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英語定語從句語法知識(精選)
定語從句也稱為關(guān)系從句或形容詞性從句,由關(guān)系代(who, whom, whose, which, that, as )或關(guān)系副詞(when, where, why)等引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系詞除了起引導(dǎo)作用外,還在從句中指代前面的先行詞,并在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分。下面是yjbys小編為大家?guī)淼年P(guān)于定語從句的語法知識,歡迎閱讀。
1、限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句
定語從句就其與先行詞的關(guān)系而言,可分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句和先行詞之間沒有逗號,表示對先行詞起修飾限制作用;而非限定性定語從句和先行詞之間有逗號分開,是對先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明,相當(dāng)于并列句。
如:He is the man who has a strong personality. 他是個個性很強(qiáng)的人。(限定性定語從句)
My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在國外工作,他下周將回來。(非限定性定語從句)
注:
1) 非限定性定語從句不能用that來引導(dǎo),一般用which,as或who(指人)。用which或as引導(dǎo)時,既可以修飾主句的部分內(nèi)容,也可修飾主句的全部內(nèi)容。如:
He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. (which指代整個主句,在從句中作主語)
2) as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,但which或who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句不能放在主句之前。如:As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people‘s life greatly.
3) 在限定性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作賓語時可以省略;但在 非限定性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作賓語時不能省略。如:
The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去)
She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom不能省去)
2、只用關(guān)系代詞that,不用 which,who或whom的幾種情況
1)當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等時。如:All that you want are here.
2) 當(dāng)先行詞被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修飾時。如:There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.
3)當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。如:This is the best film that I have ever seen.
4)當(dāng)出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的先行詞,并同時兼指人和物時。如: We are talking about the people and countries that we have
visited.
5) 當(dāng)主句是以which 或 who 開頭的特殊疑問句時。如: Who is the person that is standing over there?
6) 當(dāng)定語從句為there be 句型時,關(guān)系代詞只用that,
但經(jīng)?梢允÷浴H纾 I know the difference (that) there is between you.
7)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時,常用that。如:He does not seem to be the man that he was
他似乎和過去不一樣了。
3、 as 與其他詞連用引導(dǎo)的定語從句
as 引導(dǎo)定語從句時,可指人也可指物,通常與the same,such,so等連用,形式為:the same… as,such… as,as …as,so… as。As在定語從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等。如:
She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感覺與她自己的一樣。(as代替事,作賓語)
I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借給你使你感興趣的書。(as代替物,作主語)
注:the same… as 和the same… that的用法不同。as引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物“相似”,指同類事物;that引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物是“同一個”,指同一事物。如:
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 這和我昨天丟的筆一樣。(類似的筆)
This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 這支筆就是我昨天丟的那支。(同一支筆)
4、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句
在“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞的選擇取決于3種情況:
1)定語從句中謂語動詞或表語的搭配。如: This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking.
2)先行詞與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配。如: The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter.
儀表上顯示出這臺機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的速度。
3)當(dāng)定語從句為最高級時只能用of which; 否則用其他介詞。如: I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.
注:不可拆分的動詞短語介詞不能提前,如put up with;有的短語可能有不同的介詞搭配,此時需要根據(jù)上下文來確定。如:be familiar with/to,compare with/to等。
有時為表意清楚,還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/ when前加介詞from, to等。如:
China is the birthplace of kites, from
where kite flying spreads to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
中國是風(fēng)箏的故鄉(xiāng),從這里,放風(fēng)箏的運(yùn)動傳到了日本、韓國、泰國和印度。
注 定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別
定語從句在復(fù)合句中的功能相當(dāng)于形容詞,它對先行詞起修飾、描述或限制作用。而同位語從句則屬于名詞性從句,對與它有同位關(guān)系得名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋,使其內(nèi)容具體化。例如:
She felt very sad because of the news that her husband was killed in an aircraft crash. (同位語從句)
The fact that she told me made me very angry. (定語從句)
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