英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)大全
在現(xiàn)實(shí)學(xué)習(xí)生活中,大家都背過(guò)不少知識(shí)點(diǎn),肯定對(duì)知識(shí)點(diǎn)非常熟悉吧!知識(shí)點(diǎn)在教育實(shí)踐中,是指對(duì)某一個(gè)知識(shí)的泛稱。還在為沒(méi)有系統(tǒng)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)而發(fā)愁嗎?以下是小編為大家整理的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn),僅供參考,大家一起來(lái)看看吧。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
第一點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞的變化
1)代詞及be動(dòng)詞
主格 I we you you she/he/it they
賓格 me us you you her/him/it them
代詞所有格 my our your your her/his/its their
名詞性代詞 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs
be動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí) Am are are are is are
be動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí) was were were were was were
2)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)
規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式
規(guī)則1 一般情況+s e.g. shell→shells toy→toys
規(guī)則2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾+es e.g. fox→foxes church→churches
規(guī)則3 以o結(jié)尾+s或+es e.g. radio→radios potato→potatoes
規(guī)則4 以f, fe結(jié)尾的,變f, fe為ves e.g. life→lives half→halves
規(guī)則5 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾, 變y為i+es e.g. sky→skies study→studies
3)動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式
規(guī)則1 一般情況+s e.g. like-likes, look-looks
規(guī)則2 以s, x, ch, sh和o結(jié)尾+es e.g. do-does, catch-catches
規(guī)則3 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾, 變y為i+es e.g. carry-carries, fly-flies
4)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞
規(guī)則1 一般動(dòng)詞加-ing e.g. look-looking, read-reading, play-playing
規(guī)則2 以不發(fā)音的字母結(jié)尾的單詞去e加-ing e.g. make-making, take-taking, arrive-arriving
規(guī)則3 重讀閉音節(jié)詞結(jié)尾, 即單詞中只有一個(gè)元音字母,其后緊跟一個(gè)輔音字母的詞,雙寫(xiě)輔音字母再加-ing e. g. run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, stop-stopping
5)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式
規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化
規(guī)則1 一般動(dòng)詞加-ed e.g. look-looked, watch-watched, play-played
規(guī)則2 以e結(jié)尾的加-d e.g. make-maked, arrive-arrived
規(guī)則3 以輔音字母y結(jié)尾的變y為i加-ed cry-cried, carry-carried
規(guī)則4 重讀閉音節(jié)詞結(jié)尾, 即單詞中只有一個(gè)元音字母,其后緊跟一個(gè)輔音字母的詞,雙寫(xiě)輔音字母再加-ed stop-stopped
過(guò)去式的讀音
在清輔音后面(除外)讀/t/ e.g. walked, jumped
在濁輔音和元音后讀/d/ e.g. washed, watched
在/t/,/d/后讀/id/ e.g. waited, hated
6)形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)
比較級(jí)
規(guī)則1 一般加-er e.g. high-higher
規(guī)則2 以e結(jié)尾加-r nice-nicer
規(guī)則3 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾,變y為i再加-er busy-busier
規(guī)則4 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾, 雙寫(xiě)輔音字母再加-er fat-fatter
最高級(jí)
規(guī)則1 一般加-est e.g. high-highest
規(guī)則2 以e結(jié)尾加-st nice-nicest
規(guī)則3 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾,變y為i再加-est busy-busiest
規(guī)則4 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾, 雙寫(xiě)輔音字母再加--est fat-fattest
7)常見(jiàn)縮寫(xiě):
is=s I am=Im are=re
is not=isnt /iznt/ are not=arent /a:nt/
do not=dont
does not=doesnt
was=s
did not=didnt
can not=cant
have=ve
has=s
have not=havent
has not=hasnt
will=ll
will not=wont
shall not=shant
第二點(diǎn):將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
形式
will/shall have been+現(xiàn)在分詞用于第一人稱,而 will have been+現(xiàn)在分詞用于其他人稱。
用法
正如將來(lái)完成時(shí)一樣,它通常與一個(gè)以by開(kāi)頭的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用:
By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years.
到今年年底他當(dāng)演員就滿30年了。
將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與將來(lái)完成時(shí)的關(guān)系和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的關(guān)系一樣。即在以下情況下可以用將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)而不用將來(lái)完成時(shí):
1. 動(dòng)作本身就是連續(xù)的:
By the end of the month he will have been living/working/studying here for ten years.
到了月底他在這里居住/工作/學(xué)習(xí)就滿十年了。
2. 一種經(jīng)常進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作被表示為連續(xù)的動(dòng)作:
By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years.
到了這個(gè)月底他馴馬/登山就滿20年了。
但是如果提到所馴馬匹或所攀登的山峰的數(shù)目,或用任何方式把動(dòng)作分割為一次又一次的動(dòng)作,就必須用將來(lái)完成時(shí):
By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses/climbed 50 mountains.
到本月底,他馴服的馬就有600匹/攀登的山峰就有50座了
第三點(diǎn):過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻,到那個(gè)時(shí)刻,該動(dòng)作可能剛剛終止,也有可能還在繼續(xù)。
形式
had been + V-ing形式
用法
1. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作與過(guò)去的時(shí)間的關(guān)系,可以用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表示,也可以通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。
例如:
By the end of last month they had been working here for about ten days. 到上個(gè)月為止,他們?cè)谶@里工作大約有十天了。
She said that she had been listening to radio after school. 她說(shuō)她放學(xué)后一直在聽(tīng)收音機(jī)。
2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,但其結(jié)果仍然影響到過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻。
例如:
It had been raining and the street was still wet. 天一直在下雨,街道仍然很濕。
3. 像 work、study、stay、sing、teach等延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí),用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻,通常強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性和不間斷性。
例如:
She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her. 當(dāng)她的同學(xué)來(lái)看她的時(shí)候,她學(xué)習(xí)有兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。
4. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別:過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某時(shí)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如:
I was writing a letter when she came to see me. 當(dāng)她來(lái)看我時(shí)我正在寫(xiě)信。
I had been writing a letter for two hours by the time she came to see me. 當(dāng)她來(lái)看我的時(shí)候,我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了兩個(gè)小時(shí)的信了。
5. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的不同:過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況,這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間可以用by,before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示;或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如:
They had just had breakfast when Tom came in. 湯姆來(lái)時(shí),他們剛吃過(guò)早飯。
They had been having breakfast for ten minutes when Tom came in. 湯姆來(lái)時(shí),他們已經(jīng)吃了十分鐘的早飯了。
第四點(diǎn):現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼,因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了小學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行的形式
I / we / they have been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
He / she / it has been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行的功用
1) 表示一個(gè)在過(guò)去開(kāi)始而在最近剛剛結(jié)束的行動(dòng),如:
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去開(kāi)始但仍在進(jìn)行的行動(dòng),如:
It has been raining for two hours. (現(xiàn)在還在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去開(kāi)始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個(gè)階段內(nèi),重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動(dòng),如:
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為的結(jié)果、影響,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為本身,如:
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意:
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有否定結(jié)構(gòu)、而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)沒(méi)有否定結(jié)構(gòu)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可表示做完的時(shí)期以及已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不可以。
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
在當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)中,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也可用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自從上周發(fā)生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并沒(méi)有給我工作過(guò),我和他沒(méi)有過(guò)那許多接觸。
否定句構(gòu)成:
主語(yǔ)+has/have+not+been+現(xiàn)在分詞
一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成:
Have/has+主語(yǔ)+been+現(xiàn)在分詞+其他
第五點(diǎn):過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼,因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了小學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)
形式
should / would have done sth.
用法
1、 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,并往往會(huì)對(duì)過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。
I thought youd have left by this time. 我想這會(huì)兒你已經(jīng)走了。
He told them he would have finished it by 8 oclock. 他告訴他們他會(huì)在8點(diǎn)以前干完。
I guessed that Helen would have told her something. 我猜海倫會(huì)告訴她一些情況的。
2、 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)還常用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反。
第六點(diǎn):過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí):表示就過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言,將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,主要用賓語(yǔ)從句中,尤其多用于間接引語(yǔ)中。
基本用法:
用于間接引語(yǔ):They said they would be coming.(他們說(shuō)了他們將要來(lái)。)
用于定語(yǔ)從句:The new job he would be taking was raising racing horses.(他將要接受的新工作是養(yǎng)賽馬。 )
作用:
1. 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之后即將進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:
例如:He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.(他說(shuō)他不能來(lái)因?yàn)橐_(kāi)會(huì)。)
2. 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作:它常和表過(guò)去將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但上下文清楚時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)亦可省略。和將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣,它也常表計(jì)劃中的事,不表意愿或打算。它還有一個(gè)特點(diǎn),即常用在賓語(yǔ)從句(尤其是間接引語(yǔ))中。
例如:John told us that Mary would be coming next day.(約翰告訴我們瑪麗第二天來(lái)。)
3. 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也可用在其它從句中:
用在定語(yǔ)從句中:The new name he would be using was Jack Jones.(他將用的新名是杰克瓊斯。)
用在狀語(yǔ)從句中:He would pay the rest as he would be leaving France.(其余款項(xiàng),他將在離開(kāi)法國(guó)時(shí)付清。)
4. 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)也可用在獨(dú)立句中:
例如:The car started. Ellen James would be driving off to the university.(車子發(fā)動(dòng)了。埃倫詹姆斯要開(kāi)車到大學(xué)去。)
高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”可分為動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞.它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作謂語(yǔ)外,它可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)與復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)).有些及物動(dòng)詞后面接不帶to的不定式作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ).這些動(dòng)詞歸納如下:一感(feel).二聽(tīng)(hear,listen to),三讓(have,1et, make),四看(see,watCh,notice,observe).再加上help somebody(to)do something和美國(guó)英語(yǔ)look at somebody do somthing.還有“二讓”屬特殊:get somebody to do something與keep somebody doing.而有些及物動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)名詞(the -ing form)作賓語(yǔ).這些動(dòng)詞歸納為一句話:Papa C makes friends.這是由如下動(dòng)詞的開(kāi)頭字母組成:permit,advise, practise,avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish,risk,imagine,escape,need,delay,stand(忍受).為了容易記住,也可以編成順口溜:“允許完成練習(xí),建議避免冒險(xiǎn),考慮延期逃跑,喜歡保持想象,需要反對(duì)忍受”.其相對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞依次是:permit/allow,finish,practise;
advise/suggest, avoid,risk:consider, delay, escape/miss; enjoy/appreciate, keep, imagine; need/want/require,mind. cant help/can’t stand.
二、復(fù)合句
1、學(xué)生最容易混淆的是定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別.
例如:A、The news that our team has won the match is true. (同位語(yǔ)從句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here. (定語(yǔ)從句)
關(guān)鍵的區(qū)別在于連接或關(guān)系代詞that:有意義的是定語(yǔ),無(wú)意義的是同位.因?yàn)橐龑?dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),而引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的that只起到連接詞的作用.
2、接著容易混淆的是引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞that與which:that之前是不定(代詞)、序數(shù)(詞)、(形容詞)級(jí):which之前是介詞短語(yǔ)與逗號(hào)(非限制性).
例如:A、All that we have to do is to practise every day.
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
C、I have lost my pen,which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home.
三、It的用法
1、It除了代替人和物以外,還可以作形式主語(yǔ).而真正的主語(yǔ)(不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句)則放于謂語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)之后.
例如:It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.
然而有少數(shù)表語(yǔ)之后接動(dòng)名詞作真正的主語(yǔ).這些表語(yǔ)是:無(wú)助(no help)、無(wú)用(no use)、沒(méi)好處(no good);工作(hard work)、費(fèi)時(shí)(a waste of time)、又危險(xiǎn)(a danger).
例如:A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.
B、It is a waste of time waiting for him.
2、It還可以作形式賓語(yǔ).通常下列動(dòng)詞后面可接it作形式賓語(yǔ):2f2tcjm(find,feel,think,take,consider,judge, make).
例如:A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
B、I think it no use arguing with him.
3、It用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句式.要強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一部分(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)),可以把it當(dāng)作先行詞.這種句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是:It is(was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分.
例如:A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ))
B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ))
C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上)
但要注意與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別.
例如:D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory.(定語(yǔ)從句)
在強(qiáng)調(diào)句式里,我們把強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is(was)…that除去,句子還很完整.如例句C.而例句D就不能.
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