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定語從句關系詞的省略
引導語:關系詞在定語從句的構(gòu)成里是至關重要的。我們甚至可以說,掌握不好關系詞就無法做成定語從句,也無法理解文中帶有定語從句部分的意思。下面是小編為你帶來的定語從句關系詞的省略,希望對你有所幫助。
定語從句關系詞的省略 篇1
定語從句中關系詞的省略與不省略
1.關系代詞which,whom,who,that在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略.
Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.
以下情況不能省略:
。1)在介詞+whom與介詞+which中,whom,which不能省略.
Do you know any shops nearby in which I can buy flowers?
That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
注:當介詞放在動詞后時,which,whom就可以省略.
Who is the man (whom) you talked with just now?
(2)在非限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關系代詞也不能省略.
Mr Green,whom you know,is the tallest in our school.
The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
。3)在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中,as,that即使作賓語,也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought).(指同類用as)
This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday.(that指同一個)
。4)當由and,but,or等連詞連接兩個或兩個以上的定語從句修飾一個先行詞時,第一個關系代詞可省,但第二,第三個不可省略.
This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.
2.當that在從句中作補語時可以省略.
He is not the man (that) he used to be.
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
3.在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)定語從句,或在定語從句中出現(xiàn)there be 時,用作主語的關系代詞也可省略.
There is a man downstairs (who) wants to see you.
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
4.狀語的省略
。1)當先行詞是reason,而且定語從句中作原因狀語時,關系代詞可用why,that,也可以省略.
The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness.
That is the reason (why) I did it.
。2)當先行詞是way,且在定語從句中作方式狀語時,關系代詞可用in which,that,也可以省略.
The way (in which/that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.
That was the way (in which/that) she worked the problem out.
注意:當關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,不省略.
例如:I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains.
(3)當先行詞是time時,關系代詞可用when,that 或省略.
The second time (that) I saw him was in 1980.
I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
注意:關系代詞作賓語有時也不能省略.
定語從句關系詞的省略 篇2
一、定語從句關系詞的用法與選擇
■關系詞的用法
關系詞分關系代詞和關系副詞.關系代詞主要有 that,who,whom,whose,which,as 等,其中who和whom 只用于指人,which和as 只用于指事物,whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物,它們在定語從句可用作主語、賓語、表語或定語;關系副詞主要有when,where 和why,其中when表示時間,where表地點,why表原因,它們在定語從句中均用作狀語:
A plane is a machine that can fly.飛機是一種能飛行的機器.(that指物,在從句中用作主語)
I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school.我把學校學的所有東西都給忘了.(that指物,在從句中句作賓語)
The man who lives in that house is my uncle.住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔.(who指人,在從句中作主語)
The house whose windows are broken is empty.破了窗戶的那座房子是空的.(whose指物,在從句中作定語)
There are some students whose questions I can’t answer.有些學生提出的問題我回答不了.(whose指人,在從句中作定語)
He is not such a fool as he looks.他并不像他看起來那么傻.(as指人,在從句作表語)
■關系詞的選擇
選擇關系詞可考慮以下四點:
(1)一看先行詞的意義,即分清先行詞是指人、指物、時間、地點還是原因(如指物時不能用who或whom,指人時通常不用which等).
(2)二看關系詞的句能,即分清關系詞是擔任什么句子成分,是作主語還是賓語、是作定語還是狀語等(如作定語通常用whose,有時也用which;作狀語要用when,where,why).
(3)三看定語從句的種類,即分清是限制性定語從句還是非限制性定語從句(如that和why通常不引導非限制性定語從句).
(4)四看文體,即分清是正式文體還是非正式文體,是書面語體還是口語體.
二、定語從句中關系副詞的用法
關系副詞,顧名思義,是聯(lián)系先行詞和定語從句的詞,屬于副詞。定語從句中的關系副詞有三個:when, where和why,它們在定語從句中分別作時間、地點和原因狀語。其句法結(jié)構(gòu)如下:
表時間的名詞 + when + 定語從句
when指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。
例句:I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
I’ll never forget the day when I joined the army.
表地點的名詞 + where + 定語從句
where指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。
例句:The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
表原因的名詞reason + why + 定語從句(why只用于reason之后的限制性定語從句中,在定語從句中作原因狀語。)
例句:That is the reason why I did the job.(在現(xiàn)代英語中why可以省略)
上句也可以這樣表示:
That is the reason I did the job.
又如: This was the reason (why )we raised the temperature.
關系副詞在定語從句中的用法看似簡單,以下注意點不可忽視:
1)“when”、“where”和“why”的運用取就于表時間的名詞、表地點的名詞和表原因的名詞reason在定語從句中所作的成分,比較下面的幾組句子:
*I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore.
*I will never forget the days which/that we spent together in Xueyao Middle School.
**This is the hospital where my mother works.
**This is the hospital which/that we visited the day before yesterday.
***The reason why he did not go to school is that he was ill.
***This is the reason which/that he gave his boss in the office .
2) “when”、“where”和“why”都可以替換成“介詞 + which”,介詞的選用取就于先行詞和定語從句中的動詞。例如:
Do you still remember the day on which we first met in Nantong?(on which=when)
This is the room in which we lived last year.(in which=where)
Do you know the reason for which he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party. (for which=why)
有時定語從句中介詞短語和動詞有意義緊密的修飾關系,尤其在非限制性定語從句中,常使用“介詞 + which”結(jié)構(gòu),而不使用關系副詞。例如:
My mother works in a factory, in front of which there is a small river.
At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhouse.
3) 關系副詞“when”、“where”既可引導限制性定語從句,也可引導非限制性定語從句。
例如:I will always remember the day when I first visited the Great Wall.
He came to Shanghai in 1980, when he was only 12.
I don’t know the exact spot where they will meet.
Mr Wang will fly to Beijing, where he will stay for three months.
有時關系副詞“when”、“where”引導的限制性定語從句和先行詞有間隔的現(xiàn)象,是為了平衡句子的語法需要。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
The days are gone forever when the Chinese people used “foreign oil.”.
4) “that”可活用為關系副詞,相當于“when, where、why”和“介詞 + which”結(jié)構(gòu),尤其在“the time when”等結(jié)構(gòu)中的“when”常被“that”代替,而且“that”往往省略。
I may leave here any time I want to.
During the time I was there I visited him twice.
This is my second time I have come to your country.
5) “which”有時可用作關系形容詞,這是“which”在非限制性定語從句中的特殊使用,如:
The doctor advised him to give up smoking, which advice he did not follow.
定語從句關系詞的省略 篇3
一、關系代詞引導的定語從句
1、that 指人或物在從句中作主語,賓語或表語
which 指物在從句中作主語,賓語或表語(作賓語時可以省略)
who 指人在從句中作主語,賓語或表語
whom 指人在從句中作賓語
whose 指人或物在從句中作定語
as 指人或物在從句中作主語,賓語或表語
but 指人或物在從句中作主語,賓語或表語
注意:指物時,whose+名詞=the+名詞+of which或 of which+the+名詞
2、as 的用法
。1)常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu):such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as
注意:the same…as 表示同一類,不同一個
the same…that 表示同一個
(2)as與which的區(qū)別
a、位置不同
as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中間;which只能放在主句后。
b、as起連接作用,表達說話人的觀點、看法,并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處,意為“正如,正像”。
Which相當于并列句,可以用and this來代替,意為“這一點,這件事’”。
注意:as常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu):as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above,
as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。
c、在從句中作主語時,which既可作系動詞be的主語也可作實義動詞的主語,而as只可作系動詞be的主語。
3、but用作關系代詞,相當于who/that…not
例:In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng.
二、只用that不用which的情況
1、.先行詞為 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代詞時
2、先行詞被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修飾時.
3、 當先行詞是最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時。
4、 當先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。
5、當先行詞是數(shù)詞時.
6、 當先行詞既指人又指物時。
7、如有兩個定語從句,其中一個關系代詞已用which,另一個關系代詞則宜用 that。
8、主句是There be結(jié)構(gòu),修飾其主語的定語從句宜用that 作關系代詞。
9、被修飾成分為表語,或者關系代詞本身是定語從句的表語時,該關系代詞宜用that。
10、先行詞為what,關系代詞用that。
11、有時為了避免重復而使用that引導定語從句。
三、只用which不用that的情況
1、 當介詞放在關系代詞之前時。
2、 在非限制性定語從句中。
3、 當關系代詞指整個主句的概念時。
四、只用who不用that的情況
1、當先行詞是one, ones,anyone或those時。
2、there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中。
3、當先行詞是人,后面有較長修飾語時。
4、為了避免重復或引起歧義。
5、當先行詞是I,you,he,they等時(常用于諺語中)。
6、先行詞是指成員的集體名詞。
7、who可以引導非限制性定語從句。
8、先行詞是擬人化的名詞。
9、先行詞指特定的`人時用who,不指特定的人用that。
五、關系副詞引導的定語從句
1、when時間狀語
注意:It/Ihis/That + be + the first/ second/ last time that… 只能用that,that可以省略,從句用相應的完成時。
2、where 地點狀語
注意:當先行詞為模糊的地點時,如point. Situation, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等名詞時用where.
3、why 原因狀語 先行詞為reason。
六、介詞與關系代詞
1、介詞如何確定
。1)依據(jù)定語從句中動詞的習慣搭配來確定
。2)依據(jù)先行詞的習慣搭配來確定
。3)根據(jù)意思來確定
。4)為了強調(diào)某一名詞,不定式前加上關系詞
2、關系代詞作介詞的賓語時,介詞的位置
。1)whom和which可以和介詞一起放在先行詞和從句之間,也可以把介詞放在從句中有關動詞的后面。
。2)含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開,介詞仍放在動詞的后面。
。3)關系代詞that在從句中作介詞賓語時,介詞不能放在它的前面,只能放在從句中有關動詞的后面。
。4)關系代詞whose也可以在從句中與它所修飾的名詞一起作介詞賓語。
3、“名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞+介詞+關系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)常見的形式有:名詞/one/two/some/none/all/both/several/many/most/a few/a little/the+比較級/the+最高級…+of+which/whom。
七、定語從句中的主謂一致
1、關系代詞作從句的主語時,從句中謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要與先行詞保持一致,先行詞是句子時,從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
2、“one of+復數(shù)名詞”位于關系代詞前作先行詞時,關系代詞在從句中作主語,從句的動詞通常用復數(shù),但當one前有the,the only,the very等修飾時,從句的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。
八、注意way和time后接定語從句的情況
1、當先行詞是way,且意為“方式、方法”時,引導定語從句的關系詞有下列三種形式:that/in which/不填。
注意:關系詞在從句中必須作狀語。如果關系詞在從句中作主語或賓語,按正常的定語從句分析。
2、當先行詞是time時,若time作“次數(shù)”講,應用that引導定語從句,that可省略;若time作“一段時間”講,應用關系副詞when或介詞at/during+which引導定語從句。
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