't know if you're improving or what you need to work on next. And don't just listen to me because I read the nerdy research. The most un-nerdy people in the world are on the same page. When I spoke to Navy SEAL platoon commander James Waters, he said feedback is critical.
關(guān)于“一萬小時(shí)刻意訓(xùn)練”三個(gè)要素的其中之一就是反饋。如果沒有反饋那么你就不知道自己哪里需要提高，下一步的訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃要怎么制定。也不必只聽我的一家之言，事實(shí)上，那些取得成績(jī)的人都知道反饋的重要性。比如海軍海豹突擊隊(duì)指揮官James Water 就認(rèn)同反饋的重要性。
After every mission, SEALs do a review of what happened to get feedback. Do they all just congratulate each other? No, they spend 90 percent of their time on the negative: what they can do better next time. And there's another vital source of feedback: yourself. Always take some time to reflect on how you're doing.
每次任務(wù)結(jié)束之后，隊(duì)員們就會(huì)對(duì)發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行意見收集反饋。難道他們僅僅是為了慶祝任務(wù)完成，當(dāng)然不是，他們90%的時(shí)間都花在對(duì)于問題研究，下一次怎樣才能做的更好。還有一項(xiàng)重要的反饋就是自我評(píng)價(jià)，每次對(duì)于自己的表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。
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