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職稱英語衛(wèi)生A類閱讀題專題訓(xùn)練
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第三篇
Living Standards
The differences in living standards around the world are vast. In 1993, the average American had an income of about $25,000. In the same year, the average Mexican earned $7,000, and the average Nigerian earned $1,500. Not surprisingly, this large variation in average income is reflected in various measures of the quality of life. Changes in living standards over time are also large. In the United States, incomes have historically grown about 2 percent per year (after adjusting for changes in the cost of living). At this rate, average income doubles every 35 years. In some countries, economic growth has been even more rapid. In Japan, for instance, average income has doubled in the past 20 years, and in South Korea it has doubled in the past 10 years.
What explains these large differences in living standards among countries and over time? The answer is surprisingly simple. Almost all variation in living standards is attributable to differences in countries' productivity-- that is, the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker's time. In nations where workers can produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time, most people enjoy a high standard of living; in nations where workers are less productive, most people must endure a more meager existence. Similarly, the growth rate of a nation's productivity determines the growth rate of its average income.
The fundamental relationship between productivity and living standards is simple, but its implications are far-reaching. If productivity is the primary determinant of living standards, other explanations must be of secondary importance. For example, people might think that labor unions or minimum-wage laws contributed to the rise in living standards of American workers over the past century. Yet the real hero of American workers is their rising productivity.
The relationship between productivity and .living standards also has great implications for public policy. When thinking about how any policy will affect living standards, the key question is how it will affect our ability to produce goods and services. To improve living standards,policymakers need to raise productivity by ensuring that workers are well educated, have the tools needed to produce goods and services, and have access to the best available technology.
1.Which of the following countries has enjoyed the fastest economic growth in history?
A. Mexico.
B. The United States.
C. Japan.
D. South Korea.
2.The word "meager" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to__________.
A. modest
B. poor
C. meaningless
D. plentiful
3.What is the most important factor that leads to the rise in living standards of average people?
A. Labor unions.
B. Minimum-wage laws.
C. Rising productivity.
D. Favorable public policy.
4.The study of the relationship between productivity and living standards is significant in that__________.
A. it calls policymakers' attention to a qualified work force
B. it encourages workers to get better education
C. it helps improve the workers' ability to produce goods and services
D. it enables policymakers to access the latest technology
5.The passage mainly discusses__________.
A. the differences in average income among countries
B. the relationship between productivity and living standards
C. the causes of the rise in living standards
D. the importance of raising productivity
第三篇答案解析
1.D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列哪個(gè)國家有最快的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展速度?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到首段末尾：“At this rate，average income doubles every 35 years.In some countries….”文章先提到在美國，人均收入每35年翻一番，接著指出在一些國家，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度更快，可見經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度與人均收入增長是成正比的，即人均收入增長越快，就說明經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度越快。根據(jù)后面的例子，日本人均收入20年翻一番，而韓國則只需10年，由此可推知，韓國的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度最快。
2.B。詞匯題。題干：“meager”的意思是 __________ 。方法一：可以通過查詞典得知meager的意思是“貧乏的”。方法二：利用語境，該詞出現(xiàn)在第二段“In nations where workers can produce…;in nations where workers…”。這里對兩類國家進(jìn)行了對比，首先在那些單位時(shí)間內(nèi)能生產(chǎn)出大量的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)(即生產(chǎn)力水平較高)的國家，大多數(shù)人的生活水平都較高;接著與之相對應(yīng)，在那些生產(chǎn)力水平較低的國家，人們的生活水平肯定較低，因此可推出meager一詞肯定跟“窮困”的意思接近，故答案只能為poor。modest意為“謙虛的，適度的”;meaningless意為“毫無意義的”;plentiful意為“許多的，豐富的”。
3.C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：普通人生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高的最主要的因素是什么?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第三段：“If productivity is the primary determinant of living standards，other explanations must be of secondary importance…”由上面的論述可知，生產(chǎn)力對人們的生活水平起決定作用，其他因素都是次要的。
4.A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：研究生產(chǎn)力和生活水平之間的關(guān)系很重要是因?yàn)開_________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到最后一段。本段主要論述研究生產(chǎn)力和生活水平之間的關(guān)系對公共政策的制定的重大意義。政策的制定者們必須考慮到生產(chǎn)力的提高也就意味著生活水平的提高。如何提高生產(chǎn)力從而提高人們的生活水平就是他們必須認(rèn)真思考的。而提高生產(chǎn)力就必須依靠提高工人的`受教育水平，擁有先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)工具，以及能夠接觸到高科技。所以推斷出研究生產(chǎn)力和生活水平之間的關(guān)系的意義在于引起政策制定者關(guān)注勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì)的提高。因此A選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
5.B。主旨題。題干：這篇文章主要論述了什么?從每段的首尾句可以看出整篇文章主要論述了生產(chǎn)力和人們的生活水平之間的關(guān)系。A、C選項(xiàng)都很片面，只是文章某一段落的主題;而D選項(xiàng)只提到提高生產(chǎn)力的重要性，沒有提到人們的生活水平。
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