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托福寫作小范圍預(yù)測(cè)獨(dú)立寫作18篇
引導(dǎo)語(yǔ):由應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生培訓(xùn)網(wǎng)整理而成,托福寫作小范圍預(yù)測(cè)及答案解析,希望能夠幫助到您。
一、題目
NO.1
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the modern world, we should never be impolite to another person.
NO.2
Some people prefer to buy technological devices as soon as they are available on the market, while other people prefer to wait. Which do you prefer?
NO.3
Do you agree or disagree with the statement:現(xiàn)在的家長(zhǎng)養(yǎng)活子女比50年前較容易?
NO.4
Do you agree or disagree: the universities should spend more money in improving facilities (libraries, computer labs) than hiring famous teachers.
NO.5
The opinions of celebrities, such as entertainers and athletes, are more important to the younger people than they are to the older people.
NO.6
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
There is never a good reason to be impolite (rude) to another person.
NO.7
In times of economic crisis, local governments often reduce the money they spend in certain areas. In your opinion, if a local government was facing economic problems, which of the following areas should it spend less money on:
-Libraries
-Public transportation
-Police department
NO.8
Which do you think is the best way for a student to make new friends: joining a sports team, participating in community activities, or traveling? Use specific examples to support your answer.
NO.9
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is easier for more people now than in the past to get an education.
NO.10
Younger school children (from age 5 to 10) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science, and history.
NO.11
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Young people today are less dependent on their parents than in the past.
NO.12
For a business to be successful, it must spend a lot of money on advertising.
NO.13
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Spending a lot of time watching sports on TV and following one's favorite team will have a negative impact on one's life.
NO.14
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is better to relax by watching a movie or reading a book than by engaging in physical exercise.
NO.15
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is important for the government to provide money for things that are beautiful and not just for things that are practical.
NO.16
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Parents must have stricter rules to help their children become successful.
NO.17
Some people prefer to buy technological devices as soon as they are available on the market, while other people prefer to wait. Which do you prefer?
NO.18
The best way to reduce air pollution is for the government to raise the cost of fuel.
二、答案解析
NO.1
Reading:
一種動(dòng)物叫做M,是素食動(dòng)物,理由有三
1 跑得很慢,體重很重,逮不到可以吃的動(dòng)物
2 claw和素食動(dòng)物很像,有個(gè)鉤子,可以把樹枝拉到自己跟前吃。
3 jaw和teeth跟素食動(dòng)物很像
Listening:
反駁
1 M跑得是很慢,但是有一種動(dòng)物G比它跑的還慢。G好像有什么保護(hù)
殼,但是M的力氣足夠把G翻過(guò)來(lái),然后再攻擊。
2 M的arm structure可以移動(dòng)地很快,就可以攻擊別的動(dòng)物,像現(xiàn)在的老虎和熊一樣。
所以肯定不是只用來(lái)拉樹枝的。
3 M的jaw和素食動(dòng)物的不像。素食動(dòng)物的jaw可以move from side to side,但是為了嚼草用的,但是M的就不能。
NO.2
綜合寫作:
話題:野牛bison數(shù)量的下降
閱讀觀點(diǎn):
1、人將它作為了source of food
2、動(dòng)物之間的草競(jìng)爭(zhēng)competition of grassland,例子:cattle,horse
3、新科技的發(fā)展如槍
聽力反駁:
1、人是從prairie東部遷徙過(guò)去的,但是bison decline是從西邊開始的,東部也吃野牛,但是數(shù)量沒(méi)有下降。
2、bison可以在寒冷的天氣下生存,很tough,有很厚的fur還可以吃雪下面的草,而cattle和horse在冷環(huán)境下無(wú)法存活。
3、過(guò)去的科技槍也能打的很quick和efficient,所以不是科技的事兒
NO.3
Integrated writing:
Manufacturing fuel generated from algae(藻類燃料)是最近能源研發(fā)的新成就,可能會(huì)成為解決人類能源問(wèn)題的新方案。但是閱讀文章認(rèn)為把a(bǔ)lgae fuel大規(guī)模投入使用和制造是存在一些顧慮的,三個(gè)要點(diǎn)如下:
1. 養(yǎng)殖algae需要大量的土地和水源投入。人類社會(huì)正在面臨著有史以來(lái)最嚴(yán)重的資源短缺,很多地區(qū)都出現(xiàn)了饑荒,干旱等災(zāi)難。這時(shí)如果再把珍貴資源投入algae farming顯得本末倒置,影響更多人的生活。
2. 養(yǎng)殖algae需要昂貴的facilities,cost過(guò)大。為了set up一個(gè)algae養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng),人們需要購(gòu)買一些昂貴的machines比如一個(gè)pump tank來(lái)處理氣體,還需要對(duì)工作人員進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的培訓(xùn),所以很有可能會(huì)收不回成本。
3. 養(yǎng)殖algae需要大量的Carbon Dioxide(CO2)?諝庵械腃O2對(duì)algae的生長(zhǎng)還不夠,需要人工制造并再灌入一些。而在這一過(guò)程中CO2不能被algae全部吸收,多余的只能排放到大氣,增加大氣中的溫室氣體,進(jìn)一步污染環(huán)境。
Listening中professor明確支持algae fuel的應(yīng)用,閱讀中的三個(gè)觀點(diǎn)被她逐一反駁:
1. 養(yǎng)殖algae的土地和水源不會(huì)造成影響,因?yàn)閍lgae對(duì)水源和土地并不挑剔。Dirty water,sea water等不能用于農(nóng)作物灌溉的水源都可以用來(lái)培育algae;同樣的,人們也可以用一些infertile的土地來(lái)farm algae。
2. 養(yǎng)殖algae的確需要很大的start-up cost,但是profit遠(yuǎn)大于cost。和corn等一年一熟或兩熟常規(guī)作物不一樣,algae一年里能被regrow20多次...也就是說(shuō),養(yǎng)殖algae的收獲率巨大,彌補(bǔ)了一開始的支出。
3. 養(yǎng)殖algae需要的CO2不一定非要是newly generated的,和第一個(gè)點(diǎn)一樣,algae對(duì)生長(zhǎng)條件非常insensitive,人們完全可以把waste CO2 released by factories放進(jìn)pump tank,然后將其注入algae的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境。這樣一來(lái),algae fuel production不但沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步增加碳排放污染環(huán)境,反而緩解了現(xiàn)有的污染。
NO.4
Reading:
一種動(dòng)物叫做M,是素食動(dòng)物,理由有三
1 跑得很慢,體重很重,逮不到可以吃的動(dòng)物
2 claw和素食動(dòng)物很像,有個(gè)鉤子,可以把樹枝拉到自己跟前吃。
3 jaw和teeth跟素食動(dòng)物很像
Listening:
反駁
1 M跑得是很慢,但是有一種動(dòng)物G比它跑的還慢。G好像有什么保護(hù)
殼,但是M的力氣足夠把G翻過(guò)來(lái),然后再攻擊。
2 M的arm structure可以移動(dòng)地很快,就可以攻擊別的動(dòng)物,像現(xiàn)在的老虎和熊一樣。
所以肯定不是只用來(lái)拉樹枝的。
3 M的jaw和素食動(dòng)物的不像。素食動(dòng)物的jaw可以move from side to side,但是為了嚼草用的,但是M的就不能。
NO.5
閱讀: 限速(lower speed limit)好處多多
1、可以減少serious accidents
2、可以減少尾氣emission,提升air quality
3、會(huì)帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,更低的速度可以可以減少汽油的耗費(fèi)從而省錢
聽力:限速確實(shí)有好處,但效果不明顯:
1、serious accidents的減少可能是其他因素引起的,如better road condition & car equipment
2、其實(shí)并沒(méi)有改善環(huán)境呀,只有0.1%的減少,空氣質(zhì)量還是poor
3、浪費(fèi)了drivers的時(shí)間,貨物運(yùn)輸時(shí)間變長(zhǎng)了,使得成本也高了。
NO.6
植物的葉子在夜間閉合的三個(gè)理論(plants fold leaves at night)
閱讀:
第一個(gè)理論:有助于保溫 protection against losing heat。
第二個(gè)理論:防止真菌感染 protection against fungal spores infection,不讓雨水進(jìn)去。
第三個(gè)理論:避免接受月光,以此跟隨季節(jié)變化。
聽力
第一個(gè)理論:沒(méi)有幫助,因?yàn)橹参餂](méi)有internal heat,在遇到冷的天氣,尤其是冰點(diǎn)以下時(shí)不能避免凍害。
第二個(gè)理論:下雨時(shí)即便葉子閉合,也會(huì)有少量雨水進(jìn)入,而真菌fugal spores只需要少量雨水即可,因此事沒(méi)有意義的。
第三個(gè)理論:舉了一個(gè)反例。在一些denser的森林中,有些植物即便在樹蔭下接收不到月光,也會(huì)比和葉子,因此需要他的解釋。
NO.7
綜合寫作:
閱讀與聽力爭(zhēng)論著名的Pearl Poet到底是誰(shuí)。
第一段:
閱讀:John Massey住在英國(guó)西北部,這里那四首詩(shī)出產(chǎn)的地方,并且John Massey和的Pearl Poet的筆跡一樣。
聽力:那個(gè)時(shí)候的很多詩(shī)歌都是由許多專業(yè)的抄寫人員完成的,筆記一樣也不能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題。
第二段:
閱讀:認(rèn)為是Hugh,因?yàn)樗麑懥岁P(guān)于Garwain的詩(shī)歌,而四首著名的手抄詩(shī)也有關(guān)于Garwain的。另外寫作里都用了大量的alliteration。
聽力:Pearl Poet和Hugh在詩(shī)里用的方言完全不一樣。
第三段:
閱讀:四首詩(shī)的作者可能不是一個(gè)人,因?yàn)樵?shī)里分別提到了英格蘭不同的地區(qū)。
聽力:不能是幾個(gè)人,因?yàn)樗氖自?shī)里的用詞很相近,不可能不同作者用完全一樣的遣詞造句。
NO.8
綜合寫作:關(guān)于土撥鼠的。閱讀里面說(shuō)土撥鼠是農(nóng)業(yè)的pest,他們身上的病毒或者疾病會(huì)傳染人,而且他們?cè)谏鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)中的地位不高。
然后聽力中教授說(shuō),現(xiàn)在研究說(shuō)明土撥鼠不是pest,有土撥鼠的地方,grass更加fertile;然后說(shuō)它們身上的東西不傳染人,而且數(shù)據(jù)顯示每年接觸土撥鼠的人很少;然后說(shuō)食物鏈中的每一個(gè)都很重要,破壞一個(gè)就可能有消極影響。
NO.9
綜合寫作:
Signing bonuses
簽約福利
Reading:
1.Help schools in large cities hire enough teachers.
幫助大城市的學(xué)校招聘更多老師。
2Raise income
提高老師的薪水,更多人愿意來(lái)做老師
3Attract talents in industry and business
吸引其他領(lǐng)域的人才
4Avoid resignation caused by staffing problems
避免辭職
Against.
反對(duì)
1.老師并不總是不在意薪水,根據(jù)調(diào)查,他們更在乎其他因素,如library,lab的條件
2.沒(méi)有教學(xué)背景的人需要接受培訓(xùn), 而且還要持續(xù)現(xiàn)有工作,這本身就會(huì)耗費(fèi)時(shí)間,并且給這個(gè)人帶來(lái)更大壓力
3.如果因?yàn)閰f(xié)議而勉強(qiáng)教學(xué)的老師也不會(huì)受到學(xué)生喜愛,因?yàn)閷W(xué)生不喜歡帶著情緒上課的老師。
NO.10
綜合寫作:
The reason for the rise of Roman Empire
羅馬帝國(guó)崛起的原因
READING
3 possible reasons.
1.Strong Army.擁有強(qiáng)大的軍隊(duì)
盡管本身人口少,但是占領(lǐng)別人國(guó)土后,鼓勵(lì)外國(guó)人加入軍隊(duì)。
2.Unchallenged power of emperor
君主擁有強(qiáng)大的權(quán)利別人對(duì)他的決定不得有異議
3.Wealth coming from high taxes.
施行高稅收增加經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力,使其更加豐饒昌盛
Against.
反對(duì)
1.士兵中大部分都不是本國(guó)人,有的還和敵人是同族,他們并不忠誠(chéng),甚至想要build their own army
2.后期統(tǒng)治者做了很多錯(cuò)誤的決定,可是沒(méi)有人能反駁,比如為了自己的私欲建造了很多的宮殿palaces這反而削弱weaken了羅馬得實(shí)力。
3.在羅馬帝國(guó)崛起的過(guò)程中,正是由于稅收過(guò)高,大多數(shù)農(nóng)民都承受不起,所以懷恨在心,最后投向了敵人。
NO.11
綜合寫作:
保持產(chǎn)品熱銷的方法
READING
3 possible solutions.
1.Launch a new version of products and appeal new customers
在原有產(chǎn)品基礎(chǔ)上推出改良產(chǎn)品。例子是soft beverage
2.Produce a related product
生產(chǎn)配套的產(chǎn)品,舉例:賣tractors的公司開始賣 boots
3.Two companies run a partnership
多個(gè)廠商之間可以合作,比如冰淇淋的工廠可以和巧克力工廠合作產(chǎn)生巧克力冰淇凌
LISTENING
Against.
反對(duì)
1.有些老顧客會(huì)覺(jué)得老的產(chǎn)品是過(guò)時(shí)的而買新產(chǎn)品,那么總銷量就會(huì)下降
New versions of products will offend the previous old consumers because they will feel old-fashioned if they still purchase the old versions. The overall sales will decrease.
2.配套產(chǎn)品如果不好,還會(huì)破壞原產(chǎn)品的銷量。
People buy the tractors because they represent certain qualities like toughness. But that doesn’t mean the boots have the same quality. The company’s reputation will decline due to the failure of the boots with bad quality.
3.合作關(guān)系會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)關(guān)系
Although the combination products can attract consumers at the beginning, the chocolate company will later considering launching ice cream and become a competitor of its partner.
NO.12
綜合寫作:
The decrease of human brain
人腦縮小的原因
READING
3 possible explanations.
1.Climate change.
Small body can adjust to hot temperatures, so human brain shrinks in accordance with the body.
2.Changes of agricultural lifestyle.
Smaller brain fits the diet when people start eating grain, with protein and vitamin in it.
3.Changes in human muscle mass
Human muscles have shrunk, which leads to the decline of muscle-controlling brain.
Against.
反對(duì)
1.過(guò)去溫度也在變化,但人腦持續(xù)變大,所以人腦大小和氣溫?zé)o關(guān)
The size of human brain has nothing to do with temperatures. The brain keeps getting larger and large no matter temperatures go up or fall down.
2.有些地區(qū)最近才有生活方式的改變,但人腦變小在全球幾乎是同一時(shí)間發(fā)生,所以不可能。
Lifestyle appears in different times. There was no such trend in Australia and South Africa until recently. Yet the decline of human brain occurs at the same time around the world. So this assumption cannot be true.
3.肌肉群知識(shí)略有縮小,而人腦變小了很多,所以這不可能是主要原因。
The size of human muscle mass only decrease slightly, yet brain size gets much smaller. So this cannot be the major reason.
NO.13
綜合寫作:m類生物 vs p類生物
READING
weaknesses.
1.M幼崽在pouch腹袋里器官發(fā)育得不如P好,而且immune system有缺陷.
2.M生物lack abilities to adapt to environment
例子:control body temperature比p生物要低
3.M生物cannot compete with P生物
例子:Australia近100年才出現(xiàn)p但是m一直都在,m卻競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不過(guò)而數(shù)量少
Against.
反對(duì)
1.Pouch里organism得到保護(hù)長(zhǎng)得很好, 在pouch里喝奶成長(zhǎng)immune system也正常
2.M體溫低時(shí)一種長(zhǎng)期進(jìn)化的過(guò)程,溫度低可以save energy為了減少消耗
3.在澳大利亞,兩種五種coexist了數(shù)百萬(wàn)年live side to side,長(zhǎng)期處于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)關(guān)系而且大部分情況下M贏得了great success
NO.14
綜合寫作:住在American southwest的一群人的消失
REDAING
Caused by drought.
由干旱引起
1.Documented global warming.有全球變暖的記錄
2.Irrigation system有很多大壩類的儲(chǔ)水工程
3.文化發(fā)展了人口增長(zhǎng)了,干旱使得事物短缺所以他們選擇了移居別處
Against.
反對(duì)
1.Global warming 可能確實(shí)減少了降水量,但是在他們聚居地周圍發(fā)現(xiàn)的樹顯示當(dāng)時(shí)的降雨量并沒(méi)有那么少實(shí)際上,從對(duì)樹的分析來(lái)看當(dāng)時(shí)的降雨量足夠他們種莊稼了。
2.這些大壩在他們消失一百年前就有了,而且根據(jù)記載,這些大壩時(shí)為了抵抗一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)50年的干旱而建立的,同時(shí)也證明了他們的capacity of surviving through drought
3.人們的消失還有別的因素可以導(dǎo)致比如war。而且確實(shí)有跡象表明這些人因?yàn)槟承﹩?wèn)題產(chǎn)生了conflicts,有可能時(shí)別的文明drive them away
NO.15
綜合寫作:
The downfall of empire 帝國(guó)的毀滅
READING
reasons.
1.Rebellion of other states.
2.Shortage of food supply.
3.Bad trade relationships
Against.
反對(duì)
1.有中央集權(quán)的army,這些states沒(méi)有正規(guī)軍隊(duì),而且周邊的defensive wall早就被毀了。
2.當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)有irrigation system,可以從遠(yuǎn)處調(diào)水,而且儲(chǔ)存的食物也足夠度過(guò)。
3.帝國(guó)和周邊states的不平等貿(mào)易,即使是這樣,但是帝國(guó)和東邊的比如Idian等新的partner合作,可以彌補(bǔ)損失的部分
NO.16
綜合寫作:The TLP phenomenon
Three hypotheses.
1.并非真實(shí)的現(xiàn)象,而是observational error
2.光來(lái)自meteor striking
3.月球表面有發(fā)光的巖石
Against.
反對(duì)
1.如果instrument design引起的問(wèn)題,那么這個(gè)現(xiàn)象應(yīng)該randomly發(fā)生,但是所有被spot的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)在月球表面的兩個(gè)location
2.Meteor striking的光只能維持一秒鐘,但是TLP維持了20分鐘。雖然流星雨meteor showers能維持很久,但是當(dāng)TLP被發(fā)現(xiàn)的時(shí)候月球上并沒(méi)有流星雨
3.巖石雖然能發(fā)光,但是他們的光線很弱,研究人員一般再晚上觀察,本身不發(fā)光的月球會(huì)反射的sunlight比rock的光要更明亮,所以人們觀察不到。就好像再power light面前看不到candle的光。
NO.17
綜合寫作:How to address the decline of aquatic life.
Three methods.
1禁止捕捉螃蟹
2可以引入oyster來(lái)解決疾病問(wèn)題
3教育農(nóng)民少用化肥
Against.
反對(duì)
1這個(gè)做法專業(yè)漁民不會(huì)接受,關(guān)乎他們的生計(jì),所以不可行
2 Oyster可能會(huì)帶來(lái)新的疾病,有潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
3人太多面積太廣,這個(gè)做法不實(shí)際
NO.18
寫作一:
閱讀材料:商業(yè)廣告不吸引人了,商家用"BUZZER"來(lái)做廣告。三大弊端:CUSTOM失去了真相,CONSUMER 被HARM,特別是給SOCIETY 帶來(lái)了危害:人與人之間失去了信任。
聽力材料:一商學(xué)院的MARKETING 課請(qǐng)了一個(gè)BUZZER 來(lái)講課。這一TELEPHONECOMPANY 的BUSSER 強(qiáng)烈抗議了READING 的論述。
* CUSTOM不但沒(méi)有LOST THE TRUTH ABOUT THE PRODUCTS,而是真正用過(guò)PRODUCT 知道其好處的BUZZER 將TRUTH 告訴他們。
* CONSUMER 沒(méi)被HARM,而是得到了BUZZER 殫精竭力的幫助。
* 危害社會(huì)更是瞎扯蛋,IN FACT,BUZZER 讓大家都來(lái)相互幫助用上各種好產(chǎn)品,相互交流讓世界更美好。
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