句子成分簡(jiǎn)單句并列句和復(fù)合句,二主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體一般位于句首,作形式主語(yǔ)真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式,七定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞的詞短語(yǔ)或從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ),復(fù)合句含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。
句子成分簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句[1]
句子成分;簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
一、句子成分
(一)句子成分的定義:構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ);次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。
(二)主語(yǔ):主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句(當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí))和倒裝句中,主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如:
Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名詞)
WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代詞)
One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclaaregirls.(數(shù)詞)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)
Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(動(dòng)名詞)
Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名詞化的形容詞)
WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主語(yǔ)從句)
Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式)
(三)謂語(yǔ):謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ),一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下:
1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ):由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ):(1)由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如:Wearestudents.
(四)表語(yǔ):表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動(dòng)詞(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如:
OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名詞)
Isityours?(代詞)
Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容詞)
Thespeechisexciting.(分詞)
Threetimessevenistwentyone?(數(shù)詞)
HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)
Hishobby(愛(ài)好)isplayingfootball.(動(dòng)名詞)
Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介詞短語(yǔ))
Timeisup.Theclaisover.(副詞)
Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表語(yǔ)從句)1
(五)賓語(yǔ):賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者,一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如:
Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展覽)yesterday.(名詞)
Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.(代詞)Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(數(shù)詞)
Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名詞化形容詞)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短語(yǔ))
Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ))
Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(賓語(yǔ)從句)
賓語(yǔ)種類(lèi):(1)雙賓語(yǔ)(間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.
(六)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞,除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外,還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為:某些及物動(dòng)詞(如make等+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ))。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如:
HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名詞)
Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容詞)
Letthefreshairin.(副詞)
Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短語(yǔ))Wesawherenteringtheroom.(現(xiàn)在分詞)
Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介詞短語(yǔ))
Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(從句)
(七)定語(yǔ):修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示:
Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容詞)
Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分詞)
Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名詞)
HisrapidprogreinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代詞)
Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短語(yǔ))
Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(動(dòng)名詞)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介詞短語(yǔ))
(八)狀語(yǔ):修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語(yǔ)?捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆
Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副詞及副詞性詞組)
Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介詞短語(yǔ))
Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短語(yǔ))
Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分詞短語(yǔ))
Waitaminute.(名詞)
2
Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(狀語(yǔ)從句)
狀語(yǔ)種類(lèi)如下:
Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因狀語(yǔ))
Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.(條件狀語(yǔ))
MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))
Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式狀語(yǔ))Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴隨狀語(yǔ))
Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的狀語(yǔ))Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(讓步狀語(yǔ))
Iamtallerthanheis.(比較狀語(yǔ))
選擇填空:
()1.____willleaveforBeijing.
A.NowtherethemanB.Themanherenow
C.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow
()2.Theweather____.
A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcold
C.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold
()3.Theappletasted____.
A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet
()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.
A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter
()5.Theactor______attheageof70.
http://emrowgh.com aded
()6.__wereallverytired,butnoneof__wouldstoptotakearest.
A.We, http://emrowgh.com ,weC.We,ourD.We,we
()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.
A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly
()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.
A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis
()9.Thedog____mad.
A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked
()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.
A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where
二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
(一)句子種類(lèi)兩種分類(lèi)法
1、按句子的用途可分四種:
1)陳述句(肯定、否定):Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.
2)疑問(wèn)句(一般、特殊、選擇、反意):Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?
3)祈使句:Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass
4)感嘆句:Howclevertheboyis!
2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種:
1)簡(jiǎn)單句:只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.
TomandMikeareAmericanboys.
Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.
2)并列句:由并列連詞(and,but,or等)或分號(hào)(;)把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。
e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.
Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
3)復(fù)合句:含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含:名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句)、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。
e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.
(二)簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型
1、主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ):e.g.Heisastudent.
2、主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞:e.g.Wework.
3、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ):e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.
4、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(yǔ)(間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)):e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.
5、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)):e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注:其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。
(三)并列句的分類(lèi)
1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念,常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等連接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.
2、表示選擇,常用的連詞有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmithetrain.
3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折,常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.
4、表示因果關(guān)系,常用的連詞有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.
Keys:
1-5CBDBB6-10ACBAB