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狀語(yǔ)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)語(yǔ):即非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,缺少也不會(huì)影響全句的理解,在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的前面往往有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),如若將非限定性定語(yǔ)從句放在句子中間,其前后都需要用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的主要關(guān)系詞見(jiàn)下:
、訇P(guān)系代詞:
which, whom, whose, who, as
②關(guān)系副詞:
when, where
特別提醒
1.關(guān)系代詞that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。
2.as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。
a.as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句可以指代整個(gè)主句或句中的部分內(nèi)容,對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。
b.as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句位置比較靈活,可在句首、句中或句末。
c.as在其引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常是be或其他系動(dòng)詞。如從句不在句首,as與which可以互換。
狀語(yǔ)從句
(一)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:表示時(shí)間關(guān)系,通常有以下主要引導(dǎo)詞:
、俦硎尽爱(dāng)……的時(shí)候”
when, while, as, just as, next time,
the last time, each time,
every time, whenever
、诒硎緯r(shí)間先后
before, after
③表示“一……就·……”
as soon as, once,
hardly…when/ before, scarcely…
when/ before, no sooner…than,directly,
immediately, instantly,
the moment/ second/ minute
、芷渌鼤r(shí)間
by the time 到……的時(shí)候
not…until 直到……才……
till 直到……的時(shí)候
since 自從
ever since 自從
it is the first/second time…
這是第一/二次做……
特別提醒
1.幾種不常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句舉例。
They went into action directly/ immediately/ instantly/ the moment
they heard the alarm.
一聽(tīng)到警報(bào),他們立馬開(kāi)始行動(dòng)。
2.幾種需用完成時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
by the time;
it is the first/ second time…;
hardly…when/ before;
scarecely…when/ before;
no sooner than;
since;ever since;
now that。
例如:
By the time I got home , they had left for the airport.
我到家的時(shí)候,他們已經(jīng)去機(jī)場(chǎng)了。
He had hardly escaped when he was captured.
他剛一逃跑就被捉住了。
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.
我剛一到家,就下起雨來(lái)。
I have been living here all the time since l moved here in 2002.
自從2002年搬到這里以來(lái)我就一直住在這里。
3.否定詞置于句首時(shí)需注意倒裝。
Hardly had he escaped when he was captured.
他剛一逃跑就被捉住了。
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
我剛一到家,就下起雨來(lái)。
4.When引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),如果出現(xiàn)在后半句,可表示“這時(shí)突然……”之意。
例如:
I was almost hurt when the bus came to a sudden stop.
公共汽車這時(shí)突然剎車,我差點(diǎn)受傷。
5.表示時(shí)間先后的連詞before可表示條件意義,譯作“只有/必須……才能……”。
New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.
有時(shí)候新思想必須要等多年后才能被人們完全接受。
(二)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句:
表示地點(diǎn),主要由where,wherever,anywhere,
everywhere來(lái)引導(dǎo)。
例如:
Where there is a will, there is away.
有志者事竟成。
Wherever he goes, he will bear what his mother says in his mind.
無(wú)論走到哪里,他都把媽媽的話銘記在心。
Everywhere he showed us around, we saw green lawns and beautiful flower beds.
他領(lǐng)我們所到之處,我們都看到綠色的草地和美麗的花海。
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的四種類型
動(dòng)詞與介詞、副詞等構(gòu)成的固定短語(yǔ),叫短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。主要有四類:
一、動(dòng)詞+副詞
有的一般不跟賓語(yǔ),如go ahead, fall behind, get up, lie down, go up, run out, give in, stay up等;有的可以跟賓語(yǔ),如put out, carry out, give up, wake up, check in, eat up, fill in, find out, fix up, hand in, mix up, look up, make out, turn down, work out等。
注意:賓語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí),放在副詞前面或后面都可以,但若作賓語(yǔ)的是人稱代詞時(shí),就只能放在動(dòng)詞和副詞之間了。如:
We’ve decided to put the meeting off (=put off the meeting) . 我們決定把會(huì)議推遲。
We’ve decided to put it off. 我們決定將它推遲。(不說(shuō)put off it)
二、動(dòng)詞+介詞
如ask for, care for, call for, break into, deal with, call on, look for等。后面必須接賓語(yǔ)。如:
I don’t care for tea. 我不喜歡喝茶。
三、動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞
如look forward to, put up with, looked up to, go in for, go along with, date back to, look down on, keep up with, add up to, run out of等。如:
She soon caught up with us. 她很快趕上了我們。
四、動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞
如take care of, pay attention to, make use of, make contribution to做出貢獻(xiàn)等。如:
Take care of your brother while I am away. 我不在的時(shí)候,你要照顧好你弟弟。
及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞
根據(jù)其后是否帶賓語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞可分為及物動(dòng)詞(帶賓語(yǔ))和不及物動(dòng)詞(不帶賓語(yǔ))。如:
When will he arrive? 他什么時(shí)候到?(arrive 不帶賓語(yǔ),為不及物動(dòng)詞)
He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到達(dá)北京。(reach 帶了賓語(yǔ),為及物動(dòng)詞)
有的動(dòng)詞既可用作及物動(dòng)詞也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞:
The child is playing. 這小孩在玩。(不及物用法)
The child is playing the piano. 這小孩在彈鋼琴。(及物用法)
He is writing. 他在寫字。(不及物用法)
He is writing a letter. 他在寫信。(及物用法)
The boy is reading. 這男孩在閱讀。 (不及物用法)
The boy is reading a magazine. 這男孩在看雜志。(及物用法)
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