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英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試語(yǔ)法鞏固匯總
引導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：下面小編將為大家?guī)?lái)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試語(yǔ)法鞏固匯總，希望能夠幫助到您，謝謝您的閱讀。
一、方式狀語(yǔ)從句
方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。
1.as, (just) as…so…引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文體，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我們離不開(kāi)空氣，猶如魚(yú)兒離不開(kāi)水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。
2. as if, as though
兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)多用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語(yǔ)氣，表示所說(shuō)情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí)，就仿佛它不存在似的。(與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。)
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。(與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看來(lái)天氣很快就會(huì)好起來(lái)。(實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。)
說(shuō)明：as if / as though也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)或無(wú)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見(jiàn)我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要說(shuō)什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒。
二、主謂倒裝
主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是句子的核心，它們之間有兩種語(yǔ)序：一是主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)之前稱為自然語(yǔ)序(Natural Order);二是主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)之后則稱為倒裝語(yǔ)序(Inverted Order)。而倒裝語(yǔ)序中又有全部倒裝(Full Inversion)和部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)兩種情況。
首先，在全部倒裝的句子中，要把整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)的前面去而構(gòu)成倒裝語(yǔ)序。
例如：
There are large numbers of students in the lecture hall.
(在There be…的句式中，There只是個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞而不是主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是后面作表語(yǔ)的名詞或者名詞短語(yǔ)。因此，There be…的句式都是全部倒裝的句子。)演講廳里有大量的學(xué)生。
When he ran to the door, there stood a mid-aged man with a lantern in his hand .
(此句是為了"描述情節(jié)的需要"，把倒裝當(dāng)著修辭的手段而寫(xiě)成了全部倒裝句。句子的主語(yǔ)是a mid-aged man，謂語(yǔ)是stood 。)當(dāng)他向房門跑去時(shí)，那兒正立著一位手里拿著一盞燈籠的中年男人。
另外，在部分倒裝的句子中，只把謂語(yǔ)的一部分(如情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、或是系動(dòng)詞be)放到主語(yǔ)的前面去，構(gòu)成倒裝語(yǔ)序。例如：
Are you going to take part in the football match against Accounting Department on Friday afternoon? (句子的謂語(yǔ)是are going to take part，are是句子的謂語(yǔ)的一部分;句子的主語(yǔ)是you 。所以，此句是部分倒裝的句子。疑問(wèn)句都是部分倒裝句。)你打算去參加星期五與會(huì)計(jì)系進(jìn)行的足球賽嗎?
Hardly could he finish his test paper when the school bell rang .(由于語(yǔ)法要求的原因，本句寫(xiě)成了部分倒裝的句子。它的自然語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：When the bell rang, he could hardly finish his test paper.)他還未做完試卷，下課鈴就響了。
了解了倒裝語(yǔ)序的構(gòu)成情況后，我們?cè)賮?lái)看看倒裝語(yǔ)序在各種不同類句子中的使用情況：
A. 在疑問(wèn)句中
各種疑問(wèn)句一般地說(shuō)都是倒裝語(yǔ)序。例如：
Will they come to see us this weekend ? 這個(gè)周末他們將來(lái)看我們嗎?
Are you talking about the film you saw last Monday ?
你們是在談?wù)撃銈兩现芤豢吹哪遣侩娪皢?
Can you speak another foreign language except English?
除開(kāi)英語(yǔ)，你還能說(shuō)另一種外語(yǔ)嗎?
Where did you buy the dictionary, in the book store nearby or in Xinhua bookstore?
你在哪兒買的這本詞典，是在附近的書(shū)店還是在新華書(shū)店?
She is not a student, isn‘t she ? 她不是個(gè)學(xué)生，對(duì)嗎?
B. 在感嘆句中
某些感嘆句也用倒裝語(yǔ)序。例如：
Isn‘t it a beautiful garden ! 多么美麗的花園啊!
What a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美麗的花園啊!(在這種句式中，主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)之前，屬于自然語(yǔ)序。對(duì)于主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)而言，語(yǔ)序沒(méi)有倒裝。)
Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him !
你見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)孩子像他這么調(diào)皮!
C. 在陳述句中
陳述句在一般情況下用自然語(yǔ)序;但由于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的某些原因，陳述句也要使用倒裝語(yǔ)序。這些原因大致可以歸納
1. 為了避免句子部分內(nèi)容不必要的重復(fù)，常用"so + be動(dòng)詞(助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+主語(yǔ)"或"neither / nor + be動(dòng)詞(助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+主語(yǔ)"的倒裝句式。其中第一個(gè)句式表示"與前面所述的肯定情況相同"， 第二個(gè)句式表示"與前面所述的否定情況相同"。例如：
His brother is a college student; so is mine.
他弟弟是大學(xué)生，我弟弟也是。
His brother is not a college student; nor is min .
他弟弟不是大學(xué)生，我弟弟也不是。
He used to have his further study abroad; so did I.
他曾去國(guó)外深造過(guò)，我也去過(guò)。
He didn‘t use to have his further study abroad; neither did I.
他沒(méi)去國(guó)外深造過(guò)，我也沒(méi)有。
One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; so can his wife.
我的一個(gè)朋友會(huì)說(shuō)三門外國(guó)語(yǔ)，他的妻子也會(huì)。
One of my friends cannot speak three foreign languages; neither can his wife .我的一個(gè)朋友不會(huì)說(shuō)三門外國(guó)語(yǔ)，他的妻子也不會(huì)。
They are now preparing for their final examinations; so are we .
他們正在為期末考試作準(zhǔn)備，我們也一樣。
They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we .
他們沒(méi)在為期末考試作準(zhǔn)備，我們也沒(méi)有。
2.具有否定意義的詞或短語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí)(除否定詞修飾主語(yǔ)外)，句子一般要寫(xiě)成部分倒裝句。這類詞或短語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的有：not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner … (than), hardly … (when), not only … (but also), not until… ,等。例如：
Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door .
她還沒(méi)來(lái)得及坐下來(lái)，就聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人敲門。
Not until twelve o‘clock did he go to bed last night .
他昨晚直到十二點(diǎn)鐘才睡覺(jué)。
Never have my sisters been to Hong Kong before .
我的妹妹們以前從未去過(guò)香港。
No sooner had I returned home from New Zealand than I bought a house and went to live there.我從新西蘭一回國(guó)，就買了一棟房子并在那兒住下了。
So far as I know, seldom does Mary come back to see her mother.
就我所知，瑪利幾乎很難回來(lái)看她媽媽。
Scarcely a drop of rain fell here last fall . (否定詞修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子不用倒裝。) 去年秋天，這兒幾乎沒(méi)下一滴雨。
三、 would rather
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 寧愿……而不愿。
還有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"寧愿"、"寧可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例題
----Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意為"寧愿"，本題為疑問(wèn)句，would 提前，所以選B。
四、had better
had better 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動(dòng)詞原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You‘d better put on my coat.
She‘d better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示與事實(shí)相反的結(jié)果，意為"本來(lái)最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
五、并列結(jié)構(gòu)
并列連詞引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列的句子。
1) and 與or
判斷改錯(cuò)：
(錯(cuò)) They sat down and talk about something.
(錯(cuò)) They started to dance and sang.
(錯(cuò)) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(對(duì)) They sat down and talked about something.
(對(duì)) They started to dance and sing.
(對(duì))I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：
第一句： and 連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)，所以 talk 應(yīng)改為 talked。
第二句：and 連接兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞不定式，第二個(gè)不定式往往省略to，因此sang 應(yīng)改為 sing。
第三句：and 連接感觀動(dòng)詞saw 后面的用作的賓補(bǔ)的兩個(gè)并列分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，因此whisper應(yīng)改為whispering。
注意：and 還可以和祈使句或名詞詞組連用表示條件。(or也有此用法)
Make up your mind, and you‘ll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you‘ll get the chance.
One more effort, and you‘ll succeed.
= If you make one more effort, you‘ll succeed.
2) both …and 兩者都
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.
3) not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且)
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
注意： not only… but also 關(guān)聯(lián)兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，一個(gè)分句因有否定詞not 而必須倒裝。
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4) neithe…nor 意思為"既不……也不……"謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用就近原則，與nor后的詞保持一致。
Neither you nor he is to blame.
六、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)
1)下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2)倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I‘ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4)在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
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