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2015年職稱英語《衛(wèi)生類A級》考試教材新增
完形填空第十二篇 The Enemy Within
Allergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy.
Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. ____1____ To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is done by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous.
An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. ____2____ As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately.
____3____ Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma.
____4____ We eat more processed foods, with a wide range of additives and colourings; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite.
There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. ____5____
A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future.
詞匯：
allergy n. 過敏，過敏癥
sufferer n. 患者，受害者
asthma n. 哮喘
substance n. 物質(zhì)
pollen n. 花粉
micro-organism n. 微生物
antibodies n. antibody的復(fù)數(shù)形式，意為抗體
allergen n. 過敏源
nut n. 堅果
histamine n. 組織胺，組胺
tissue n. 人體組織
symptom n. 病癥，征兆
rash n. 皰疹
sneezing n. 打噴嚏
breathlessness n. 呼吸急促，氣喘吁吁
anaphylaxis n. 全身性過敏反應(yīng)，過敏反應(yīng)
wasp n. 黃蜂
sting n. 蟄，咬
hayfever n. 枯草熱，花粉病
additives n. 添加劑，食品添加劑
cure n. 治療，解藥
注釋：
1.suffer from...忍受^的折磨
2.be devoted to sth. ...全身心投入于^
練習(xí)：
A The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites.
B In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive.
C Allergies run in families.
D International differences have been associated with the number of individuals within a population have allergy.
E When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it.
F Experts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens.
答案與題解：
1.A 該是對機體免疫系統(tǒng)功能的介紹，而文中對免疫系統(tǒng)的首次提及是在該選項的上一句話，即描述過敏反應(yīng)是免疫系統(tǒng)的活動，該選項故而可被視為是對上一句話的補充與說明。
2.E 本題做題線索有兩點，首先是上下文，本段前幾句都是對抗體的描述與介紹，故與選項E主題相符，同時第二個做題點為邏輯順序詞，本段的第一句話中提到了An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen，而該選項中又有了the next time，這兩個邏輯順序詞也構(gòu)成了解題線索。
3.C 該選項在文章的第四段，講的是過敏反應(yīng)在特殊人群中的反應(yīng)，選項C的意思為“過敏反應(yīng)是具有遺傳性的”，與該段后一句some people are born with the ability...相對應(yīng)。
4.F 文章第五段主要講的是能導(dǎo)致過敏反應(yīng)的兩個例子，缺少中心句，而選項C恰好能對這兩個例子進行概括說明，故答案為選項C。
5.B 該選項為概括總結(jié)項，是對前文說的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)，該段的前面部分提及的是抗生素與過敏反應(yīng)之間的關(guān)系，即其對于人體免疫系統(tǒng)的影響，而該選項則是一個結(jié)果性的描述，即免疫系統(tǒng)變得過于敏感了，其可對前文中抗生素的作用進行總結(jié)說明。
閱讀判斷第十二篇 Inquest told of hospital error
A HOSPITAL error left a dying man on the wrong ward for two days as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ravaged his body, an inquest heard. Stephen Melvin Newbold suffered massive brain damage when a blood clot formed in his veins. Now his families are considering legal action against York Hospital, saying that his death was “untimely and unnecessary”.
Mr Newbold, a 52-year-old maintenance worker, went to York Hospital on November 3 complaining of a swollen right foot. He should have been sent to a surgical ward where he would have been treated with1 Fragmin, a drug which counters the effects of DVT. However, hospital staff wrongly admitted him to2 an orthopedic ward, where he stayed for two days, before finally being transferred to the care of a consultant vascular surgeon. Twenty-four hours later, on November 6, doctors decided they would have to operate to remove his leg below the knee.
The operation went ahead on November 10, but two days later Mr Newbold suffered a cardiac arrest. A scan revealed he had had a pulmonary embolism, a condition related to DVT. Mr Newbold suffered brain damage and died in the hospital on November 16.
Giving evidence, the surgeon said he could not explain why Mr Newbold had been admitted to an orthopedic ward where it was not policy to administer Fragmin. He did not know why his medical team had not given Mr Newbold the drug later.
York coroner Donald Coverdale said, “From November 3 until the day of the operation, no Fragmin was given to Mr Newbold. If he had been admitted to a consultant vascular surgeon’s care from day one, it is clear that Fragmin would have been prescribed. Fragmin reduces the risk of DVT, but does not eliminate it. It is impossible to say whether Mr Newbold would have suffered this DVT if he had received the Fragmin.” He recorded a verdict of death by misadventure.
Kim Daniells, Mr Newbold’s family’s lawyer, said, “The family hope that the hospital will learn from the errors, and that no other families will have to suffer in the future.”
A spokeswoman for York Hospital’s NHS Trust said, “We would like to extend our sincere sympathies to the family of Stephen Newbold during this difficult time.”
詞匯：
ward n.病房
vein n.血管
thrombosis n.血栓
clot n.凝塊
maintenance n.維修，維護
Fragmin n.法安明(又名片段化蛋白)
staff n.員工;職工
consultant n.顧問，咨詢，會診醫(yī)師
surgeon n.心血管外科顧問
knee n.膝蓋
embolism n.栓塞;栓塞形成
verdict n.裁決
misadventure n.災(zāi)難，不幸遭遇，意外事故
sympathy n.同情
注釋：
1.be treated with...被用......藥物進行治療
2.be admitted to...被收容至，被移送至(本文中是“被送至病房”)
練習(xí)：
1.The patient was admitted with an injured foot.
A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned
2.The patient was admitted to the surgical ward.
A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned
3.The patient did not get the correct medication.
A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned
4.The patient died before he could be operated on.
A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned
5.The patient died of brain damage.
A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned
6.It was decided that the patient’s death had been an accident.
A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned
7.Mr Newbold’s family’s lawyer was not qualified.
A Right B Wrong C Not Mentioned
答案與題解：
1.A 從文中第二段的第一句話可以看出，病人是因為感覺右腳脹痛而去醫(yī)院的(a swollen right foot)，而從文章第二段的第三行最后一句話(However, hospital staff...)可以看出他是被醫(yī)院容留住院了，只不過是去錯了病房。
2.B 從文章第二段第三行最后一句話可以看出，病人起初并未被直接送至外科病房，而是被送去了骨科病房，從第二段第四行整句話可以看出，病人在骨科病房被觀察了兩日后才被轉(zhuǎn)送進行心血管診斷。
3.A 本題答題線索有兩點，首先在文章第二段的第二行第二句話中提到了病人本應(yīng)該被給予法安明這種藥物進行治療的，should have done有“本應(yīng)做卻沒有做”的意思，后面第三句話中however這個轉(zhuǎn)折詞也進一步說明了這一點。其次是從第四、五段中對法安明這種藥物進行介紹時可看出，病人并沒有及時被給予正確的藥物治療。
4.B 文章第三段進行了介紹，即手術(shù)是11月10號進行的，而本段最后一句話說明病人在11月16號因大腦創(chuàng)傷而死亡，故不正確。
5.A 文章第三段中最后一句話說明了在飽受腦創(chuàng)傷折磨后，病人于11月16號在醫(yī)院中死亡。
6.B 從文章的第一段第一句話就可以判斷出，病人是由于醫(yī)院的失誤而致死的(a hospital error left a dying man...)，并非意外致死。
7.C 文章中的第六段講到，Newbold一家的律師轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)了其希望醫(yī)院從這次事故中汲取教訓(xùn)，從而使更多其他家庭免遭類似的不幸,但是并沒有說起律師不合格這樣的信息。
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