高中定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法講解
英語(yǔ)是一種西日耳曼語(yǔ)支，最早被中世紀(jì)的英國(guó)使用，并因其廣闊的殖民地而成為世界使用面積最廣的語(yǔ)言。以下是小編為大家整理的高中定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法講解，歡迎閱讀，希望大家能夠喜歡。
定語(yǔ)從句用來充當(dāng)句中定語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu);它主要用于修飾句子中的名詞、代詞。而定語(yǔ)從句的位置常常是緊跟在被修飾的名詞、代詞的后面。在被修飾的名詞、代詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間往往有一個(gè)關(guān)系詞將其前后兩部分聯(lián)系成一個(gè)整體，或是構(gòu)成一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ);或是構(gòu)成一個(gè)代詞短語(yǔ)。但從結(jié)構(gòu)上說，關(guān)系詞與從句是一個(gè)整體。排除句子的其他各部分，這種帶有定語(yǔ)從句的名詞短語(yǔ)或是代詞短語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成可演示如下：
1)three signs that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack
三種意味著一個(gè)人是患有驚恐癥而不是心臟病的跡象在這個(gè)帶有定語(yǔ)從句的名詞短語(yǔ)中：
signs是：被修飾的名詞;
that是：關(guān)系詞;
that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack是定語(yǔ)從句
2)those who drink a lot 那些大量飲酒的人在這個(gè)帶有定語(yǔ)從句的代詞短語(yǔ)中：
those是：被修飾的名詞;
who是：關(guān)系詞;
who drink a lot是：定語(yǔ)從句通過上面的演示,我們可以歸納出定語(yǔ)從句在句子中的位置、結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
被修飾的名詞 / 代詞 + 關(guān)系詞 + 句子 (其中，"被修飾的名詞/代詞"在語(yǔ)法叫作"先行詞".)
要點(diǎn)提示：
1)"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"之間實(shí)質(zhì)上是互等、互換的關(guān)系。也就是說，關(guān)系詞的作用就是將先行詞所表達(dá)意義"代到"從句中來起作用。例如：
They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations (先行詞)where (關(guān)系詞)people normally would not be afraid .
他們常在人們一般不會(huì)感到害怕的情況下卻很容易感到恐懼或是感到不自在。
(本句中的關(guān)系詞where = 先行詞(in)situations 。如果把這個(gè)復(fù)合句拆成兩個(gè)分句，那就是：
They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations
people normally would not be afraid in situations 由此可以看出，"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"之間實(shí)質(zhì)上是互等、互換的關(guān)系)。 又例如：
Rude people are those (先行詞) whose (關(guān)系詞)behavior shows little respect
for the rules(先行詞) that(關(guān)系詞) the majority follows .
不講禮貌的人是指那些，他們的行為對(duì)大多數(shù)人所遵從的規(guī)則并不表示尊敬的人。
由此我們還可以看出，"先行詞"往往是分別重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)分句中的名詞或代詞。這也就是我們做定語(yǔ)從句的條件之必需。否則，"關(guān)系詞"就無(wú)法去替代"先行詞"而構(gòu)筑定語(yǔ)從句了。這個(gè)道理就如同我們?cè)谟?jì)算機(jī)上"做剪貼以前要先做復(fù)制"一樣。）
2）"先行詞"的意義決定"關(guān)系詞"的選擇"關(guān)系詞"的選擇往往是由"先行詞"自身表達(dá)的意義，以及它在從句中的語(yǔ)法 功能而決定的。
這個(gè)意思就是說，假如"先行詞"自身表達(dá)的意義是表示"人的意義"或是"物的意義"，那么我們就相應(yīng)地選擇表示"人的意義"或是"物的意義"的"先行詞"。"先行詞" 在從句中的語(yǔ)法 功能也是決定"關(guān)系詞"選擇的重要條件。比如說，同樣都是表示"人的意義"的"先行詞"，如果它在從句中作主語(yǔ)，"關(guān)系詞"就得用表示"人的意義"的主格形式，如果它在從句中作定語(yǔ)，"關(guān)系詞"就得用表示"人的意義"的所有格形式。另外，有時(shí)"先行詞"本身是表示事物的名詞，而它在從句中卻與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，在這種情況下，我們就應(yīng)該用"關(guān)系副詞"而不能用"關(guān)系代詞"了。例如：
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields .
有些在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)上很有成就的人,在其他領(lǐng)域常常一無(wú)所成。
In our class , we have some students whose families are not in Wuhan.
我們班上有些家不在武漢市的同學(xué)。
There are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words .
有許多聲音有意義但不是詞。
Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class .
如果把這個(gè)復(fù)合句拆成兩個(gè)分句，那就是：
tell him to go to the classroom .We often have our English class in the classroom )
告訴他去我們常上英語(yǔ)課的那間教室。
(一) 關(guān)系詞
從前面的討論中我們可以清楚地看出，關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句的構(gòu)成里是至關(guān)重要的。我們甚至可以說，掌握不好關(guān)系詞就無(wú)法做成定語(yǔ)從句，也無(wú)法理解文中帶有定語(yǔ)從句部分的意思。因此，我們首先討論一下關(guān)系詞的有關(guān)問題。
定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞只有兩類：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞;沒有連詞。也就是說，定語(yǔ)從句中的所有關(guān)系詞不但都有具體的意義而且都在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分。
1)關(guān)系代詞：who , whom , whose , which , that 等。
who用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，并且在從句中作主語(yǔ);在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)里，也可取代whom在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。例如：
I have no idea about the man who wrote the article .
我不認(rèn)識(shí)寫這篇文章的那個(gè)人。
The little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems .
whom 用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，并且在從句中作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)里，如果whom在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，它與who可以通用;但是如果whom在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，那么就只能用whom而不能與who通用了。當(dāng)然，如果在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中，介詞沒有提前，也就沒有這點(diǎn)要求了。例如：
Who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ?
剛才和你說話的那個(gè)女孩子是誰(shuí)?
Yesterday, I happened to meet , in the shopping center , the professor who ( whom ) I got to know at a party .
昨天在購(gòu)物中心，我碰巧遇見了那位我在一次聚會(huì)上認(rèn)識(shí)的教授。
They are looking for the patient on whom doctors just performed an operation . 他們正在尋找那位醫(yī)生剛剛給他做過手術(shù)的病人。
(句中的關(guān)系代詞whom代替the patient ，在從句中作介詞on的賓語(yǔ)，而且介詞on提到關(guān)系代詞的前面，所以who 和whom就絕不可以通用了，此處只能用whom 。)
Who is the girl to who (whom) you talked just now ? (錯(cuò)誤)
(句中的關(guān)系代詞whom(who)代替the girl ，在從句中作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)，但是由于介詞to已提到了關(guān)系代詞的前面,who 和whom就絕不可以通用了,所以如果還繼續(xù)使用who句子就錯(cuò)了。此處只能用whom 。)
whose 用于代替"表示人或物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，往往與它所修飾的名詞一起構(gòu)成一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。Whose常表達(dá)"某人的、某物的"之意。例如：
Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?
你知道她的哥哥與你同寢室的那位女孩的名字嗎?
Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor.
沸點(diǎn)在攝氏100度的水無(wú)色、無(wú)味。
which 用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。例如：
Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .
那些全新的或是來自國(guó)外的觀點(diǎn)或許也很難被接受。
I've got a novel which you may like to read .
我弄到一本你或許想看的小說。
That was a fault which could not be forgiven . 那是不能饒恕的錯(cuò)誤。
that 既用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，也用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞;在從句中既可以作主語(yǔ)，也可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，但是不能作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。在一定范圍內(nèi)，that = who / whom / which 。例如：
Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .
那些全新的或是來自國(guó)外的觀點(diǎn)或許也很難被接受。
Salaried people that ( who) earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government .工薪在幾千美元以上的人必須將工資中的一定百分比交付給聯(lián)邦政府。
Who is the girl to that you talked just now ? (錯(cuò)誤)
要點(diǎn)提示：
定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略;如果關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)可以省略。例如：
This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday .
這就是你昨天找的那本書。
I don't like the novel ( that ) you are reading .
我不喜歡你看的這本小說。
Who is the man ( whom ) you're talking about ?
你們談?wù)摰哪莻�(gè)人是誰(shuí)?
定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon .
(先行詞Those是復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞who也就看作是復(fù)數(shù)，所以從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用了復(fù)數(shù)形式are了。)請(qǐng)那些年齡在四十幾歲的人于今天下午去進(jìn)行體檢。
This is the magazine which was sent to me by post .
(先行詞the magazine是單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞which也就看作是單數(shù)，所以從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用了單數(shù)形式was sent) 這是通過郵局寄給我的雜志。
關(guān)系代詞that 和which的區(qū)別
that 和which在一般情況都可以用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。但在下列情況下一般只用that而不用which ：
-- 先行詞本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代詞時(shí)，例如：
Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy .
任何能夠燃燒的東西都是熱能源。
There must be something that happened to you .你一定出了什么事。
They had nothing that could cure of his disease .他們沒有一點(diǎn)能治愈他疾病的東西了。
-- 先行詞已有序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)或the last, the only等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，例如：
This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 這是以前從未上演過的最有感染力的電視劇。
That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。
We have to consider the first thing that starts our work .
我們必須要考慮啟動(dòng)我們工作的第一件事。
然而，在下列情況下卻只用which而不用that：
-- 當(dāng)先行詞表示事物意義，并且在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，那么就只能用which 。當(dāng)然，如果在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中，介詞沒有提前，也就沒有這點(diǎn)要求了。例如：
The world in which we live is made of matter .
我們生活于其中的世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow .
洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。
The world that we live in is made of matter.
(正確。因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代詞雖然在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，但是介詞沒有提前，所以沒有這點(diǎn)要求。)
我們生活于其中的世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。
The world in that we live is made of matter.
(錯(cuò)誤。因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，而且介詞已經(jīng)提前，所以必須遵從這點(diǎn)要求。)
-- 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句(關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)隨后就要講解)中，當(dāng)關(guān)系詞表示事物意義時(shí), 只能用which 。這是語(yǔ)法所規(guī)定的，沒有任何解釋。例如：
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .
太陽(yáng)給予大地?zé)幔@就使植物的生長(zhǎng)成為可能。
The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .最重要的能源形式是電能，它廣泛地運(yùn)用于我們的日常生活之中。
-- as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句、非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。例如：限定性定語(yǔ)從句 (常用于such … as和the same … as 等句式中)
Such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem .
你提到的這些方面在解決這個(gè)問題上的確很重要。
People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays .
你描述的這種人現(xiàn)在很少見了。
This computer has the same functions as that one has .
這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)有著和那臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)一樣的功能。
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 (as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，as是指全句：也就是說，將整個(gè)主句看成一件事或是一個(gè)事實(shí);并對(duì)其進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。這種非限定性定語(yǔ)從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。)
As I know , she hasn't got married . 如我所知，她還未結(jié)婚。
They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.
可以預(yù)料，他們?cè)诒荣愔械昧说谝弧?/p>
Professor Li is extremely popular among students , as is known to all of us . 如我們大家所知，李教授極受學(xué)生們的歡迎。
2)關(guān)系副詞：when , where , why 等。在定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系副詞 = 介詞 + which 。也就是說，每個(gè)關(guān)系副詞里本身就已經(jīng)含有了一個(gè)介詞：when = 在什么時(shí)候，where = 在什么地方，why = 為什么原因，等。至于在英文中用哪個(gè)具體的介詞，就得依具體情況而定了。
when 代替表示時(shí)間的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),例如：
People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland .
人們會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)記住香港和澳門回歸祖國(guó)的那一時(shí)刻。
He came at a time when we needed help . 他在我們需要人幫忙的時(shí)候來了。
We don't know the exact time when the English Evening will be held . 我們不知道英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)舉行的確切時(shí)間。
where 代替表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。例如：
The place where we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.我們舉行演講比賽的地點(diǎn)還未定下來。
He is living in a newly-built house where there used to be a pond . 他現(xiàn)在居住的新房是原先一個(gè)池塘的舊址。
That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams .
那是一座我曾經(jīng)在那兒有過許多夢(mèng)想的美麗的校園。
why 代替表示原因的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。例如：
He didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy .
他沒有告訴她為什么他那么高興的原因。
The reason why she was late is not so acceptable .
她遲到的原因不那么令人接受。
They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before .
他們向我們解釋為什么他們以前誤解了我們的原因。
介詞+關(guān)系代詞
在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞若是表示人的意義，就只能用whom ;關(guān)系代詞若是表示事物的意義，就只能用which 。而這種結(jié)構(gòu)中較難解決的問題是介詞的選擇問題，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)問題的解決取決于多種因素：
A)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配B)名詞與介詞的搭配C)形容詞與介詞的搭配，等等�？傊�，要依從句的具體需要而定。例如：
A)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配
He has found a good job for which he is qualified .( qualify + 名詞+ for "使…具有…資格" )他找到了一份他能勝任的工作。
The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow . ( talk to + 名詞 "與某人談話" ) 你剛才與他談話的那個(gè)人明天主持那個(gè)會(huì)議。
He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents .名詞+ rent at + 表示價(jià)格的詞 "某物以某價(jià)格出租" )
他在與房東就那套公寓出租的月租金進(jìn)行磋商。
B)名詞與介詞的搭配
They are still living in the little house in which they've been lived for 15 years . ( in the house "在屋子里" )
他們現(xiàn)在還住在他們已住了15年的那個(gè)小房子里。
We've worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large scale.( by a method通過某種方法) 我們已研制出了一個(gè)能大規(guī)模提高生產(chǎn)的方法。
She didn't realize the extent to which she had been distracted .( to extend "到某種程度" ) 她沒有意識(shí)到她心煩意亂的程度。
C)形容詞與介詞的搭配
The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficiency . (happy with "對(duì)…表示滿意")
老板對(duì)其不滿意的`那個(gè)秘書將由于她沒有工作效率而被解雇。
I've found the job for which I've been eager for a long time.( eager for "渴望得到…" ) 我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作。
He is a learned man with whom we are familiar .
(familiar with 熟悉…)他是一位我們熟悉的有學(xué)識(shí)的人。
2)定語(yǔ)從句的種類
在英文中，有兩種定語(yǔ)從句：限定性定語(yǔ)從句與非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。這兩種定語(yǔ)從句在其功能和形式方面都有明顯的區(qū)別：
限定性定語(yǔ)從句
限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊奏，對(duì)其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉，會(huì)影響句子意思的完整性;有時(shí)甚至于引起費(fèi)解、誤解。例如：
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .
為了加速他們各自所在國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，熱帶雨林作為有價(jià)值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。
They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在形式上就與主句很松散，它與主句之間有一個(gè)逗點(diǎn)"，"隔開;它對(duì)其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用，只起補(bǔ)充、說明的作用。有時(shí)也用它來對(duì)全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。即使將其去掉，也不會(huì)影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在表達(dá)意思方面也有別于限定性定語(yǔ)從句。另外，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在中文譯文里，我們往往將其作為一個(gè)分句處理，而不把它作定語(yǔ)翻譯。
例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
(此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞a sphere進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。)
更早之前，巴比倫人曾試圖繪制世界地圖，但是他們把它繪制成平盤狀而不是托勒密所采用的球體狀。
The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .
(此句中，三個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句分別對(duì)三個(gè)先行詞：satellites ，computers和television進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。如果去掉這三個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，那么句子可簡(jiǎn)化為：
The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .)衛(wèi)星能傳輸信息，計(jì)算機(jī)能儲(chǔ)存信息，電視能顯示信息，把這些手段結(jié)合起來可以使每個(gè)家庭都成為教育娛樂的中心。
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .(此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明,將全句表達(dá)的意思看成"一件事情)。太陽(yáng)給予大地?zé)幔@就使植物的生長(zhǎng)成為可能。
The old man has a son , who is in the army .(此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞son進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。但本句所傳達(dá)的信息是："這位老人只有一個(gè)兒子" 。如果將此句改寫成限定性定語(yǔ)從句：
The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一個(gè)在部隊(duì)工作的兒子。那么，限定性定語(yǔ)從句就要對(duì)先行詞son進(jìn)行限定、修飾。這樣一來，句子所傳達(dá)的信息就變成了："這位老人有一個(gè)兒子在部隊(duì)工作，還有其他的兒子在干別的工作"。)那位老人有一個(gè)兒子，他在部隊(duì)工作。
知識(shí)過關(guān)
1 Do you still remember the day ___________ I first came to Beijing?
1)A. which B. that C. when D. where 2)A. where B. that C. which D. what
2 I’m going to visit the school _________ my mother taught physics ten years ago.
3 She was not the woman _________ she was before.
A. what B. that C. who D. as
4 In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _________ they could turn for help.
A. whom B. who C. to whom D. from whom
5 A paper plant is __________ paper is made.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
6 They stayed with me for three weeks, __________ they drank all the wine I had.
A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which
7. ---- How do you like the cake? ---- It’s quite different from _________ I had last month.
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
8. The Nile, ___________electricity is produced, no longer destroys villages and crops.
A. which B. from which C. from it D. from that
9. In the 1950s, _________ blacks didn’t have equal rights, a lot of marches took place.
A. when B. that C. which D. from which
10. Bob’s father, ____________, spent four years in Egypt. A. that worked on the project
B. he worked on the project C. who worked on the project D. whom worked on the project
11. The retiring teacher made a speech _________ she thanked the class for the gift.
A. which B. of which C. in which D. that
12. He has to work on Sundays, __________ he does not like.
A. and which B. which C. and when D. when
13.Which of the two cows ______________you keep produces more milk?
A. that B. which C. whom D. when
14. He paid the boy US $10 for washing ten windows, most ___________ hadn’t been cleaned for at least year. A. these B. those C. that D. of which
15. The boys, ___________ could not reach the shelf, went to look for something to stand on.
A. the tall of whom B. the tallest of whom C. the tallest one D. the tallest of them
16. Rabbits make their homes in fields _________ hide their young under bushes or among tall grasses.
A. can where they B. where they can C. where can they D. where can
17. Is this the factory ______ color TV sets are produced? A. that B. which C. in which D. in that
18. Who is that comrade _______ was there? A. whom B. that C. which D. whose
19. This is Mr Smith, __________ I think has something interesting to tell you.
19)A. who B. whom C. which D. whose 20)A. what B. that C. who D. which
20. Mother bought me a dictionary on my birthday, ________made me very happy.
仿真訓(xùn)練
1 She wore a heavy fur coat in such a hot day, ___________ I found quite strange.
1)A. which B. that C. what D. when 2)A. in which B. at which C. of which D. from which
2 China has hundreds of islands,_____________ the largest is .
3 We came to a place ____________ they had never paid a visit before.
3)A. to where B. to which C. that D. which 4)A. since B. which C. that D. when
4 It was twelve o’clock ______they finished the work. 5)A. whom B. whoC. when D. because
5 He often helps the students __________ he thinks are not quick at their studies.
6 Is there a restaurant around ____I have something to eat?A. that B. what C. which D. where
7 It was at the school _________ was named after a hero _____________ he spent his childhood.
A. which; that B. where; where C. that; where D. which; where
8 Look at the watch. Don’t you see it is _______ watch ________ Helen lost the other day?
A. as the same; as B. the same; as C. the same; which D. as the same ; that
9 There is a popular belief among parents ___________ schools don’t pay any attention to handwriting.
A. whose B. that C. which D. in which
10 ---- Was _______Bill, _____________ played football well, _________ helped the blind man cross the road? ---- Yes, you are right. He is always ready to help others.
A. it; that; who B. which; that; that C. it; who; that D. who; which; that
11 His sister has become a teacher, ___was what she wanted to be.A. whoB. whatC. thatD. which
12 In the open boat, the four men, _________ was a doctor, met with a storm on the sea.
A. one of which B. one of who C. one of whom D. one of them
13. His glasses, ________ he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
A. which B. from which C. with which D. without which
14. The look, the cover ________ is broken, is not mine. A. of it B. for C. whose D. of which
15 The great trouble he __________ show us how to run the machine _______ him completely tired.
A. what B. which C. that D. all that
16 (1995 上海) In the office I never seem to have time until 5:30 p.m.,__________ many people have gone home. A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which time
17. Not only _________ the car he __________ been sold by his son for gambling debts, but also his new house. A. /; has B. has; had C. has; has D. was ; has
18. The theory he’s stuck ________ us that earthquakes can be forecast.
A, to prove to B. to proves to C. proves to D. which proved
19. The high building ______ is a big hotel.
A. we are looking at it B. we looking C. at that we are looking D. we are looking at
20. The baby _________is not hers. A. of that she is taking good care B. who she is taking good care
C. of who she is taking good care D. whom she is taking good care of
21 (2001) The film brought the hours back to me ______ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
1)A. until B. that C. when D. where 2)A. It B. As C. That D. What
22 2001) ________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
23 (1994) The weather turned out to be very good, _____ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
24 (1996) After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town, _______ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
25 (1998) He made another wonderful discovery, ________ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B.which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think which is
26 (1999) --- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
--- Is that the reason_______ you had a few days off? A. whyB. whenC. whatD. where
27 (1992) In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _______ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
28 (1997上海) All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those ________ in the forest .
A. once they grew B. they grew once C. that once grew D. once grew
29. (1999) Carol said the work would be done by October, _____ personally I doubt very much. 30(1993上海)
I don’t like __________ you speak to her. 29)A. it B. that C. when D. which
A. the way B. the in that C. the way which D. the way of which
【專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練】
1.Football is a very interesting game , is played all over the world.
A.that B.which C.it D.who
2.Is there anything else you require?
A.which B.that C.who D.what
3.The last place we visited was the Great Wall.
A.which B.that C.where D.it
4.He talked happily about the men and books interested him greatly in the school.
A.which B.who C.it D.that
5.The railway tunnel, though the train goes, will be completed soon.
A.which B.that C.it D.whom
6.His uncle works in a factory bicycles are made.
A.that B.which C.where D.there
7.There is no dictionary you can find everything.
A.that B.which C.where D.in that
8.Next month, you’ll spend in your hometown is coming.
A.which B.that C.when D.where
9.Next month, you’ll be in your hometown is coming.
A.which B.that C.when D.where
10.I often thought of my childhood , I lived on a farm.
A.which B.where C.when D.who
11.He wanted to know the time he needed to know .
A.that B.when C.where D.what
12.There isn’t so much noise in the country in big cities.
A.that B.which C.where D.as
13.They could only read such stories had been rewritten in simple English .
A.that B.which C.as D.what
14.The stems of bamboo are hollow makes them very light.
A.which B.as C.that D.it
15.Crusoe’s dog became ill and died , made him very lonely .
A.as B.which C.that D.this
16.They’ve invited me to their party , is kind of them.
A.as B.which C.That D.this
17. we know now ,bats come out only at night .
A.As B.Which C .That D.What
18.John got beaten in the game , had been expected .
A.as B.that C.what D.who
19. has been said above ,grammar is a set of dead rules.
A.Which B.What C.That D.As
20.Do you know the reason he was late?
A.that B.which C.for what D.for which
21.He built a telescope he could study the skies.
A.in which B.with that C.through which D.by it
22.I have bought two ballpens , writes well .
A.none of which B.neither of which C.none of them D.neither of them
23.There are two thousand students in our school , are girls .
A.of whom two thirds B.two -thirds of them
C.two -third in them D.two -thirds in which
24.Do you know the man ?
A.whom I spoke B.to who I spoke C.I spoke to D.that I spoke
25.The factory we’ll visit next week isn’t far from here .
A.where B.in which C.which D.to which
26.This is one of the best films this year.
A.have been shown B.that have shown C.that have been shown D.which has been shown
27.Can you lend me the book the other day ?
A.you talked about B.about that you talked C.that you talked D.which you talked
28.Is there any one in you class family is in the city .
A.who B.who’s C.which D.whose
29.I’ll never forget the days we stayed together.
A.when B.in which C.which D.what
30.Is some German friends visited last week ?
A.this school B.this the school C.this school one D.this school where
31.I’ll tell you he told me last month .
A.all which B.all what C.that all D.all
32.Do you know the reason she got so angry yesterday?
A.for why B.for that C.which D.why
33.I still remember the day she first wore that pink dress.
A.which B.in which…… C.on that D.on which
34.I’ll show you a store you may buy all you need .
A.in which , / B.where , which C.which , that D.that , that
35.Winter is the time of year the days are short and nights are long.
A.where B.when C.that D.on which
36.The train she was travelling was late.
A.which B.on which C.for which D.on that
37.The second World War millions of people were killed ended in 1945.
A.during which B.in that C.where D.on which
38.Is oxygen the only gas helps fire burn ?
A.that B./ C.which D.it
39.This is the best hotel in the city I know .
A.which B.that C.where D.it
40.I’ve read all the books were borrowed from the library .
A.that B./ C.which D.they
41.The scientist and his achievements you told me about are admired by us all.
A.which B.who C.that D.whose
42.She hasn’t got enough money to buy the rings .
A.which B.that C.with which D.for which
43.Finally came the day he bad to beging his study for the next term.
A.which B.since C.that D.till
44.We hope to get such a tool he is using .
A.which B.as C.that D.where
45.Is there anything to you .
A.that is belonged B.that belongs C.which belongs D.that belong
46.You can take any seat is free .
A.which B.where C.that D.in which
47.The old woman has two sons ,one is a teacher.
A.of them B.of which C.of whom D.of who
48.My hometown is no longer the same it used to be .
A.which B.as C.that D.like
49.You may take anything useful .
A.you want B.what you want C.you want them D.which you want
50.He tore up my photo and upset me .
A.that B.it C.which D.what
51.During the days , he worked as a servant at the Browns.
A.followed B.following C.to follow D.that followed
52.The beautiful dress Miss Jones went to the ball was borrowed from a friend of hers .
A.that B.wearing which C.worn by D.in which
53.The clever boy made a hole in the wall , he could see what was going on inside the house.
A.in which B.through which C.at which D.on which
54.The brave man , the tiger was shor is a good bunter.
A.by which B.by whom C.by that D.of whom
55.The knife we used to cut the bread is very sharp .
A.with which B.with it C.with that D.which
【答案】：
1 B 2 B 3 B 4 D 5 A 6 C 7 C 8 A 9 C 10 C
11 A 12 D 13 C 14 A 15 B 16 B 17 A 18 A 19 D 20 D
21 C 22 B 23 A 24 C 25 C 26 C 27 A 28 D 29 A 30 B
31 D 32 D 33 D 34 A 35 B 36 B 37 A 38 A 39 B 40 A
41 C 42 C 43 C 44 B 45 B 46 C 47C 48 B 49 A 50A
51 D 52 D 53 B 54 B 55 A
擴(kuò)展：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法口訣
（一）巧記名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則：
單數(shù)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)式，一般詞尾加-s；
下列句詞詞尾后，要加-s先加-e。
發(fā)音[f] 、[ t ]、[s]和[z]，或是某些輔音加-o時(shí)。
有些名詞變復(fù)數(shù)，詞尾變化要注意。
y前字母是輔音，一律變y為-ies.
遇到f和fe，有時(shí)需要變-ves.
少數(shù)名詞不規(guī)則，特殊情況要強(qiáng)記。
說明：
1、名詞變復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在詞尾加-s.
eg: bag-bags banana-bananas bird-birds pen-pens，…
2、詞尾發(fā)音為[f ， t s， z]的名詞（即以字母sh， ch， s， x結(jié)尾者）在變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，要在詞尾加-es，eg: watch-watches， box-boxes， bus-buses，etc
3、若詞尾字母o的前面是輔音字母，變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，有些加-es，eg: hero-heroes， Negro-Negroes， patato-patatoes， tomato-tomatoes.這四個(gè)詞可組成一句話來記憶：Heroes and Negroes eat potatoes and tomatoes（英雄和黑人吃馬鈴薯和西紅柿。簡(jiǎn)為二人吃二菜。）
但有些以o結(jié)尾的名詞則加-s，eg: photo – photoes， piano –pianos等。
4、若詞尾字母y前加的是輔音字母時(shí)，變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，首先把y變?yōu)閕，再加-es， eg: family – families， city- cities， baby – babies等，但若詞尾y前為元音字母時(shí)，則可直接加-s， eg: day-days， boy-boys等。
5、以f和fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，首先將f和fe變?yōu)関， 再加-es，我們也可用一句話來記，―狼（wolf）和小偷（thief）的妻子（wife）用小刀（knife）威脅書架（shelf）上的半片（half）葉子（leaf）的生命（life）。另外記住一些常見特殊詞，eg: roof—roofs.
6. 有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化是不規(guī)則的，eg: man-men， woman-women， child-children， chinese- chinese， sheep-sheep等，平時(shí)多留心，稍微加以歸納，是不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其的特征的。
（二）定冠詞
冠詞是NMET試題中出現(xiàn)較頻繁的詞性，近五年復(fù)出率高達(dá)83.3%。因而掌握冠詞，尤其是定冠詞的用法也尤其必要。
請(qǐng)看下面的順口溜，它可以幫助我們記憶定冠詞的一些用法：
特指、重提和唯一，島嶼，海峽和海灣；
海洋，黨派最高級(jí)，沙漠，河流與群山；
方位、順序和樂器，年代，團(tuán)體與機(jī)關(guān)；
船名，建筑和組織，會(huì)議，條約與報(bào)刊；
姓氏復(fù)數(shù)，國(guó)全名，請(qǐng)你記住用定冠。
下面讓我們?cè)賮悫D驗(yàn)證‖這順口溜吧。請(qǐng)仔細(xì)觀察下面各句中定冠詞的用法，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)它的―功效‖與―真?zhèn)巍恕?/p>
1. The girl in red has just come back from Australia.
2. Mr. Li will give us a talk. The talk will begin at 8:00
3. The sun gives us heat and light.
4. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of all.高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法口訣。
5. The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921.
6. Do you know when the Great Wall came into being?
7. She’s on the People’s Daily.
8. The Einsteins could not pay for the advanced education that young Albert needed.
9. Who was the first to come?
10. I heard somebody playing the piano in the next room.
11. Great Changes have taken place in the 1990’s
12. In 1864， Lincoln was elected President of the United States for the second time.
�。ㄈ┓侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)詞的過去分詞和動(dòng)詞的-ing形式三種。這是高考中的熱點(diǎn)，其考查量多、面廣，幾乎是必考的一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。近六年高考復(fù)現(xiàn)率達(dá)百分之百�？v觀試題，其考查重點(diǎn)為動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式的作用及功能相同的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的區(qū)別。學(xué)生對(duì)此知識(shí)也―知之半解‖，深感頭疼。請(qǐng)看下面的方法，將有助于記住不定式及動(dòng)名詞。
1、動(dòng)詞的不定式
�、俨欢ㄊ接袠�(biāo)記，to與動(dòng)詞連一起。
�、跊]有人稱數(shù)變化，動(dòng)詞特點(diǎn)它具備。
�、壑髻e定狀表補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，唯獨(dú)作謂不可以。
�、躰ot 加上不定式，否定結(jié)構(gòu)要牢記。
⑤疑問詞與不定式，構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)有意義。
�、拮屑�(xì)推敲多思考，準(zhǔn)確判斷有依據(jù)。
解析：①―to+動(dòng)詞原形‖是它的基本構(gòu)成形式，即不定式的標(biāo)記。
�、谒鼪]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，不管主語(yǔ)是任何人稱，單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞不定式都沒有變化。但它仍保留動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。
�、鬯哂忻~、形容詞和副詞三大特點(diǎn)，所以，它在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)。
�、塄Dnot +動(dòng)詞不定式‖是它的否定形式，不要受其他否定式的影響，要記住規(guī)律。
�、菀蓡柎~what， who， whom， which和疑問副詞where， when， why ， how加上不定式在句中可以做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。
⑥通過以上分析，只要仔細(xì)研究，把不定式的功能用法搞清楚，在應(yīng)用時(shí)就能作出準(zhǔn)確的判斷。
2、動(dòng)名詞：
哪些動(dòng)詞后面只能接動(dòng)名詞，下面的順口溜有助于記憶。
喜歡、考慮不可免（enjoy， consider， escape， avoid）
停止，放棄太冒險(xiǎn)（stop， give up ， risk）
反對(duì)想象莫推延（mine， imagine， delay， put off）
要求完成是期望（require， finish， look forward to.）
建議繼續(xù)勤*練（suggest， go on， practise）
不禁原諒要堅(jiān)持（can’t help， excuse ， insist on）
繼續(xù)注意使成功（keep on， mind， succeed in）
�。ㄋ模┒鄠�(gè)形容詞并開修飾一個(gè)名詞的問題
有兩三個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，與被修飾名詞關(guān)系較密切的形容詞靠近名詞。若有多個(gè)形容詞修飾，可用下面這句話來判斷、排列它們的順序：縣官行令殺國(guó)材。
其意思是：縣（限）代表限定詞，包括冠詞、指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞，所有格，數(shù)字等。 官（觀）代表表示觀點(diǎn)的描繪性形容詞，eg: fine beautiful interesting等。
行（形）代表表示大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低及形狀的形容詞：eg: small tall， high， little， round等。 令代表表示年齡、新舊的形容詞：eg: old， young等。
殺色（近似音）代表表示顏色的形容詞：eg: white， black等。
國(guó)代表國(guó)籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞：eg: Englsih， American， moun tain等。
材代表形成中心名詞的材料的形容詞，eg: wooden， silk， plastic， stone等。
請(qǐng)看下面的例子： a fine old stone bridge;
two big round new Chinese wooden tables;
his large new black foreign car.
�。ㄎ澹┬驍�(shù)詞中的特殊詞：
記憶序數(shù)詞中的特殊詞時(shí)，可用順口溜來記：
八去t，九減e， f來把ve替，若是遇上幾十幾，ie就把y來替。
即：eighth， ninth， fifth， twelfth， twentieth， thirtieth…
�。┮恍﹦�(dòng)詞
1. lie 的變化
記憶lie 的變化時(shí)，可用順口溜來幫助記憶：
規(guī)則的說謊，不規(guī)則的躺，躺過就下蛋，下蛋不規(guī)則。
即：lie—lied—lied—lying（說謊）
lie—lay—lain—lying（躺，位于）
lay—laid—laid—layin（產(chǎn)卵，下蛋）
2、感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞：
記憶此項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞，可歸納于―五三二一‖，即：
―五看‖—see， watch， notice， observe， look at;
―二使‖—let， make， have;
―三聽‖—hear， listen to;
―一覺‖—feel.
3、―否定轉(zhuǎn)移‖的5個(gè)常用詞：
我認(rèn)為（think）猜想（suppose）與想象（imagine）都不可相信（believe），我期待（expect）等著你的回答。eg: I don’t think he’ll come tomorrow.
4、―同源賓語(yǔ)‖的七個(gè)常用詞
微筆（smile）著生話（live）歌唱（sing）著戰(zhàn)斗（fight）死（die）也像睡覺（sleep）做夢(mèng)（dream）一樣甜蜜。
eg: Now we’re living a happy life and often dream good dreams.
5、巧記常用于―主語(yǔ)沒有生命勝似有‖之類句子謂語(yǔ)的七個(gè)動(dòng)詞：
如果看見（see）或發(fā)現(xiàn)（discover） Turn（音譯：特恩），一定要找到（find）他，并帶（bring）他到這兒給（give）大伙展示（show）一下。
eg: Tomorrow’ll see the opening of the meeting.
Dusk found a little boy crying in the street.
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