定語從句where和which的比較
導語：關于定語從句where和which的比較，定語從句，一個簡單句跟在一名詞或代詞后（先行詞）進行修飾限定，就叫做定語從句。在主句中充當定語成分。被修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語從句不同于單詞作定語的情況，它通常只能放在被修飾的詞（即先行詞）之后。下面是小編給大家整理的相關內容，希望能給你帶來幫助!
定語從句where和which的比較
定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞.定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出.
關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等.
關系副詞有：when, where, why等.
1、 關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分.關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致.
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?（who/that在從句中作主語）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人.（whom/that在從句中作賓語）
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書.
3）which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮.（which / that在句中作賓語）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作賓語 18.2 關系副詞引導的定語從句
2、關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語.
1）when, where, why
關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用,例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2）that代替關系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了.
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方.
3 、判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
方法一： 用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞.及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞.例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯（注：先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線；用不同的顏色表示出.）
（錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
�。ㄥe） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
�。▽Γ� This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
�。▽Γ� I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起.此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上.
方法二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞.
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D,例2 A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的.作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關系代詞,所以應選D.
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語.而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選A.
關系詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時,選擇關系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應選擇關系副詞 ( where 地點狀語,when 時間狀語,why 原因狀語) .
4、限制性和非限制性定語從句
1)定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種.限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子.（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的.（非限制性）
2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園.
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人,我已經讀了三遍.
3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數,例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩.
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?這就叫做蒸發(fā).
說明：關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句.
5 、介詞+關系詞
1）介詞后面的關系詞不能省略.
2）that前不能有介詞.
3） 某些在從句中充當時間,地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關系詞"結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換.
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
18.6 as, which 非限定性定語從句
由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當于and this或and that.As一般放在句首,which在句中.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例題
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句,不能用 that修飾,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成為句子,兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接.況且選he句意不通.
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B.which可代替句子,用于非限定性定語從句,而what不可.That 不能用于非限定性定語從句,it不為連詞,使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通.
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語.但不同之處主要有兩點：
(1） as 引導的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可.
(2） as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞,則從句中的關系代詞只能用which..
在本題中,prevent由于是行為動詞,所以正確選項應為B.
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和……一樣…….
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引導非限制性從句,常帶有'正如'.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是關系代詞.例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中,它充當從句的主語,謂語動詞know要用被動式18.7 先行詞和關系詞二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
18.8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
�。ㄥe）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（錯）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
�。▽Γ￤hoever breaks the law will be punished.
�。▽Γ￤ho robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
當that引導定語從句時 ,通常用作關系代詞,而引導名詞性從句時,是個不充當任何成分的連接詞.賓語從句和表語從句中的that常可省略.What只能引導名詞性從 句, 用作連接代詞,作從句的具體成分,且不能省略.
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
18.9 關系代詞that 的用法
1）不用that的情況
a) 在引導非限定性定語從句時.
(錯) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用.
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which.
b) 在不定代詞,如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which.
c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時,只用that.
d) 先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that..
e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時.
舉例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油問題.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察.
在定語從句中 where 是關系副詞，用來描述地方，它在它引導的定語從句中作地點狀語；而 which 是關系代詞，傳統(tǒng)上引導非限制性定語從句，在從句中指代一個人或事物，在某些語境中可以通過與不同的介詞如 in 或 at 連用來代替 where 在定語從句中作地點狀語。
雖然 in/at which 和 where 在定語從句中作地點狀語時一般可以通用，但是它們還是有區(qū)別的，有的時候用 in/at which 更合理，例如：
一、介詞差異引起的意思差異
1. 這是我在這遇見我朋友的商店。
a. This is the store at which I met my friend.
b. This is the store where I met my friend.
乍一看，可能你會覺得句a更正式合理，因為句b還可以用 in which 來改寫：
c. This is the store in which I met my friend.
其中句c和句a還是有些許區(qū)別的，因為 in the store 與 at the store 的意思不盡相同，這就涉及到介詞 in 與 at 的區(qū)別了。
在修飾地點名詞上，at 用于一個位置或地點，通常把它看作一個點，而 in 用于密閉的空間，通常指一個大空間里面，因此 in the store 一般指在商店里面，而 at the store 一般把商店當作一個點，那么可以是里面、外面或附近。
因此 in the store 和 at the store 是不一樣的，也就是用”介詞 + which“ 和 where 不盡相同，那么我們要從實際情況出發(fā)，選用合理的介詞 + which 來表達準確的意思。
2. 在我見到你的那所房子很貴。
a. The house in which I saw you is very expensive.
b. The house at which I saw you is very expensive.
c. The house where I saw you is very expensive.
看了句1的分析之后，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)以上三句的差異到底在哪里了，這也是語法的奧妙之處，那些看似可以通用的語法，很多實際上是局限于具體的語境或上下文中的。
二、句子通常不以介詞結尾
作為一個規(guī)則，句子通常不以介詞結尾，這也是另外一個考慮要使用介詞 + which 的情形，例如：
這是存放文件的桌子。
a. This is the desk in which the papers are stored.
b. This is the desk that the papers are stored in.
c. This is the desk where the papers are stored.
以上三句都是定語從句，其中句 a 是最正式的寫法，而句b和句c是不嚴謹或正式的寫法。
三、總結
較真語法的人基本上都是說英語最少的人。跟法律法規(guī)類似，英語語法是用來規(guī)范我們所說的話并表達準確的意思，特別是在一些正式的場合，因為有的時候因為一個語法細節(jié)可能會讓你考試落榜或丟掉生意。
但在日�？谡Z中，很少人會注意正規(guī)不正規(guī)的，用得熟練就好，但是認真學習是一種態(tài)度，也是一種對自己或他人負責任的態(tài)度。
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