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英語(yǔ)四級(jí)高分寫作技巧之少用關(guān)系代詞
關(guān)系代詞指的是代表引導(dǎo)詞，同時(shí)在從句中作一定的句子成分。關(guān)系代詞有主格、賓格和屬格之分，并有指人與指物之分。關(guān)系代詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。下面是小編精心整理的英語(yǔ)四級(jí)高分寫作技巧之少用關(guān)系代詞，歡迎閱讀與收藏。
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)高分寫作技巧之少用關(guān)系代詞
Where possible, reduce the use of "which," "who" "that" "whom" "whether... or not" etc.
少用關(guān)系代詞
學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用關(guān)系代詞是你學(xué)習(xí)英文過(guò)程中的一個(gè)重要的階段。學(xué)會(huì)少用它們則表明你取得了更大的進(jìn)步。在校對(duì)你的作品時(shí)，仔細(xì)檢查一下所有的which’s, who’s that’s和whom’s是否必要。刪除不必要的關(guān)系代詞會(huì)使你的文章更精彩。
Example:
Unnecessary: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
(用兩個(gè) that’s，讀起來(lái)很別扭)
Better: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
-Jane Austin
注：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)修飾的名詞通常不須用關(guān)系代詞。
Unnecessary: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, which was built with American assistance.
Improved: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, built with American assistance.
Unnecessary: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation which was undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.
Improved: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.
Unnecessary: Justice theories have a long tradition, which goes back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.
Improved: Justice theories have a long tradition, going back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.
Unnecessary: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million that she made by tap dancing which made her famous in the movies.
Improved: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million she made tap dancing her way to fame in the movies.
Unnecessary: We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.
Improved: We told them they were the victims, most deserving of sympathy.
Unnecessary: Only a person who is obliviousto the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.
Better: Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.
Unnecessary: Not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea, whether it contains caffeine or not.
Better: With or without caffeine, not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea.
Unnecessary: Usually the Washington family married people who were socially better off than themselves, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.
Better: Usually the Washingtons married their social betters, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.
Unnecessary: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach the person to whom the letter is addressed.
Better: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach its intended receiver.
四級(jí)英語(yǔ)關(guān)系代詞用法
that的用法
1)在既指人又指事物的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的先行詞后面。例如：
They are talking about the people and countries that they had visited.
2)在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中有形容詞最高級(jí)的先行詞后面。例如：
He is the best student that I have ever met.
3)在以“It is...”,“It was...”等開頭的強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，和相應(yīng)的疑問(wèn)句中。如：
What is it that he wants?
4)在only, all, little的.后面
This is all that I know.
5)在no, every, some和any等詞后面，也包括在它們的復(fù)合詞在內(nèi)。如：
There is no person that is always in the right.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
近義詞辨析
beautiful, good瞝ooking, handsome, lovely, pretty
這組詞均含有“美麗”、“漂亮”、“可愛(ài)”的意思。
beautiful
指能不僅給人帶來(lái)感官上的快樂(lè)，而且通過(guò)感官產(chǎn)生思想和靈魂的愉悅，在同類詞中層次最高。
She was even more beautiful than I had remembered.她比我記憶中的她更漂亮了。
good瞝ookingl
不如handsome, pretty意思強(qiáng)烈，指一般的“好看”或“悅目”。
That good瞝ooking young man visited the house once or twice a week.那個(gè)長(zhǎng)相不錯(cuò)的年輕人一星期光顧一兩次。
handsome
通常是一種客觀的不帶感情色彩的評(píng)價(jià)。一個(gè)人如被形容為handsome,是指此人外貌符合觀察者的要求，但不激發(fā)更深層的感受。
He looked very handsome in his dark suit.他穿深色西裝顯得非常英俊。
lovely
比感官的快樂(lè)更進(jìn)一步，是強(qiáng)調(diào)純粹情感上的愉悅，指覺(jué)得某人或某物“可愛(ài)”。
Mary has two lovely daughters.瑪麗有兩個(gè)可愛(ài)的女兒。
pretty
也是“漂亮、可愛(ài)”的意思。很少形容大而有影響力的事物，多形容事物不以其優(yōu)秀、完美而以小巧、優(yōu)雅、精致見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)，使人容易接受并喜愛(ài)。
Her boyfriend believes that she is the prettiest girl in the town.她男朋友覺(jué)得她是鎮(zhèn)上最漂亮的女孩。
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)：關(guān)系代詞
1.指人的關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, that 的用法：
(1)作主語(yǔ)(who, that )
Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch. 那些參加比賽的人午飯后1：30在大門口集合。
在本句中，先行詞是those；關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞are going to play 的主語(yǔ)。
The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor. 正在和王先生說(shuō)話的那個(gè)人是一個(gè)有名的醫(yī)生。
在本句中，先行詞是the man；關(guān)系代詞who/that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞is talking的主語(yǔ)。
這個(gè)復(fù)合句可以還原成兩個(gè)句子：The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang.
(2)作賓語(yǔ)包括作介詞賓語(yǔ)(whom, that )。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略；
This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job.這正是我要的做這份工作的人。
在本句中，先行詞是the man；關(guān)系代詞whom/that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞want 的賓語(yǔ)。
(3)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用that，也不能省略，如：The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.
我從中得到許多有用信息的那本書是一位著名科學(xué)家寫的。
但是當(dāng)介詞放在從句末尾時(shí)，作為介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以用that 并且可以省略。
如上頭兩句可改為：
The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.
2.指物的關(guān)系代詞which和that的用法：
(1)作主語(yǔ)
This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the computer. 這是那本教你如何操作計(jì)算機(jī)的說(shuō)明手冊(cè)。
(2)作賓語(yǔ)包括作介詞賓館。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略：
The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired. 你昨天弄壞的那把椅子現(xiàn)在正在修理。
The accounts of the company, (which/that) I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance.
我一直非常注意的公司賬目，是保持平衡的。
3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物，作定語(yǔ)。of which 可用whose 代替； The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all broken was my father’s.
那輛所有的燈都破了的汽車是我父親的。
That is the book whose cover (of which the cover/the cover of which ) was broken. 這就是那本封皮破了的書。
4.關(guān)系代詞的格應(yīng)與它在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞忠恢�。特別要注意插入語(yǔ)，如：Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. Peter 是那個(gè)人人都認(rèn)為不能完成合同的人。(everybody believes 是插入語(yǔ)) At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most suitable. 在選舉的時(shí)候我投了我認(rèn)為最合適的那個(gè)人的票。
5.關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的動(dòng)詞必須和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)一致： 例：These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English 。 這就是用英文寫成的使用說(shuō)明。
6.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不用that，只用who(whose, whom)和which代表人和物；例：Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up every week。 她的兄弟們兩個(gè)人都在美國(guó)工作每個(gè)星期都給她打電話。
7.關(guān)系副詞(=介詞 關(guān)系代詞)： 關(guān)系副詞 先行詞 在從句中的作用 說(shuō)明when(=at / on / in /during which),非正式文體中，有時(shí)用that代替關(guān)系副詞
where(=in / at which) 地點(diǎn)名詞 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
why=(for which) 只有reason 原因狀語(yǔ)
例：I shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met. 我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我們第一次見(jiàn)面的那一天。
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