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2015年職稱英語《理工類B級》考試新增教材
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第二十二篇 Real World Robots
When you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.
A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.
詞匯：
envision v. 想象，預(yù)想
device n. 裝置
accentuate v. 強調(diào)，重讀
artificial intelligence n. 人工智能
limb n. 臂
antennae n. 天線
incline v. 傾斜
pendulum n. 鐘擺
ultrasonic adj. 超聲的
metallic adj. 金屬的
monotone n. 單調(diào)的
humanoid adj. 像人的
axle n. 輪軸
rotate v. 旋轉(zhuǎn)
swivel n. 旋轉(zhuǎn)
teeter v. 搖晃
gyroscope n. 陀螺儀，回轉(zhuǎn)儀
vertical n. 直立的
注釋：
1.To find its way in its surroundings...：為了在周圍找到路……
2.the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：機器人發(fā)射激光束和超聲波，反射到障礙物上(以此來探知路徑)。
練習(xí)：
1.Another good title for this passage would be
A Robots: Taking the Place of Humans.
B Artificial Intelligence Programs.
C Today’s Robots and How They Function.
D Modern-Day Sensors.
2.Artificial intelligence is
A the unnatural way in which robots move.
B a voiceless, box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks.
C sensors such as antennae and a gyroscope.
D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.
3.The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be
A more humanlike in behavior and actions.
B more like automatic machines.
C better able to move on inclines.
D better equipped with laser light sensors.
4.The writer begins the passage by comparing
A the shape of a human being with a box.
B a modem robot with a fictional robot.
C an imaginary machine with a human.
D a computer program with artificial intelligence.
5.The word humanoid means
A lacking human characteristics.
B anything having the appearance of a humanoid.
C being void or vacant.
D having a human form or characteristics.
答案與題解：
1.C 從文中得知，文章主要介紹了機器人和它們的運行方式，因此選擇C選項。
2.D Artificial是“人工”的意思，intelligence是“智能”的意思。另外從文中得知，機器人使用artificial intelligence能夠進行與人類類似的推理分析等活動，因此可知它是一種類似人類智能的計算機程序。
3.A 最后一段講機器人的發(fā)展方向是更加智能，能夠自己判斷并修正行為，而不僅僅是完成重復(fù)性的工作。
4.B 文章開頭的時候作者讓讀者描述他們腦海中的機器人概念，并隨后介紹了實際的機器人是怎樣的，因此選擇B選項。
5.D 從humanoid的詞根human可看出這個詞是形容與人類有關(guān)的特征。另外根據(jù)文章對這個詞的描述可以得出這個詞是表示和人類類似的特征，不管是外形上，還是行為方式上。
補全短文
第九篇 Lightening Strikes
Three years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1____ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.
Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2____ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works.
____3____ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.
Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ____4____ The best place to be is inside a car!
The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.
Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. ____5____
Animals are victims of lightning too2.Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.
詞匯：
bolt n. (閃電)道
sheer adj. 絕對的
resuscitate v. 使復(fù)蘇
flock n. 群
rubble n. 碎石
spire n. 尖頂，尖塔
instantaneously adv. 即刻，突如其來地
注釋：
1.she has been a strictly fair weather golfer：她變成了一個只在晴朗天氣才打高爾夫的人。
2.Animals are victims of lightning too：動物也會受到雷擊的傷害。
練習(xí)：
A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.
B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.
C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.
D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.
E Occasionally there are warning signs.
F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.
答案與題解：
1.D 前文講到“我”被爆炸擊中，因此后文要講被擊昏然后醒來之后的事，D項符合。
2.A 前文講閃電是大自然絕對力量最可怕的展現(xiàn)方式之一，而宙斯在古希臘是力量的化身，古希臘人認為雷電產(chǎn)生的原因是宙斯發(fā)怒并投擲閃電。
3.E 后文講到閃電來臨之前的一些征兆，還講到有一種產(chǎn)品可以預(yù)告閃電。此處要填的是該段的主題句，即閃電到來之前會有一些征兆。
4.B 前面講到在高爾夫球場上被雷擊的一個事例，后文講閃電來臨之時最安全的地方是汽車?yán)�，因此要填的句子�?yīng)該是講在高爾夫球場不安全。
5.F 前文講Harold因為雷擊喪失了感受溫度的能力，F(xiàn)選項中關(guān)于他再也不怕冬天的寒冷的描述符合要求。
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