定語從句中as和which
as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，先行詞為整個(gè)主句或主句中的一部分內(nèi)容，先行詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，as與which均不可省略，有時(shí)兩者可以互換。下面小編為大家分享定語從句中as和which，歡迎大家參考借鑒。
只用as而不用which：
一、當(dāng)定語從句置于主句前面時(shí)：
例：As you see, the Chinese people are hard-working. (定語從句在句首)
你知道，中國人民是勤勞的。
注意下面句子的多種表達(dá)方法：
眾所周知，月球每月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一圈。
1.As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
2. The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody.
3. It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
4.What is known to everybody is that the earth travels round the earth once every month.
(后兩句屬名詞性從句范疇)
二、先行詞做主語且定語從句為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)：
此時(shí)，從句謂語通常為： be known, be said, be reported， be announced, be mentioned等。如果從句是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，一般用which作主語。
例1：She has been absent again, as is expected.
她又缺席了，這在預(yù)料之中。
例2：Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy.
湯姆進(jìn)步很快，這使我很高興。
另外，as常用在下列習(xí)慣用語中：as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens, as (it) was printed out, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as I understand (it), as (it) appears, as it often the case, as anybody can see, as we have expected.
例1：Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens.
像往常一樣，杰克得了一等獎(jiǎng)。
例2：She has read widely in Romantic Literature, as it appears from her essay ·
她廣泛涉獵了浪漫主義文學(xué)，這從她的文章中可以看出來。
只用which而不用as
一、關(guān)系代詞代替前面主句中的賓語從句或定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞后有復(fù)合賓語時(shí)：
例：I don't think that he will come to see me, which makes me sad.
我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來看我了，這使我傷心。
二、which一般用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語，這時(shí)它所引導(dǎo)的從句與主句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)：
例：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
湯姆一次又一次上學(xué)遲到，這使得他的老師很生氣。
三、當(dāng)非限制性定語從句是否定句時(shí)：
例：He pretended not to know me, which I didn't understand.
他假裝不認(rèn)識(shí)我，我真不明白。
四、非限制性定語從句中的be動(dòng)詞不能省略時(shí)，用which反之用as.
例1：Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie.
簡告訴我她贏了這場(chǎng)比賽，這是謊話。(was不可省略)
例2：As (was) planned, we met at the airport.
按照計(jì)劃，我們?cè)跈C(jī)場(chǎng)相見了。(was可省略)
as引導(dǎo)的定語從句
在一些習(xí)慣用法上，as能兼作關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞，經(jīng)常引導(dǎo)定語從句。
慣用型1：
such… as…像……一樣的
the same…as…與……同樣的
I seldom meetsucha beggarasI met today.
我很少碰到今天這樣的乞丐。
�。╝s是代詞，在定語從句中作賓語）
Please choosesuchapplesascan be put in my bracket.
請(qǐng)選擇我能放入籃子里這樣的蘋果。
（as在定語從句中作主語）
I am notthe samekind of personasyou are.
我可不是和你一類的人。
（as在從句中作表語）
You may takethe samebusaswe take.
你可乘坐我們坐的同一輛大巴。
（as在從句中作賓語）
慣用型2：
such as…
在這種場(chǎng)合，such是代詞，表示“這種人、這種物”，as是關(guān)系代詞。
He is notsuchasyou can imagine.
他不是你能想象得到的那種人。
We have got a lot of drinkssuchasyou can find in supermarkets.
我們習(xí)了大量在超市能找到的那種飲料。
慣用型3：
as…
…, as…
as引導(dǎo)的定語從句，有時(shí)像非限制性定語從句一樣修飾整個(gè)主句或者主句的一部分，但它的位置比較靈活，可以放在被修飾的主句后面，也可以放在主句前面。
例如：
Asyou can see, we are all students.
你能看得出，我們都是學(xué)生。
=We are allstudents,asyou can see.
=We are all students,whichyou can see.
�。ㄟ@是詳細(xì)的解讀，大家請(qǐng)熟悉�。�
Asyou know, we need to hurry up.
大家知道，我們需要加快速度。
He is not very honest,asyou have proved.
她不是很誠實(shí)，這一點(diǎn)你已證實(shí)了。
定語從句中which
Which引導(dǎo)的`定語從句在語法和語用功能有利于區(qū)別于that引導(dǎo)的定語從句的鮮明特色.
一、語法要點(diǎn).
①有寬闊的指代范圍.不僅可措代主句中某一先行詞___名詞（A）,還可以指代主句中某些句子成分,如不定式賓補(bǔ),不定式賓語,動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)等（B）,甚至整個(gè)主句
�。–）.后兩項(xiàng)功能是that所沒有的.
�。ˋ）The computerwhich(=that) I bought yesterday is home made.
�。˙）Yesterday I asked him to go to the cinema with me,whichagreed(昨天我要他同我一道去看電影,他同意了).
He wishes to get quick rich without any labour,whichwe think only Wishful thinking (他想不勞而獲,迅速致富,我們認(rèn)為這是想入非非).
�。–）The sun heats the earth,Whichis very important to living things(太陽曬熱地球,這對(duì)于萬物是十分重要的).
�、诜窍薅ㄐ远ㄕZ從句中,無論主語還是賓語,關(guān)系代詞用which不用that;即使which作賓語也不省去.
Football,whichis very interesting, is played all over the world.
I never give up learning foreign languages.WhichI fink to de a bridged to the world(我從沒有放棄過外語學(xué)習(xí),因?yàn)槲野l(fā)現(xiàn)外語是通向世界的橋梁).
�。ū容^下一句關(guān)系代詞作賓語可省去的限定性定語從句.二者在這一點(diǎn)上的區(qū)別一目了然：It is the computer (that /which) I bought last week.）
�、邸敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句有一下四點(diǎn)值得注意.
A:當(dāng)介詞前置時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用which而非that；而且which不省去.
The pencil with he was writing broke.
無The pencil with that he was writing broke;也無The pencil with he was writing broke.
(注：當(dāng)介詞后置于定語從句動(dòng)詞后面,并且從句是定性的,關(guān)系代詞which, that可互換,能省略.This is the roomwhich/that the great man once worked in.)
B:先行詞表示時(shí)間,定語從句可用關(guān)系副詞（when;先行詞表示地點(diǎn),定語從句可用關(guān)系副詞where:
We’ll never forget the day onwhich(-when )we visited the Great wall.
They went to the village where(-atwhich)the oil well was located定位）.
C：此結(jié)構(gòu)再延伸,出現(xiàn)“名詞/代詞+of/among+關(guān)系代詞”的格局,名詞又有數(shù)量意義,如“許多,一些,大部分,20個(gè)等”,則整個(gè)短語譯作“其中許多；其中一些…”：
On the crowded bus were school children, many of whom were from Beijing.
也可以把名詞/代詞稱到關(guān)系代詞后面,整個(gè)短語的功能不變：
He borrowed from the library novels and magazines, amongwhichsome are in English.
D:此延伸結(jié)構(gòu)若是“名詞+介詞of+關(guān)系代詞”的格局,名詞無數(shù)量意義,則同于whose+名詞：
He lives in the house the doors ofwhichface the south,=He lives in the house whose doors face the south.
二、語用功能.
Which定語從句（尤其是非限定性的）主要還是在語用功能上呈現(xiàn)that定語從句所沒有的亮點(diǎn).
�、俦磉_(dá)主從句因果關(guān)系.
A Jew. Albert Einstein had to flee Germany.Whichthen was ruled by Hitler(愛因斯坦只得逃離德國,因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的德國是在希特勒的統(tǒng)治之下).
NMET’99：Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancester to the Library Company,____he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary (Cory Luxmoore（千里迢迢）從英國趕來把祖先的日記交給（費(fèi)城）圖收館公司,是因?yàn)樗推拮诱J(rèn)為該圖書館才是此日記最好的歸宿處).
�、诒磉_(dá)主從句目的關(guān)系.
The Southern States set up a separate state of their own, inwhichthey would be free to keep Negroes as slaves(南方各州卻反叛建立一個(gè)獨(dú)立王國,以便好繼續(xù)維持奴隸制度).
�、郾磉_(dá)主從句讓步關(guān)系.
Einstein, who could have been very rich, cared for little money(愛因斯坦原本可以是非常富有的,但他卻不愛錢).
He gave up his cause inwhichhe had been very successful and joined in our project(他的事業(yè)盡管干得很出色,他還是放棄了,加入到我們的課題研究中來).
�、鼙磉_(dá)主句動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果.
Many trucks and buses are jammed at the crossing,whichmade it impossible for us to go to work on time(許多車輛都堵在十字路口,造成我們不能準(zhǔn)時(shí)上班).
European football is played in 80 countries,whichmakes it the most Popular sport in the world(歐式足球有30個(gè)國家在踢,因之成為全世界最流行的一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)).
⑤表示主從句條件關(guān)系.
The past experience,whichis not forgotten, is the guide for the future(前事不忘,可為后事之師).
�、薇硎局鲝木鋾r(shí)間關(guān)系.
He was born on October 1,1949,whichsaw the foundation of the People’s Republic of China(他出身在一九四九年十月一日,恰好是中華人民共和國成立的那一天).
�、邔�(duì)主句內(nèi)容作補(bǔ)充說明.
Inspite of his glorious past, he has fallen into the people’s enemy at last,whichis a good lesson for all of us (盡管有著輝煌的過去,他最終還是墮落為人民的敵人,這對(duì)我們大家是個(gè)很好的教訓(xùn)).
The sentence was announced on Nov. 8 following trials,whichstarted in Sept.(審判于九月開始.多次審判后,判刑才于十一月八日宣布).
�、嘤糜谥鲝木鋵�(duì)比關(guān)系.
He idled away his youthwhichhe should have spent in leaning(他的青春年華本應(yīng)用于增長才干,而他卻虛度過去了).
�、嵊糜诒硎臼澜缟溪�(dú)一無二的人或事物；或當(dāng)事人認(rèn)為是獨(dú)一無二的事物.
China,whichhas a 5000_year_old civilization, is now taking a new
Look(已有5千年文明的中國現(xiàn)在正呈現(xiàn)新面貌).
All the books here,whichhave beautiful pictures in them, were written by him(這里所有的書都是他寫的,里面都有精美的插畫).
（比較：All the books here that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him (這里所有有著漂亮插畫書是他寫的__這里不僅關(guān)系詞要換成that,而且還暗示著有雖的書)）.
�、獗硎九c主句或先行詞的同位關(guān)系.
The speed of sound in air at ordinary temperature is about 1,100 feet per second,whichis about 700 miles per hour(常溫下聲在空氣中的速度是大約每秒1,100英尺,即大約是小時(shí)傳播700英里遠(yuǎn).)
可以看出,which定語從句不僅涵蓋that定語從句的功能__即純定語功能,而且還有that定語從句所不能表達(dá)語用領(lǐng)域___狀語用法.因此,只注意which定語從句的語法搭配而忽略其語用意義,就意味著對(duì)英語定語從句的認(rèn)識(shí)還沒有到位.
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