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托福寫作常見語法錯(cuò)誤解析
導(dǎo)語：在托福的獨(dú)立寫作中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)名詞數(shù)詞的錯(cuò)誤用法，下面是YJBYS小編整理的托福寫作常見語法錯(cuò)誤解析，歡迎參考!
名詞
在托福獨(dú)立寫作中會(huì)有哪些常見的語法錯(cuò)誤呢?從這期開始，我們將和大家一起討論寫作中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞、介詞、連詞方面的錯(cuò)誤，希望大家“引以為戒”——“語言的準(zhǔn)確性”是托福獨(dú)立寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的`重要要求。
1.可數(shù)名詞不“裸奔”
Even expert or scholar specializing in a certain field might cover a vast
spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.
During high school, a very important time in a person’s education career, student will learn skill necessary to be successful in university and the work world.
第一句句子中的expert和scholar都是可數(shù)名詞，因此需要在這些詞之前加上冠詞(定冠詞或不定冠詞)或物主代詞，或變?yōu)槊~的復(fù)數(shù)形式。Even experts or scholars specializing in a certain field might cover a vast spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.
第二句句子中的student和skill也都是可數(shù)名詞，全句應(yīng)該改為：During high school, a very important time in a person’s education career, students will learn most of the skills necessary to be successful in university and the work world.
2.集合名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)
我們來看下面的例句：
Technology is developing at a remarkable speed that our ancestors might never have foreseen.
在此句句子中，technology 是不可數(shù)名詞。考生是否可以將這句句子改成：Various modern technologies are developing at a remarkable speed that our ancestors might never have foreseen呢?technology到底是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞?
當(dāng)technology理解為抽象的“科學(xué)技術(shù)”，即強(qiáng)調(diào)總稱時(shí)，是不可數(shù)名詞，如例句中的Technology is developing at a remarkable speed中的technology正是對(duì)“科學(xué)技術(shù)總稱”的指代。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)“各種各樣”科技產(chǎn)品的時(shí)候，此時(shí)的technology則是可數(shù)名詞，如例句 Various modern technologies are developing at a remarkable speed. 這類名詞稱之為“集合名詞”，在托福獨(dú)立寫作中，經(jīng)常使用的“集合名詞”還有g(shù)overnment，如：
The central government is so concerned about keeping pandas in existence that it is spending millions of dollars trying to determine how to artificially inseminate the giant panda. (中央政府是一級(jí)具體的“政府機(jī)關(guān)”，因此使用可數(shù)名詞形式)
It is crucial for government to setup more funds by attracting larger investments to solve financial problems encountered during the course of environment-related projects. (這里的政府是“行政機(jī)關(guān)的總稱”，因此使用不可數(shù)名詞形式)
3.名詞的首字母大寫
在哪些情況下，名詞需要對(duì)其首字母進(jìn)行大寫(capitalization)?
表示月份：February
表示歷史事件：The Enlightenment
表示歷史時(shí)期：The Middle Ages
表示書刊、報(bào)紙：The New York Times，The Washington Post
表示節(jié)日：Christmas，the Spring Festival
表示國家(地區(qū))：North America
表示專有名詞：the Amazon
數(shù)詞
在托福寫作中，“數(shù)詞”“粉墨登場(chǎng)”的機(jī)會(huì)并不多見——因此，對(duì)“數(shù)詞”“準(zhǔn)確、到位”講解的匱乏著實(shí)不難理解。然而，秉持著“細(xì)微之處見真章”的精神，本篇總結(jié)了托福寫作中“數(shù)詞寫作的一般規(guī)則”，這些規(guī)則也同樣適用于考生的日常寫作。
規(guī)則一： 當(dāng)數(shù)詞可以用至多兩個(gè)英文單詞表達(dá)時(shí)，盡量使用英文字母表示。因此，12以下的數(shù)字或整數(shù)一般都需要“寫出來”，但在percent(百分比)前面一般直接使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，如：
Experts quickly realized that there were two possible explanations for the decline of sea otters: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. 專家很快認(rèn)識(shí)到，海獺數(shù)量減少有兩個(gè)可能的原因：環(huán)境污染或來自捕食者的.攻擊。
When the price difference between two products is small, for example, less than 5 percent in the case of eco-certified wood products, American consumers often choose on factories other than price. 當(dāng)兩種產(chǎn)品之間的價(jià)格差距非常的小(在環(huán)保認(rèn)證木材制品的案例中，這種差距小于5%)，美國消費(fèi)者會(huì)考慮生產(chǎn)廠商而不是價(jià)格。
規(guī)則二：當(dāng)數(shù)字需要用兩個(gè)以上英文單詞表達(dá)時(shí)，盡量使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示，因此年份往往是直接用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字進(jìn)行表示，如：
These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 125 kilometers per hour. 這些動(dòng)物奔跑速度非�？欤梢赃_(dá)到每小時(shí)125千米。
Cane toads were introduced to Australia in 1935 with the expectation that they would protect farmers’ crops by eating harmful insects. 蔗蟾于1935年被引入澳大利亞，期待它們通過吃害蟲來保護(hù)農(nóng)民的莊稼。
規(guī)則三： 句子的開頭一般不使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，如：15 couples were invited to participate in a survey that aimed to figure out the fatal elements leading to personal success.十五對(duì)夫婦被邀請(qǐng)參與到一項(xiàng)調(diào)查之中，該調(diào)查的目的是探究個(gè)人成功最重要的要素。
較好的表達(dá)方式為：Fifteen couples were invited to participate in a survey that aimed to figure out the fatal elements leading to personal success.
規(guī)則四：表達(dá)小數(shù)(或分?jǐn)?shù))時(shí)，盡量使用數(shù)字，如：The government has spent over $12.4 million constructing new recreational facilities for local residents in the past few decades. 在過去的幾十年間，政府花費(fèi)了超過1240萬元用于為當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窠ㄔ煨碌膴蕵吩O(shè)施。
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