淺析托福獨(dú)立寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
托福獨(dú)立寫作旨在考察考生是否有效回應(yīng)題目，闡明文章主題，文章邏輯是否條理清楚及能否充分展開論證;內(nèi)容是否連貫一致以及考生遣詞造句的能力。
托福綜合寫作的考察在于總結(jié)歸納和改寫兩個(gè)方面，總結(jié)歸納的能力是說考察方希望考生能夠在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握一定長(zhǎng)度和一定難度的閱讀和聽力材料中所涉及到的重點(diǎn)信息和論證結(jié)構(gòu);改寫能力則要求考生將兩部分材料中的重點(diǎn)信息和論證方式用新的語(yǔ)言和結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)行展示和歸納。
托福獨(dú)立寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Independent Wring Rubrics)
1.托福獨(dú)立寫作得5分情況
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
●Effectively addresses the topic and task
●Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence
●Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors
2.托福獨(dú)立寫作得4分情況
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
●Addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated
●Is generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplifi-cations, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may contain occasional redundancy, digression, or unclear connections
●Displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiom-atic language that do not interfere with meaning
3.托福獨(dú)立寫作得3分情況
An essay at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
●Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured
●May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning
●May display accurate, but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary
4.托福獨(dú)立寫作得2分情況
An essay at this level may reveal one or more of the following weaknesses:
● Limited development in response to the topic and task
●Inadequate organization or connection of ideas
●Inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications, explanations, or details to support or illustrate generaliza-tions in response to the task
●A noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms
●An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage
5.托福獨(dú)立寫作得1分情況
An essay at this level is seriously flawed by one or more of the following weaknesses:
●Serious disorganization or underdevelopment
●Little or no detail, or irrelevant specifics, or questionable responsiveness to the task
●Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage
6.托福獨(dú)立寫作得0分情況
An essay at this level merely copies words from the topic, rejects the topic, or is otherwise not con-nected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.
托福綜合寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Integrated Wring Rubrics)
1.托福綜合寫作得5分情況
A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.
2.托福綜合寫作得4分情況
A response at this level is generally good in selecting the important information from the lecture and in coherently and accurately presenting this information in relation to the relevant information in the reading, but it may have minor omission, inaccuracy, vagueness, or imprecision of some content from the lecture or in connection to points made in the reading. A response is also scored at this level if it has more frequent or noticeable minor language errors, as long as such usage and grammatical structures do not result in anything more than an occasional lapse of clarity or in the connection of ideas.
3.托福綜合寫作得3分情況
A response at this level contains some important information from the lecture and conveys some relevant connection to the reading, but it is marked by one or more of the following:
●Although the overall response is definitely oriented to the task, it conveys only vague, global, unclear, or somewhat imprecise connection of the points made in the lecture to points made in the reading.
●The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture.
●Some key points made in the lecture or the reading, or connections between the two, may be incom-plete, inaccurate, or imprecise.
●Errors of usage and/or grammar may be more frequent or may result in noticeably vague expressions or obscured meanings in conveying ideas and connections.
4.托福綜合寫作得2分情況
A response at this level contains some relevant information from the lecture, but is marked by sig-nificant language difficulties or by significant omission or inaccuracy of important ideas from the lecture or in the connections between the lecture and the reading; a response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
●The response significantly misrepresents or completely omits the overall connection between the lec-ture and the reading.
●The response significantly omits or significantly misrepresents important points made in the lecture.
●The response contains language errors or expressions that largely obscure connections or meaning at key junctures or that would likely obscure understanding of key ideas for a reader not already familiar with the reading and the lecture.
5.托福綜合寫作得1分情況
A response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
●The response provides little or no meaningful or relevant coherent content from the lecture.
●The language level of the response is so low that it is difficult to derive meaning.
6.托福綜合寫作得0分情況
A response at this level merely copies sentences from the reading, rejects the topic or is otherwise notconnected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
1. Effectively addresses the topic and task
2. Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
3. Displays unity, progression, and coherence
4. Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解讀：
要點(diǎn)1: addresses the topic
在托福寫作中，考生所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)要和題目要求相關(guān)、一致。另外，考生所提供的例證也要切題，只有這樣的例子才有說服力。
要點(diǎn)2: well organized & well developed
托福滿分作文的行文組織要系統(tǒng)，有邏輯性。 考生在提出論點(diǎn)之后，必須尋找相關(guān)的例證來支持和充實(shí)自己的論點(diǎn)。 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，在托�？荚囍锌忌m然可以發(fā)散地進(jìn)行說理和尋找例證，但若是將自己所舉的例證進(jìn)行一定加工,按照由主到次、讓步轉(zhuǎn)折等順序進(jìn)行排列，則能更好顯示出各個(gè)例證之間的.邏輯關(guān)系，讓舉例或是說理論證的過程更有層次性。這樣的文章才稱得上well-organized and well-developed.
要點(diǎn)3: explanations,exemplifications and details
在托福寫作中，考生提出觀點(diǎn)之后必須要發(fā)散式地進(jìn)行舉例或是說理論證。具體包括解釋原因，舉例說明以及提供其它的細(xì)節(jié)信息。
要點(diǎn)4: unity,progression, and coherence
托福滿分作文通篇要做到：
1. 論點(diǎn)集中(unity)--所有的論據(jù)都指向論點(diǎn);
2. 邏輯通暢(progression and coherence)--不同段落之間要連接緊密、銜接過渡自然并層層推進(jìn)。
想要做到以上幾點(diǎn)，考生需要合理地謀篇布局、進(jìn)行最優(yōu)化的段落分配并恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠壿嬤B接詞。
要點(diǎn)5: variety
用詞用句的多樣性和變化性能有效地體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言的豐富性以及使用技巧。
要點(diǎn)6: appropriate word choice and idiomaticity
托福寫作要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)境選擇“恰當(dāng)?shù)挠迷~”。在托福寫作中，考生不需要嘩眾取寵的用“大詞、難詞”來顯示詞匯量。 真正的高手是用簡(jiǎn)單但精確的詞語(yǔ)來闡述深刻的道理。
要點(diǎn)7: minor errors
托福作文允許有錯(cuò)誤存在。most一詞表明一篇滿分文章需要避免絕大部分的語(yǔ)法、用詞錯(cuò)誤。 同時(shí)這也表明個(gè)別的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤、用詞不當(dāng)以及諸如拼寫，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和大小寫等錯(cuò)誤不影響一篇文章得滿分。 對(duì)于托福寫作來說，更重要的是文章的要點(diǎn)明確、邏輯通暢，語(yǔ)言的整體高水平。
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